DOCSLIB.ORG

NANUTSET Ch'u Q'udi Gu

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
NANUTSET Ch'u Q'udi Gu National Park Service – U.S. Department of the Interior Lake Clark National Park and Preserve NANUTSET ch’u Q’udi Gu BEFORE OUR TIME AND NOW AN ETHNOHISTORY OF LAKE CLARK NATIONAL PARK & PRESERVE Karen K. Gaul 1 U.S. Department of The Interior National Park Service Lake Clark National Park & Preserve 240 West 5th Avenue, Suite 236 Anchorage, Alaska 99501 As the nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural and cultural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Cultural Resource Programs of the National Park Service have responsibilities that include stewardship of historic buildings, museum collections, archeological sites, cultural landscapes, oral and written histories, and ethnographic resources. Our mission is to identify, evaluate, and preserve the cultural resources of the park areas and to bring an understanding of these resources to the public. Congress has mandated that we preserve these resources because they are important components of our national and personal identity. Research/Resources management Report NPS/AR/CCR/2007-58 Published by the United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Lake Clark National Park and Preserve December 2007 ISBN # 978-0-9796432-3-1 Front Cover: Katherine Constantine at Qeghnilen Village in 1930. Photo courtesy of Nickoli Balluta. George Koktelash Sr.’s fishcamp at Nondalton. Salmon drying on rack for smoked fish, 2006. Photo taken by Judy Putera. 2 Agafia Simeon O’Hara cuts fall fish at Pile Bay on Iliamna lake in 1952. Her husband Tom O’Hara gathers fish in the skiff. Photo courtesy of Vantrease and Wilder families. NANUTSET ch’u Q’udi Gu BEFORE OUR TIME AND NOW AN ETHNOHISTORY OF LAKE CLARK NATIONAL PARK & PRESERVE 3 Sockeye salmon strips drying on fish rack at Evanoff’s fish camp located below Nondalton. Photo by Judy Putera. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ...............................................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................................. ix Note on Dena’ina Language Pronunciation and Spelling ........................................................................................ ix 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................01 Lake Clark National Park and Preserve and Local Residents .....................................................................01 Shared Elements of Dena’ina Culture ........................................................................................................02 Attachment to Place: Cultural Landscapes ................................................................................................07 Lives Based in Subsistence .......................................................................................................................08 Parks Nature and Culture: Cultural Resource Management Challenges ....................................................11 Traditional vs. Modern ...............................................................................................................................13 People and Their Environment ...................................................................................................................15 Methods and Sources .................................................................................................................................16 2. The Lake Clark Environment .............................................................................................................................21 Lake Clark: Qizhjeh Vena ...........................................................................................................................21 Fire and Ice ................................................................................................................................................21 Habitats in Water, Shores, Skies, Trees and Tundra ...................................................................................26 Chapter Summary ......................................................................................................................................28 Historical Overview of the Dena’ina People in the Lake Clark and Lake Iliamna Area ......................................29 3. Historical Overview...........................................................................................................................................31 Dena’ina Origins and Prehistory by Alan Boraas ........................................................................................31 From Prehistory to History: Contact with Outsiders ....................................................................................41 Russian Contact ........................................................................................................................................42 Church and Schools ...................................................................................................................................43 Mining and Prospecting .............................................................................................................................47 Commercial Fishing ...................................................................................................................................47 Evolving Government-to-Government Relationships ..................................................................................49 ANCSA and ANILCA ....................................................................................................................................49 4. Village Profiles .................................................................................................................................................51 Dena’ina in the Lake Clark Triangle ...........................................................................................................52 Resident Zone Communities ......................................................................................................................53 Coastal: Tyonek, Kustatan, Polly Creek.......................................................................................................53 Tyonek (Tubughna ) .....................................................................................................................53 Polly Creek (Tałin Ch’iłtant) .........................................................................................................55 Kustatan (Qezdaghnen) ...............................................................................................................56 Northeast: Lime Village and Stony River ....................................................................................................57 Lime Village (Hek’dichen Hdakaq’ ) .............................................................................................57 Stony River (K’qizaghetnu Hdakaq’ ) ...........................................................................................58 Southwest: Kijik, Tanalian Point, Port