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일제의 토지수탈과 일본식 명의 토지조사에 관한 연구* a Study on Land Extortion by Japanese Emperor and the Land Survey of Japanese Names

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일제의 토지수탈과 일본식 명의 토지조사에 관한 연구* a Study on Land Extortion by Japanese Emperor and the Land Survey of Japanese Names pISSN : 2508-3384 eISSN : 2508-3392 Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX Vol.50 No.2 (2020) https://doi.org/10.22640/lxsiri.2020.50.2.189 한국국토정보공사 「지적과 국토정보」 제50권 제2호 2020년 12월 p. 189-202 일제의 토지수탈과 일본식 명의 토지조사에 관한 연구* A Study on Land Extortion by Japanese Emperor and the Land Survey of Japanese Names 이영재** · 문동일*** · 김현재**** Lee, Young-Jae · Moon, Dong-il · Kim, Hyun-Jae Abstract The land under Japanese-type names remains in the Korean cadastral record as an official register due to land exploitation, land and field survey programs, and the forceful name-changing system of Japan during its colonial era. This research aims to find a measure to survey and organize such land. Research details are as follows. First, this research put together the purpose and status of land exploitation in the Japanese colonial era. Japan wanted to reduce its population through agricultural emigration of the Japanese and increase food supply by producing more crops in Joseon. Therefore, land of three southern provinces, the breadbasket of Korea, was intensively plundered. Secondly, this research organized how Joseon people changed their surnames into Japanese-style ones. The initially voluntary name-changing system became mandatory and about 3.22 million households (79.3%) reported the change of their names. Thirdly, this research established a process to survey land under Japanese-style names. Fourthly, this research yielded visible outcomes as a result of the pilot program. Especially, it revealed 718 lots as land under Japanese-style names and 8 lots as land under the names of Japanese. Fifthly, this research presented internal & external collaboration and cooperation measures for surveys. Keywords: land exploitation, Changing to Japanese Names, Svested property, concealed property, ownerless real estate 1. 서 론 제의 식민지가 되어 1945년까지 35년간 식민 지배를 받게 되었다. 이후 일제는 ｢對韓方針 및 對韓施設綱 일제는 1905년 11월 17일 무력으로 대한제국의 외 領｣2)을 원로회의와 내각회의 의결을 통하여 정하였으 교권을 침탈하는 한일병합조약1)이 체결되면서, 대한 며, 이를 통하여 식민 지배기간 동안에 한반도는 정치, 제국은 일제의 영토로 편입되었고 한반도 전체가 일 경제, 사회, 문화 등 다양한 측면에서 억압과 침탈을 * 본 논문은 공강정보연구원 2020년도 연구과제 “일본식 명의 토지조사에 관한 연구”의 일부내용을 수정･보완한 것입니다. ** 공간정보연구원 책임연구원 LX Spatial Information Research Institute (first author: [email protected]) *** 부안군청 지적팀장 Buan County office (corresponding author: [email protected]) **** 공간정보연구원 선임연구원 LX Spatial Information Research Institute ([email protected]) Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX Vol.50 No.2 (2020) 189 이영재 · 문동일 · 김현재 당했다. 재산 중 토지와 일본식 명의 토지로 한정하고자 한다. 