Journal of Educational Social Studies

JESS 9 (2) (2020) : 10 - 19

http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/jess

The Social Change of Barru District Society Due to the Construction of the - Railway Line

S. Jailany Darwis1, Eva Banowati2, Fadly Husain2

1 Universitas Negeri Makassar, 2 Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Article Info Abstract ______History Articles Indonesia that continued to change over time will no doubt affect the Received: aspects of life. Aspect that could provide sustenance was the need of 4 September 2020 Accepted: transportation through the construction of the Makassar - Parepare 2 November 2020 railway line. The goal was to know the social changes and adaptation Published : patterns of children when social changes occurred as a result of the 17 December 2020 construction of the Makassar-Parepare railway. This study used ______qualitative method with descriptive analysis. The informants of the Keywords: study were; 1) PPK Railway Development of South , 2) Railroad Construction; Affected communities, 3) Head of BPD in Ajakkang village, and 4) Social Changes; Society ______Head of Polewali environment. The data collection technique of this study were interviews, observation, and documentation. The results is construction of the Makassar - Parepare railway led a social change that could be seen based on the process and time. The planned social change occurred because the government is the agent of change in the development. The unplanned social change occurred because of the flooding. The form of social change based on the time of revolution in development has led to conflict due to different interests. The adaptation of children to social changes in society tends to conformity adaptation rather than other forms of adaptation.

 Correspondence address: p-ISSN 2252-6390 Gunungsari Baru Campus, Jl. AP Pettarani, Tidung, Rappocini e-ISSN 2502-4442 Makassar City, Sulawesi Selatan (90222) E-mail: [email protected]

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INTRODUCTION of transportation in the economic sector also has a good impact, so that it can accommodate The globalization era is marked by the economic activities ranging from production, depletion of national boundaries politically, distribution and consumption (Hartatik, 2019). economically and culturally. Because the This is the government's commitment in influence of information technology becomes the building infrastructure equally in order to main trigger to make it easier for humans to get support increased economic growth and can information, even this can happen in remote provide employment. hemispheres. In addition to the emergence of The construction of the Makassar - globalization, the world is already in an era of Parepare Railway Line revived the trains that industrial revolution 4.0 which is marked by had existed in Sulawesi in the 19th century, with digitalization in various aspects of life the Makassar - Takalar route along 47 km, (Suwardana, 2018), thus demanding all nations although it only lasted for seven years because it around the world to continue to move forward caused losses (Nasrul, et al., 2018). The aim of in increasing the capabilities of their human developing the Makassar - Parepare railway line resources. What is happening now is like the is to connect areas that have the potential for speed of a locomotive that cannot be stopped passenger and freight transport, high speed, with because of the process of changing from low energy consumption levels (Fitriah, et al., traditional to modern (Ariyani & Nurcahyo, 2018). One of the areas that will be passed by 2014). This phenomenon is something we this train line is Kiru-Kiru Village and Ajakkang cannot avoid, but it can be an opportunity to Village, Soppeng Riaja District, Barru Regency. prepare ourselves. The construction of this railway line is Indonesia, which continues to experience something new for the local community. changes from time to time, will certainly affect This development gives improvement to various aspects of life in society. The mode of various forms of social change. The results of transportation can be a supporting element that preliminary observations by researchers in the have functions to provide effective field show that several residents' houses were transportation services and is able to reach moved to new places and rice fields had to be isolated and remote areas (Sihaloho & Jinca, converted into railway because they were based 2012). These activities can be improved, if an on the government's decision as the authority for area is supported by complete and integrated the Railway Development. In this phenomenon, transportation facilities whether on land, sea and the government is an agent of change, because it air routes. instructs people who have a place to live on land One of the efforts made by the and rice fields where the railroad will be built to Government in increasing infrastructure leave the area. This observation is also development in the transportation sector is by supported by a research from (Marlianawati, et implementing the National Strategic Project al., 2019) which stated that the development (PSN), which is stated in Presidential Regulation process will make people lose their agricultural Number 58 of 2017 concerning the Acceleration land and shelter, and make them to be forced of Implementation of National Strategic experience the eviction to be used as an airport Projects. In general, this program has a long construction location. Based on this literature term, PSN can include the construction of review, it confirms that with the development of airports, ports, dams, toll roads, and so on transportation infrastructure, it has resulted in (Wahyu, 2018). Province is one the conversion of agricultural land and of the regions implementing the PSN, by residential land due to the government's decision launching the Makassar - Parepare Railway to determine the railway route, thus it makes the Development Project. PSN is a part of nawacita social change. in completely developing Indonesia. The mode