Alsworth, Old Nondalton and Nondalton, Old Iliamna and Iliamna, Pedro Bay ..........................................................................................................60 Kijik (Qizhjeh ) .............................................................................................................................60 Port Alsworth and Tanalian Point (Tanilen) ..................................................................................60 5i Old Nondalton and Nondalton (Nundaltin) ..................................................................................62 Old Iliamna (Nuch’ak’dalitnu or Ch’ak’dalitnu) and Iliamna .......................................................64 Newhalen (Nughil Hdakaq’ ) ........................................................................................................66 Pedro Bay ....................................................................................................................................67 Population Shifts .......................................................................................................................................68 5. Lives in Motion: Subsistence-based Culture and Economy ..............................................................................71 Mobile People .............................................................................................................................................71 Trails and Passes ........................................................................................................................74 Water ...........................................................................................................................................77 Snow and Ice ...............................................................................................................................78 The Cultural Importance of Aviation for the Dena’ina of Qizhjeh Vena (Lake Clark) and Nila Vena (Lake
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Original Bilberry Extract
    ® The original bilberry extract. These statements may not comply with your country’s laws and regulations or with Reg. EC n. 1924/2006 and have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Marketers of finished products containing this ingredient are responsible for ensuring compliance with the applicable legal framework. C90 M70 Y0 K0 NERO 100% 1. Indena: beyond quality, naturally There is a substantial amount of evidence supporting the strong connection between health and nutrition. Life expectancy is continuously increasing together with a higher attention to quality, this becoming a key factor for both consumers and the food industry. 2 Consumers are more and more aware of what is contained in food, they look for safe and effective ingredients and the presence of available evidence supporting new ingredients offered in terms of benefi ts and safety of their dietary supplementation may heavily infl uence their buying decision. On the other hand, the food industry is expected to meet consumer demands, bringing to the market safe and effective products containing safe and certifi ed ingredients. Natural products in various forms have been used all over the world since time immemorial for the treatment of pathological conditions or for health 1 benefi ts. Plants represent a rich source of new active principles and 1 Bombardelli E., Bombardelli V., botanical extracts can be used in different markets including health Twenty years experience in the foods and supplements. The overall quality is essential, together with botanical health food market, Fitoterapia 76, 495-507, 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ch'u'itnu Traditional Cultural Landscape
    The Ch’u’itnu Traditional Cultural Landscape: A District Eligible for the National Register of Historic Places Submitted by The Native American Rights Fund On behalf of The Native Village of Tyonek By Alan S. Boraas, Ronald T. Stanek, Douglas R. Reger, and Thomas F. King April 3, 2015 Acknowledgments Many people have helped with the preparation of this report, and we are indebted to all of them. In particular, we would like to thank Shina DuVall, Archaeologist in the Alaska State Historic Preservation Office, for her guidance and feedback; Doug Tosa, GIS Analyst with the Alaska Center for the Environment, for his mapping and technical assistance; and NARF staff Shay Elbaum and Jill Rush, for their editorial contributions. 1 Executive Summary The intent of this document is to explain why the Ch’u’itnu (Chuitt River) drainage1 of Cook Inlet, Alaska constitutes a Traditional Cultural Landscape (TCL) associated with the indigenous Tyonek Dena’ina, or Tubughna,2 people. The Ch’u’itnu TCL as described in this paper should be recognized as eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP or “National Register”), for purposes of assessing and resolving adverse effects on it under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and its implementing regulations in 36 C.F.R. Part 800. The Tubughna people have used and occupied the Ch’u’itnu drainage as an essential part of their traditional territory since time immemorial. The landscape along the river, including the river mouth, has been and continues to be a place where the Tubughna carry out subsistence resource harvests, settlement, celebrations of life, and travel to accomplish these purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Huckleberry Picking at Priest Lake
    HUCKLEBERRY (Vaccinium Membranaceum) USDA Forest Service Other Common Names Northern Region Blueberry, Big Whortleberry, Black Idaho Panhandle Huckleberry, Bilberry. National Forests Description: The huckleberry is a low erect shrub, ranging from 1-5' tall. The flowers are shaped like tiny pink or white urns, which blossom in June and July, depending on elevation. The leaves are short, elliptical and alter- native on the stems. The bush turns brilliant red and sheds its leaves in the fall. The stem bark is reddish (often yellowish-green in shaded sites). The shape of the berry varies The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) from round to oval and the color var- prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis ies from purplish black to wine- of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disa- colored red. Some species have a bility, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. dusky blue covering called bloom. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Per- The berries taste sweet and tart, in sons with disabilities who require alternative means the same proportions. of communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's Ripening Season: July-August TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). Early in the season, by mid-July, the berries on sunny southern facing To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, Huckleberry slopes and lower elevations are first U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC to ripen. They are most succulent in 20250, or call 1-800-795-3272 (voice) or 202-720- mid-summer. However, good pick- 6382 (TDD).