대한제국의 광복과 대한민국의 수립으로 다양한 분 연구의 시간적 범위는 일제가 패망한 1945년 8월 15 야에서 일제 잔재의 청산 노력은 지속적으로 추진되 일까지로 한정하고자 한다. 적산토지의 경우 ｢조선 내 어 왔다. 최근 3.1 만세운동과 대한민국 임시정부 수립 에 있는 일본인 재산권 취득에 관한 건｣(미국정 법령 100주년을 맞아 일재잔재를 청산하고 민족정기를 바 제33호, 미군정 법령 제33호) 제2조에 따르면 “1945 로 세우기 위한 움직임도 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 년 8월 9일 이후 적산은 1945년 9월 25일부로 조선군 지적분야에서도 지적재조사사업을 통하여 일제가 정청이 취득한다”고 규정하고 있다. 그럼에도 8월 9일 만들어 놓은 지적제도를 디지털지적으로 개편하려는 이 아닌 8월 15일로 시간적 범위를 정한 것은 법령 제 노력을 하고 있으며, 최근 책임수행기관 제도의 도입 33호의 시행 이후에도 선의 또는 악의로 소유권 이전 과 예산의 고무적인 증액을 통하여 사업의 확산에 노 이 있었을 경우와 광복이라는 상징성으로 인하여 정 력을 경주하고 있다. 하였다. 연구의 공간적 배경은 전라북도 부안군으로 이와 같이 다양한 분야에서 일제 잔재를 청산하려 한정하고자 한다. 적산토지와 일본식 명의 토지를 조 고 하고 있으나, 아직 부족한 부분이 지적공부에 남아 사하기 위해서는 무엇보다도 지적공부를 관리하고 있 있는 일본인 명의 토지(적산토지)3), 창씨개명한 일본 는 지적소관청의 협조와 협력이 매우 중요하다. 따라 식 명의 토지에 대한 정리이다. 물론 적산토지의 경우 서 연구를 위한 자료의 취득이 용이할 뿐만 아니라 지 에는 미군정에 의해 미군정 소유로 귀속시켰으며, 이 리적 접근성이 양호하여 상호간에 협의를 원활할게 후 미군정은 이를 정부 수립 직후인 1948년 대한민국 할 수 있고 조사에 대하여 매우 협조적인 부안군청으 정부에 인계하였다. 즉 적산토지의 경우 원칙적으로 로 조사 대상지역을 선정하였다. 국유화가 이루어 졌으며, 소유권의 정리 또는 등기여 연구의 방법은 첫째, 양적 연구와 질적 연구를 병행 부와 상관없이 국유라고 할 수 있다. 하여 적용하였다. 본 연구에서의 양적 연구는 부안군 그럼에도 불구하고 지적공부에는 아직도 일본인 명 관할의 전체 필지를 대상으로 이 중 어느 정도의 적산 의가 존재하고 있으며, 일본식 명의(창씨개명된 조선 토지와 일본식 명의 토지가 존재하고 분포하는가를 인 명의)가 존재하고 있어 이를 정리할 필요가 있다. 살펴보는데 적용될 것이며, 이를 어떻게 해소하고 정 그러나 일본인 명의 토지와 일본식 명의를 구분하는 리하는가에 대한 정책방향을 제시하는 것은 질적 연 것은 그리 간단하지 않다. 그 이유는 일본에서 사용하 구를 적용하였습니다. 둘째, 탐색적 연구(exploratory 고 있는 씨명과 조선의 창씨가 동일하거나 유사한 부 research)와 기술적 연구(descriptive research)를 순 분이 많기 때문이다. 차적으로 적용하였다. 토지제도 특히 지적제도와 소 따라서 본 연구에서는 이를 구분하여 정리할 수 있 유권 관계에 대한 지식에 비하여 일제의 창씨개명 정 는 방안을 도출함으로써 지적공부에 등록되어 있는 책에 대한 지식이 상대적으로 부족하였고, 전라북도 소유자 명칭을 효율적으로 관리하고 일제의 잔재를 지역에 대한 토지수탈 양상에도 정통하지 못했기 때 청산할 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 문에 우선적으로 탐색적 방법을 적용하여 연구를 진 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 다음과 같은 연구 행하였다. 탐색적 연구에서 활용되는 대표적인 방법 방법을 적용하고자 한다. 인 문헌조사와 전문가 인터뷰4) 등을 실시하고 하며, 연구의 범위는 내용적, 시간적, 그리고 공간적 범위 문헌조사 시 활용되는 자료는 1차 자료(primary 로 구분하여 한정하였다. 연구의 내용적 범위는 귀속 sources)를 중심으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 물론 경우에 190 「지적과 국토정보」 제50권 제2호. 2020 일제의 토지수탈과 일본식 명의 토지조사에 관한 연구 따라서는 2차 자료(secondary sources)도 이용하고 통치 및 수탈기관이었던 조선총독부 전신기관의 성격 자 한다. 이후 부안군을 대상으로 관할 필지(parcel)의 을 가진 기관으로 조선에 대한 지배력을 강화하고 토 적산토지와 일본식 명의 토지의 분포를 살펴보는 기 지수탈을 위하여 일제는 1900년대 초부터 조선에 대 술적 연구를 적용하였다. 한 이민을 적극 권장하였다.5) 구한말 미국의 하와이 농장이민은 단순노동을 제공하는 형태였다면, 일제의 2. 일제의 토지수탈과 창씨개명 대조선 이민 형태는 이와 다른 양상을 보이고 있다. 일 제의 이민정책은 농업이민으로 당시 조선은 면적에 2.1. 