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The existence of construction and new d. Retreatism, is an adaptation pattern in which discoveries in an area will certainly lead to a person's behavior does not follow the various forms of social change. Social change is desired goals and methods. a change that occurs in the structure and e. Rebellion, is an adaptation pattern in which function of the form of society that is related to people do not recognize the existing social thought patterns, social attitudes, norms, values, structure in the community and try to create a and various patterns of human behavior in new social structure. Existing goals are society (Hatu, 2011). Social changes that occur considered to hinder the goals you want to are caused by innovations such as technological dream of. Likewise, with existing means of developments will change people's behavior. In achieving goals that are not recognized. essence, construction is a process of change that Researcher interested in raising this is continuously carried out to get to a better problem because the phenomenon of the condition in accordance with the norms in presence of the Makassar - Parepare railway society (Miswanto & Safaat, 2018). The social construction is a new discovery in the world of change that occurs as a result is of course transportation in South Sulawesi. It can trigger indirectly felt by children as part of the affected the social change, not only for the local community. The adaptation process is not only community but for children who have relocated felt by the community or parents, but the whole to another place who also feel the same way, so process of adaptation to the construction of the it is interesting to see the patterns of adaptation railway must also be felt by the affected children. that occur. So, this will be an element of novelty Social adaptation is a process of change of in this research, considering that research from a person in a social group so that that person can (Marlianawati et al., 2019) which examines live better in their environment (Sayu, et al., social changes in society due to airport 2013). There are children who are able to adapt development does not look at the problem of by themselves in a new environment, and those adaptation patterns of the relocated children. who can adapt only when they receive assistance Referring to the background described from trusted people such as parents and siblings. above, it is necessary to conduct research in the This is a common thing that happens to every form of social change and adaptation pattern of child, not because of an abnormality but also children to social changes that occur in the because of several factors that influence it, community of Soppeng Riaja District, Barru including children who are uncomfortable with Regency due to the construction of the Makassar certain situations or genetic factors where the - Parepare Railway. This study aimed to child has a shy nature. determine the form of social change and Robert K. Merton (Wahyuni, 2007; 97) adaptation patterns of children to social changes classifies social adaptation patterns into five that occur in the society of Soppeng Riaja types: District, Barru Regency due to the construction a. Conformity, is an adaptation pattern in which of the Makassar - Parepare Railway. This the individual's attitude follows the ways and research is expected to have implications for the goals set by society. thinking of the people of Soppeng Riaja District b. Innovation, is an adaptation pattern in which that social change will always exist and dynamic the attitude follows the goals set by society. in the era of globalization that is increasingly But he used a method that was prohibited by advanced and up to date, various forms of social society. change have been felt from time to time. So, it c. Ritualism, is an adaptation pattern in which needs to be addressed wisely so that social an individual behavior has left cultural goals, changes that occur can provide great benefits in but still has the principle of sticking to the the future. way agreed upon by the community.