    [Show full text]
  • Late Oligocene to Present Contractional Structure in and Around the Susitna Basin, Alaska—Geophysical Evidence and Geological GEOSPHERE; V
    Research Paper THEMED ISSUE: Geologic Evolution of the Alaska Range and Environs GEOSPHERE Late Oligocene to present contractional structure in and around the Susitna basin, Alaska—Geophysical evidence and geological GEOSPHERE; v. 12, no. 5 doi:10.1130/GES01279.1 implications R.W. Saltus1,*, R.G. Stanley2, P.J. Haeussler3, J.V. Jones III3, C.J. Potter4, and K.A. Lewis1 7 figures; 1 supplemental file 1U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225, USA 2U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA CORRESPONDENCE: rick .saltus@ noaa .gov 3U.S. Geological Survey, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4626, USA 4U.S. Geological Survey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA CITATION: Saltus, R.W., Stanley, R.G., Haeussler, P.J., Jones, J.V., III, Potter, C.J., and Lewis, K.A., 2016, Late Oligocene to present contractional structure in ABSTRACT morphic rocks of the Talkeetna Mountains, and on the southeast by the Castle and around the Susitna basin, Alaska—Geophysical Mountain strike-slip fault. evidence and geological implications: Geosphere, The Cenozoic Susitna basin lies within an enigmatic lowland surrounded Existing structural information for the basin is sparse; aside from the Castle v. 12, no. 5, p. 1378–1390, doi:10.1130/GES01279.1. by the Central Alaska Range, Western Alaska Range (including the Tordrillo Mountain fault, none of the bounding structures are exposed. Subsurface data Mountains), and Talkeetna Mountains in south-central Alaska. Some previ- consist of a modest number of vintage seismic lines (e.g., Lewis et al., 2015) Received 1 October 2015 Revision received 8 June 2016 ous interpretations show normal faults as the defining structures of thebasin and a few wells, none of which drilled deep enough to reach crystalline base- Accepted 6 July 2016 (e.g., Kirschner, 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Paper No. 302 Subsistence Harvests
    Technical Paper No. 302 Subsistence Harvests and Uses of Wild Resources in Iliamna, Newhalen, Nondalton, Pedro Bay, and Port Alsworth, Alaska, 2004 by James A. Fall, Davin L. Holen, Brian Davis, Theodore Krieg, and David Koster December 2006 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Symbols and Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations, and others approved for the Système International d'Unités (SI), are used without definition in the following reports by the Divisions of Sport Fish and of Commercial Fisheries: Fishery Manuscripts, Fishery Data Series Reports, Fishery Management Reports, and Special Publications. All others, including deviations from definitions listed below, are noted in the text at first mention, as well as in the titles or footnotes of tables, and in figure or figure captions. Weights and measures (metric) General Measures (fisheries) centimeter cm Alaska Administrative fork length FL deciliter dL Code AAC mideye-to-fork MEF gram g all commonly accepted mideye-to-tail-fork METF hectare ha abbreviations e.g., Mr., Mrs., standard length SL kilogram kg AM, PM, etc. total length TL kilometer km all commonly accepted liter L professional titles e.g., Dr., Ph.D., Mathematics, statistics meter m R.N., etc. all standard mathematical milliliter mL at @ signs, symbols and millimeter mm compass directions: abbreviations east E alternate hypothesis HA Weights and measures (English) north N base of natural logarithm e cubic feet per second ft3/s south S catch per unit effort CPUE foot ft west W coefficient of variation CV gallon gal copyright ¤ common test statistics (F, t, F2, etc.) inch in corporate suffixes: confidence interval CI mile mi Company Co.