일제의 토지수탈 비해 인구가 적었으며, 기후와 풍토가 일본과 유사했 기 때문이다.6) 조선통감부는 1910년 이후 대한제국에 대한 식민 따라서 일제는 일본인을 조선에 이주시켜 농지를 Taleble 1. Agricultural associations and agricultural companies Land area Company Name Area Remark (정보) Jeonnam (Naju·Muan·Jido·Haenam·Jindo·Hampyeong), Hangug Heungup Gyeongnam(Yangsan·Gimhae·Dongnae), 6,095 Co., Ltd. Hwanghae-do(Hwangju) Gyeonggi-do (Suwon, Jinwi, Ansan, Gwangju, Gwacheon), Higashiyana Farm Jeonbuk (Jeonju, Gimje, Iksan), Jeonnam (Youngam, Naju, 4,292 Nampyeong, Gwangju) Murai Farm Gyeongnam (Gimhae, Changwon, Haman, Yangsan) 4,212 Okura Farm Jeonbuk (Impa, Iksan, Gimje, Geumgu, Mangyeong) 2,380 Asahi Farm Jeonnam (Gangjin, Naju, Muan, Gwangju) 1,780 Kumamoto Farm Jeonbuk (Gimje, Geumgu, Taein, Gobu) 1,590 Mori Farm Hwanghae-do (Hwangju), Pyeongnam (Yonggang) 1,520 Hosokawa Farm Jeonbuk (Gimje, Iksan, Mangyeong, Jeonju), Chungnam (Eunjin) 1,008 Hangug Industrial Jeonnam (Muan, Hampyeong, Naju, Yeongam, Haenam, Gangjin) 980 Co., Ltd. Jeonbuk (Okgu, Impa, Iksan, Yeosan), Chungnam (Eunjin, Fujimoto Farm 914 Seokseong, Noseong, Imchil) Kunitake Farm Gyeonggi (Suwon, Namyang, Ansan) 900 Ishikawa Gong Jeonbuk (Gimje and surrounding areas) 736 Agricultural Co., Ltd. Otsuka Farm Gyeongbuk (Yeonil, Heunghae) 525 Ohashi Farm Jeonbuk (Iksan, Kim Jae, Mangyeong) 499 Miyasaki Farm Jeonbuk (Okgu, Impa, Iksan, Mangyeong) 487 자료: 이종호, 1970, “일본 제국주의의 토지 수탈과 그 특징”, 부산교육대학 논문집, 부산교육대학, 제6권, 제2집, pp.34~35. Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX Vol.50 No.2 (2020) 191 이영재 · 문동일 · 김현재 취득하게 함으로써 자국 내 인구 감소를 꾀하고, 취득 자신의 성명을 일본식으로 고쳐 사용하자 일제는 민 한 농지를 통해 생산된 식량을 조선으로부터 공급받 족적 차별과 구분을 위하여 조선인의 일본식 성씨 사 는 효과를 얻고자 하였다. 특히 이 시기에 발간된 조사 용을 ｢조선인의 성명 개칭에 관한 건(총독부령 제124 보고서나 저서에는 일본인을 조선에 이주시켜 조선농 호, 1911.11.1.)｣을 통하여 제한하였다.9) 그러나 중일 업에 참여케 함으로써 조선농업을 개량시키거나, 일 전쟁으로 인하여 전시동원체제를 강화하고자 내선일 본인 지주 및 자본가가 조선의 토지를 구입하여 조선 체가 강조하면서 자발적인 동원을 이끌어 내기 위하 인 소작농에게 소작시키는 것이 이익을 얻을 수 있는 여 조선총독부는 ｢조선민사령(제령 제19호, 1939.11. 방안이라고 권장하였다.7) 10.)｣을 개정하여 1940년 2월 11일부터 창씨개명(創 일본인 명의의 재산은 크게 토지(농지), 사업체(법 氏改名)을 단행하였다. 인), 기타재산으로 분류할 수 있으며, 기타재산에는 건 창씨(創氏)는 일본식으로 씨(氏)를 만드는 것을 의 물, 주택, 대지, 점포, 임야 등의 부동산과 선박 그리고 미하고 개명(改名)은 이름을 바꾸는 것을 말한다. 우 금, 은, 주식, 채권 등의 동산, 기타 재산상의 채권 등이 리나라의 성(姓)은 종족집단(종중)이 동일하게 사용 있다. 귀속대상이 되는 토지의 규모는 출처에 따라 조 하지만, 일본의 씨(氏)는 모든 가족이 호주(戶主)의 씨 금씩 다르다. 먼저 농지는 1945년 말 대략 논 128만 정 를 쓰는 일본식 이에(家)제도로 차이점이 있다. 보, 밭 184만 정보, 합계 312만 정보 정도로 파악되고 조선의 성(姓)은 혈통의 연원(淵源)을 표시하는 것 있다.8) 이고 일본의 씨(氏)는 본관(本貫)에 해당한다. 일본의 호적법상의 각 호(戶)의 표지가 씨(氏)이다. 한 호의 2.2. 창씨개명과 일본인 명의 토지 입적자는 그 호의 표지를 자기 개인표지의 일부분으 로 사용하는 경우가 있다. 따라서 한 개인이 혼인, 이 910년 한일합방 이후 일부 조선인들은 자발적으로 혼, 입양, 파양 등의 이유로 한 호적에서 다른 호적으 Table 2. Types of changing to Japanes name Korean Type Changing to Japanes name surname 김가(金家), 김촌(金村), 김해(金海), 김광(金光), 김하(金河), Use your own surname 김(金) 김천(金川), 김본(金本), 김전(金田), 월김(月金) 등 능성 구(具) 능성(綾城) Use your own the regional origin of 풍천 임(任) 풍천(豊川) family genealogy 우봉 이(李) 우봉(牛峯) 평산 신(申) 평산(平山) 풍양 조(趙) 풍전(豊田) Take one characters in the regional 단양 우(禹) 단산(丹山) origin of family genealogy or use the 광산 김(金) 김광(金光) old place name of the main building 안동 권(權) 안권(安權), 권동(權東) 밀양 박(朴) 신정(新井) Borrowed from the name or legend of 경주 이(李) 암촌(岩村) the eponymous or famous ancestor 한산 이(李) 목산(牧山,) 192 「지적과 국토정보」 제50권 제2호.
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