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METHODS Social change occurs because of efforts to fulfill needs between individuals and individuals, The method used in this research is individuals with groups, or groups with groups, qualitative. This method is used to describe an which is a change process carried out by the in-depth picture of the form of social change and community itself or due to interactions with adaptation patterns of children when social outside communities (Mulyadi, 2015). These change occurs due to the construction of the changes are in accordance with the fundamental Makassar - Parepare railway to the people of nature of humans who are never satisfied with Soppeng Riaja District, Barru Regency. what is obtained, constantly trying to find new This research was conducted in Kiru-Kiru things. The community itself has two and Ajakkang Villages, Soppeng Riaja District, characteristics, that there is an open nature that Barru Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The can accept the changes that occur, and some are area of Kiru-Kiru Village has an area of 500 ha closed, tend to be difficult to accept changes and Ajakkang Village 2300 ha. The two areas because they are not accustomed to do will be the location for the construction of the 3 something they do not understand (Dura, 2016). km Makassar - Parepare railway line, while the This kind of phenomenon has become ordinary train station for Soppeng Riaja District will be when there is construction in an area, as in the built in Ajakkang Village. case with the Soppeng Riaja community. Data collection techniques in this study The findings in Kiru-Kiru and Ajakkang were interviews, observation, and Villages, which become the research locations, documentation. These techniques are mutually found several things that could be studied in sustainable to obtain complete, in-depth and relation to the research objectives. appropriate data in accordance with the research focus. The informants who will be interviewed The Forms of Community Social Change Due in this study are: (1) key informants, the PPK to the Construction of the Makassar - Parepare Railway Development of South Sulawesi; (2) Railway Line main informants, the affected community; (3) The government with all its capabilities supporting informants, in this case the Head of is trying to develop in the field of transportation BPD Ajakkang Village, and (4) Head of the by building adequate public transportation Polewali Environment. modes such as the construction of the Makassar The data analysis technique used is - Parepare Railway Line in South Sulawesi to descriptive analysis technique which aims to achieve efficient transportation modes in terms identify and analyze data about the form of of energy, time and costs. social change in the Soppeng Riaja District Construction in the transportation community and children's adaptation patterns sector can certainly become a new phenomenon when social changes occur due to the in an area that has not previously been touched construction of the Makassar - Parepare Railway by this mode of transportation, causing social Line. changes that are different from the previous situation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of research regarding the forms of social change that occur as a result of Construction in the transportation sector the construction of the Makassar - Parepare will certainly trigger the social change, as felt by railway line generally occur because the some Soppeng Riaja Subdistrict people who had government realizes that the need of public to give up their homes and rice fields to be transportation modes is very needed to support relocated for the construction of the Makassar - the movement of people who continue to Parepare Railway, which has cost around 2.3 experience movement from one place to trillion Rupiah. another. The construction of the Makassar -

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Parepare Railway line is one of the reasons for the various forms of social change that occur in affected communities, the forms of change that are felt by many of these communities are forms of social change based on processes that are planned or unplanned, and forms of social change based on time that is going fast (revolution). 1. Forms of Social Change Based on Process Social change when viewed based on processes, such as planned changes and unplanned changes occurred in the community Figure 1. Makassar - Parepare Railway Line in phenomenon of Kiru-Kiru Village and Ajakkang Ajakkang Village Village, Soppeng Riaja District, Barru Regency due to the Construction of the Makassar - Construction will always change the Parepare Railway. The planned social change environmental conditions around the project occurs as a result of the government acting as the (Prastiwi, et al., 2016), as in the picture above agent of change, initiating the construction of shows the railroad tracks around residential the railway line which is indirectly responsible areas, there are approximately 30 houses that for all development processes starting from have lived in this area and then moved to planning to operating the train later. another place due to construction. Some of the a. Planned Forms of Social Change houses are included in the houses on stilts, so The construction, which began in 2016, they can still take most of their house materials involved various stakeholders ranging from the to move them, without having to build a new PPK South Sulawesi Railway Development house. which is under the auspices of the Director This implies that the change in the General of Railways of the Ministry of geographic conditions of the area where the Transportation, local governments ranging from Makassar - Parepare Railway Construction provinces to districts / cities, the National Land location is a form of planned social change, Agency, State Asset Management Institutions, because the railway construction project is one the High Prosecutor's Office, TNI- The National of the National Strategic Programs (PSN) Police, and the private sector both independent implemented by the Government as the and consortium from within and outside the authority in this development, involving many country. elements of society. The role of community leaders who are b. Forms of Unplanned Social Change non-formal leaders also cannot be ignored in this Unplanned social changes referred to in construction, because sometimes what the construction of this railway line are changes community leaders want can be accepted that can cause harm to the community, for because of the principle of community obedience example, there is a large flood which occurs (Nasution, 2017). The stakeholders carry out almost every year. After the construction of the their duties and coordinate during development, railway in Soppeng Subdistrict, it often causes such as continuing to socialize with the local severe flooding if it rains with high intensity, the community to support these activities. disaster that does occur every year has an even Meanwhile, people who have a residence or more severe impact after the existence of the paddy field that are affected will be relocated to railway line. another place and given compensation. Flood disasters have often occurred before the construction of the Makassar - Parepare Railway in Soppeng Riaja Subdistrict if the