    [Show full text]
  • Falun Gong in the United States: an Ethnographic Study Noah Porter University of South Florida
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 7-18-2003 Falun Gong in the United States: An Ethnographic Study Noah Porter University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Porter, Noah, "Falun Gong in the United States: An Ethnographic Study" (2003). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1451 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FALUN GONG IN THE UNITED STATES: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY by NOAH PORTER A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: S. Elizabeth Bird, Ph.D. Michael Angrosino, Ph.D. Kevin Yelvington, Ph.D. Date of Approval: July 18, 2003 Keywords: falungong, human rights, media, religion, China © Copyright 2003, Noah Porter TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................................................iii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Where We Found a Whale"
    ______ __.,,,,---­ ....... l-:~-- ~ ·--~-- - "Where We Found a Whale" A -~lSTORY OF LAKE CLARK NATlONAL PARK AND PRESERVE Brian Fagan “Where We Found a Whale” A HISTORY OF LAKE CLARK NATIONAL PARK AND PRESERVE Brian Fagan s the nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has resposibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural and cultural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protect- ing our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for enjoyment of life Athrough outdoor recreation. The Cultural Resource Programs of the National Park Service have respon- sibilities that include stewardship of historic buildings, museum collections, archaeological sites, cultural landscapes, oral and written histories, and ethno- graphic resources. Our mission is to identify, evaluate, and preserve the cultural resources of the park areas and to bring an understanding of these resources to the public. Congress has mandated that we preserve these resources because they are important components of our national and personal identity. Published by the United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Lake Clark National Park and Preserve ISBN 978-0-9796432-4-8 NPS Research/Resources Management Report NPR/AP/CRR/2008-69 For Jeanne Schaaf with Grateful Thanks “Then she said: “Now look where you come from—the sunrise side.” He turned and saw that they were at a land above the human land, which was below them to the east. And all kinds of people were coming up from the lower country, and they didn’t have any clothes on.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistics for Archaeologists: Principles, Methods and the Case of the Incas
    Linguistics for Archaeologists Linguistics for Archaeologists: Principles, Methods and the Case of the Incas Paul Heggarty1 Like archaeologists, linguists and geneticists too use the data and methods of their dis‑ ciplines to open up their own windows onto our past. These disparate visions of human prehistory cry out to be reconciled into a coherent holistic scenario, yet progress has long been frustrated by interdisciplinary disputes and misunderstandings (not least about Indo‑European). In this article, a comparative‑historical linguist sets out, to his intended audience of archaeologists, the core principles and methods of his discipline that are of relevance to theirs. They are first exemplified for the better‑known languages of Europe, before being put into practice in a lesser‑known case‑study. This turns to the New World, setting its greatest indigenous ‘Empire’, that of the Incas, alongside its greatest surviving language family today, Quechua. Most Andean archaeologists assume a straightforward association between these two. The linguistic evidence, however, exposes this as nothing but a popular myth, and writes instead a wholly new script for the prehistory of the Andes — which now awaits an archaeological story to match. 1. Archaeology and linguistics genetic methods from the biological sciences now being applied to language data. In a much discussed Recent years have seen growing interest in a ‘new syn- paper in Nature, Gray & Atkinson (2003) put forward thesis’ between the disciplines of archaeology, genetics a phylogenetic analysis of Indo-European languages, and linguistics, at the point where all three intersect based on comparative vocabulary lists, which falls in seeking a coherent picture of the distant origins of neatly in line with the ‘out of Anatolia’ hypothesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate at Lake Clark NPP NPS/P
    Southwest Alaska Network National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior SWAN Inventory & Monitoring Program Southwest Alaska Network Alagnak Aniakchak Katmai Kenai Fjords Lake Clark Climate at Lake Clark NPP NPS/P. Kirchner NPS/P. The Lake Clark region, located in southcentral Alaska, has two distinct climates that are divided southwest to northeast by the Alaska and Aleutian mountain ranges. To the southeast, the Cook Inlet and the Pacific Ocean significantly influence the climate of the region by moderating the transfer of energy and water vapor to and from the atmosphere resulting in a maritime climate. To the northwest, the mountains form a barrier, resulting in climate patterns more typical of Alaska’s western interior that are sometimes influenced by the moderating effects of the Bristol Bay to the southwest. Figure 1 provides examples of how mean annual monthly temperatures vary relative to their locations: Silver Salmon Weather station in the Chigmit Mountains of Lake Clark National Park and Preserve. (maritime) is more moderate, Chigmit Mountains (higher elevation) is colder, and Snipe Lake (interior) has greater Weather Highlights extremes. • 2014 and 2015 were the Recent winter temperatures have warmest years on record. • One of the ten warmest spring frequently been out of the normal seasons have occurred in the range. Regionally, 2014 and 2015 were • 2014 and 2015 winter and last 10 years. the warmest years on record. In Port spring maximum temperatures at Port Alsworth were the • Seven of the ten warmest Alsworth, the recent temperatures hottest years on record. maximum three-day extremes for winter and spring months have since 1960 have occurred in frequently been near the maximums for • Three of the ten warmest the last 10 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Upper Tanana Ethnographic Overview and Assessment, Wrangell St
    Technical Paper No. 325 Upper Tanana Ethnographic Overview and Assessment, Wrangell St. Elias National Park and Preserve by Terry L. Haynes and William E. Simeone July 2007 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Symbols and Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations, and others approved for the Système International d'Unités (SI), are used without definition in the following reports by the Divisions of Sport Fish and of Commercial Fisheries: Fishery Manuscripts, Fishery Data Series Reports, Fishery Management Reports, and Special Publications. All others, including deviations from definitions listed below, are noted in the text at first mention, as well as in the titles or footnotes of tables, and in figure or figure captions. Weights and measures (metric) General Measures (fisheries) centimeter cm Alaska Administrative fork length FL deciliter dL Code AAC mideye-to-fork MEF gram g all commonly accepted mideye-to-tail-fork METF hectare ha abbreviations e.g., Mr., Mrs., standard length SL kilogram kg AM, PM, etc. total length TL kilometer km all commonly accepted liter L professional titles e.g., Dr., Ph.D., Mathematics, statistics meter m R.N., etc. all standard mathematical milliliter mL at @ signs, symbols and millimeter mm compass directions: abbreviations east E alternate hypothesis HA Weights and measures (English) north N base of natural logarithm e cubic feet per second ft3/s south S catch per unit effort CPUE foot ft west W coefficient of variation CV gallon gal copyright © common test statistics (F, t, χ2, etc.) inch in corporate suffixes: confidence interval CI mile mi Company Co. correlation coefficient nautical mile nmi Corporation Corp.
    [Show full text]
  • Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
    Zerohack Zer0Pwn YourAnonNews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men YamaTough Xtreme x-Leader xenu xen0nymous www.oem.com.mx www.nytimes.com/pages/world/asia/index.html www.informador.com.mx www.futuregov.asia www.cronica.com.mx www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com Worm Wolfy Withdrawal* WillyFoReal Wikileaks IRC 88.80.16.13/9999 IRC Channel WikiLeaks WiiSpellWhy whitekidney Wells Fargo weed WallRoad w0rmware Vulnerability Vladislav Khorokhorin Visa Inc. Virus Virgin Islands "Viewpointe Archive Services, LLC" Versability Verizon Venezuela Vegas Vatican City USB US Trust US Bankcorp Uruguay Uran0n unusedcrayon United Kingdom UnicormCr3w unfittoprint unelected.org UndisclosedAnon Ukraine UGNazi ua_musti_1905 U.S. Bankcorp TYLER Turkey trosec113 Trojan Horse Trojan Trivette TriCk Tribalzer0 Transnistria transaction Traitor traffic court Tradecraft Trade Secrets "Total System Services, Inc." Topiary Top Secret Tom Stracener TibitXimer Thumb Drive Thomson Reuters TheWikiBoat thepeoplescause the_infecti0n The Unknowns The UnderTaker The Syrian electronic army The Jokerhack Thailand ThaCosmo th3j35t3r testeux1 TEST Telecomix TehWongZ Teddy Bigglesworth TeaMp0isoN TeamHav0k Team Ghost Shell Team Digi7al tdl4 taxes TARP tango down Tampa Tammy Shapiro Taiwan Tabu T0x1c t0wN T.A.R.P. Syrian Electronic Army syndiv Symantec Corporation Switzerland Swingers Club SWIFT Sweden Swan SwaggSec Swagg Security "SunGard Data Systems, Inc." Stuxnet Stringer Streamroller Stole* Sterlok SteelAnne st0rm SQLi Spyware Spying Spydevilz Spy Camera Sposed Spook Spoofing Splendide
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Alaska Water
    LAKE CLARK NATIONAL PARK AND PRESERVE, ALASKA WATER RESOURCES SCOPING REPORT Don P. Weeks Technical Report NPS/NRWRD/NRTR-2001/292 United States Department of the Interior • National Park Service The National Park Service Water Resources Division is responsible for providing water resources management policy and guidelines, planning, technical assistance, training, and operational support to units of the National Park System. Program areas include water rights, water resources planning, regulatory guidance and review, hydrology, water quality, watershed management, watershed studies, and aquatic ecology. Technical Reports The National Park Service disseminates the results of biological, physical, and social research through the Natural Resources Technical Report Series. Natural resources inventories and monitoring activities, scientific literature reviews, bibliographies, and proceedings of technical workshops and conferences are also disseminated through this series. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. Copies of this report are available from the following: National Park Service (970) 225-3500 Water Resources Division 1201 Oak Ridge Drive, Suite 250 Fort Collins, CO 80525 National Park Service (303) 969-2130 Technical Information Center Denver Service Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225-0287 ii LAKE CLARK NATIONAL PARK AND PRESERVE ALASKA WATER RESOURCES SCOPING REPORT Don P. Weeks1 Technical Report NPS/NRWRD/NRTR-2003/??? Month, 2003
    [Show full text]