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intensity of rainfall increases, but the impact become one of the water catchment areas must only inundates village roads and several hectares now be changed to the location of the Makassar of rice fields. This became a contrast after the - Parepare Railway Line Construction. railroad was built. Therefore, the form of social change is not The worst floods ever occurred in 2018, planned in the form of flooding and changes in water that was as high as neck at that time air temperature, of course it cannot be avoided caused losses such as damage to residents' by the people of Soppeng Riaja District. houses and village roads. Farmers suffered losses 2. Forms of Time-Based Social Change due to floods that submerged hundred hectares Social change can be seen based on how of rice fields in Soppeng Riaja District. fast the changes take place. Based on this view, The flood event that occurred was caused two forms of social change are found, they are by the water drain that was made during the changes that take place quickly (revolution) and construction of the railway line which did not changes that take place slowly (evolution). The have wide dimensions and was not deep construction of the Makassar - Parepare Railway enough. This causes the river in Ajakkang Line in Soppeng Riaja Subdistrict has triggered Village to experience sedimentation. So, there changes that encourage people to adapt to will be a reduction in water discharge capacity developments at a certain time. Of the two forms which causes flooding. The water channels of social change based on time, when it is related made by railroad workers such as drainage and to the construction of the Makassar - Parepare ditches for residents near the edge of the railroad Railway in Soppeng Riaja District, the form of turned out to be ineffective in overcoming social change that occurs is revolution. flooding, the water flow from the upstream The construction of the Makassar - became spread over the rice fields and residential Parepare Railway Line is the government's areas. desire as a form of effort to provide an efficient The results of the study indicate that the mode of public transportation for the unplanned forms of social change are generally community in terms of time and cost, to caused by natural conditions. The form of anticipate traffic congestion, especially the Trans change that is felt by the community is flooding Sulawesi route which is feared to be more that occurs every year, the flood is caused by a congested in the future. Of course, this is change in the function of rice fields into a inseparable from the feasibility study that has railway excavation location so that there is no been carried out by the government since 2004 damning area when it rains. In addition, based from various aspects including social and traffic on the results obtained by researchers, another analysis. form of social change felt by the affected This should be a sign that the government community is a change in local air temperature wants a revolution in the transportation sector in due to the large number of trees being cut down the province with the capital city of Makassar, and replaced by the location of the Makassar - which is indirectly the desire of the people who Parepare Railway Line Construction. want to experience public transportation that This form of unplanned social change is can run on these tracks. in accordance with Soekanto's statement which The revolution that occurs often creates stated that one of the factors that caused the conflicts due to the interests of various parties social change is natural disasters or the physical which are preceded by tensions that are difficult environment. Changes in the physical to avoid. As happened during the construction environment due to unpredictable natural of the railway line in Kiru-Kiru Village. The disasters are sometimes also caused by the Kiru-Kiru Public Cemetery (TPU) area which is actions of the community itself (Soekanto, in danger of being evicted as a result of this 2015). The felling of large trees and the construction has led to protests for the conversion of agricultural land which has community, especially the tomb heirs. The

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polemic arose as a result of the revolution which The meeting that specifically discussed resulted in the interests of both parties, namely this problem gave several options, the first was between the government which wanted to building a cemetery in another place or the immediately carry out the construction of the second making a railroad flyover line right above railroad and the community, in this case the the cemetery area. However, this choice was grave heirs who did not want their family graves rejected by residents who considered that if they to be relocated or to have some kind of flyover built a new TPU, it would not be possible built. because there was no available land, while the The construction that takes place with a construction of a railway line must also be wide scope is very vulnerable to make various carried out immediately. Meanwhile, if you problems that can cause friction and even build a railroad over the burial area in the form conflict between the government and the of a flyover, it is considered unethical and community. Conflicts that occur are caused by uncivilized if the train operates at the graves of various factors, such as disagreeing if its ancestors. construction is present in an area because they The meeting did not find solution, so are worried about the bad impacts that will there was a split between the community and the result in resistance, the government does not government, the satker, and the workers. The hold a socialization , the unclear price fixing of construction of the railroad has been temporarily land compensation, or there are differences in halted until this problem is resolved. The conflict interests. Various infrastructure developments that lasted for one year made the heirs of the that involve the government as an agent for tomb in Kiru-Kiru angry because the social change can trigger conflict. Likewise, government was considered slow in handling what happened to the construction of the this issue, which led to the spotlight of PMII of Makassar - Parepare Railway in Soppeng Riaja Barru Branch which led them to hold a District, Barru Regency. demonstration at the Barru Regent's office so The people of Kiru-Kiru Urban Village do that the community's demands were met not agree that the Public Cemetery (TPU) immediately. should be demolished for rail construction, This problem finally came to the attention especially the tomb heirs. In a conflict in social of stakeholders after coordinating and holding life, people need public space as a forum for another meeting which was attended by the direct communication (Piliang, 2012). In the South Sulawesi Railway Development PPK, conflict that occurred in Kiru-Kiru Village, the Head of the Barru Regency Transportation government opened public spaces and made Service, Head of Barru Regency BPN, Camat various business efforts by prioritizing a Soppeng Riaja, Lurah Kiru-Kiru, Head of the persuasive approach to the community so that Polewali Environment with grave heirs. The the construction would continue to run community who had a family at the cemetery gradually, such as holding deliberations with requested that the railroad tracks be redesigned tomb heirs. so that the TPU was not affected by development, but the proposal was rejected by the South Sulawesi Railway Development PPK on the grounds that if this happened then the railroad tracks that had been designed in such a

way would change. , so the budget is getting bigger. If you want to increase the budget, you must propose again, while the proposal is not Figure2.Makassar Parepare Railway Line beside immediately accepted because it requires a long the Kiru Kiru Who Had Triggered Conflict verification process and raises concerns that the Between the Governmentand the Tomb Heirs

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construction will slow down further if the result of a new discovery in the form of the demands of the heirs are met. development of railway transportation modes The polemic finally found a bright spot which will eventually lead to new patterns of after the South Sulawesi High Prosecutor's behavior even though there are conflicts that Office intervened to handle this problem after occur in the adjustment process to accept these directly inspecting the burial area which has an forms of social change. area of about 1,233 m2. Monitoring of railway progress is led directly by Kajati Sulsel The Children's Adaptation Patterns to Social accompanied by the Regent of Barru and the Changes in Society Due to the Construction of PPK Railway Development of South Sulawesi. the Makassar - Parepare Railway Line The results of research that explain the The existing findings by analyzing form of social change based on time are descriptively explain that children's adaptation revolutionary or in the form of rapid social behavior to social changes due to the change. The construction of the Makassar - construction of the Makassar - Parepare Railway Parepare Railway Line which aims to provide tends to conformity adaptation rather than other public transportation modes for the community adaptation patterns such as innovation, certainly takes a long time, even though the ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion adaptation. construction process of the railway line takes a Children who becomes the research subjects are long time, the process of social change that those aged 7-12 years, where in this phase the occurs in the community is very fast. Because children are able to think logically about objects after the plan to build the railway line, inevitably and events that occur in their environment. the affected community immediately The adaptation process must also be experienced the form of change quickly, one of carried out by these children, because it is not the example was the relocation of the house they easy for some of them to accept the various had occupied so far. The form of revolutionary forms of social change that have occurred. The social change in the affected community has family as the smallest social institution in society actually created conflicts due to the interests of carries out various treatments for children so various parties, preceded by tensions that are that the adaptation process becomes faster. In difficult to avoid. The tension that arises in the family, a child also learns to socialize, society is due to unpreparedness for the social understand, appreciate, and feel all aspects of changes that occur that affect the state of mind life that are reflected and become habituation of the community (Schooler, et al., 2017), (Agustin, et al., 2015). Therefore, the family is especially for brands that are affected and feel referred as a primary and fundamental disadvantaged. institution that can carry out a very strategic The form of social change is based on the function in national development (Soeradi, research results obtained if it is associated with 2013). This is built with more intense the theory of social change expressed by William communication between parents and children, F. Ogburn, the cause of the forms of social or people whom the child trusts more. By taking change that occur in affected communities as a a persuasive approach with the explanation that result of the Makassar - Parepare Railway they have to move to another place for the good Construction process, which focuses on of the people. technological development and the inevitable Family or parents certainly have the most adjustment process therein (Ogburn, 1964). important role in adapting their child, how he Technology causes social change quickly and accepts his new environment and lives with his globally, including the development of new friends. Starting from a family, everything transportation technology that occurs in the can develop, such as a children’ ability to have society of Ajakkang Village and Kiru-Kiru an opinion, actualize themselves, and so on Village. The form of change they feel is the (Rustina, 2014). The child's condition in

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accepting any changes that occur will certainly residents' houses) and unplanned (the vary depending on how the family's role is in occurrence of flood disasters and increased air giving an understanding to their child. temperature in Soppeng Riaja District). Children who are in their new Meanwhile, the form of social change based on environment after their place of residence has time occurred because of the rapid revolution in been relocated will experience various benefits, development which triggered conflict. The such as access to better schools and meet new adaptation behavior of children to social friends so that their friendship relationships will changes caused by the Makassar - Parepare be expand. Railway Construction tends to conformity Forms of conformity adaptation carried adaptation rather than other adaptation patterns out by children who experience social changes such as innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and as a result of the Makassar - Parepare Railway rebellion adaptation. Social adaptation behavior Construction such as learning and playing both is very important for children who experience at home and with friends in the surrounding social changes due to the construction of the environment, telling stories with parents and Makassar - Parepare Railway Line so that when siblings, doing learning at school and so on. This they do not feel worried anymore when was confirmed by his parents in an interview experiencing similar things in the future. conducted by the researcher, according to his parents, it cannot be separated from the role of REFERENCES the family at home. In the adaptation pattern of innovation, Agustin, D. S. Y., Suarmini, N. W., & Prabowo, ritualism, retreatism, children perform various S. (2015). Peran Keluarga Sangat Penting activities such as praying at home, praying dalam Pendidikan Mental, Karakter before eating, playing mobile games on Anak serta Budi Pekerti Anak. Jurnal smartphones, and sometimes quarreling with Sosial Humaniora, 8(1), 46. relatives or friends. Social adaptation behavior is Ariyani, N. I., & Nurcahyo, O. H. (2014). very important for children who experience Digitalisasi Pasar Tradisional: Perspektif social changes due to the construction of the Teori Perubahan Sosial. Jurnal Analisa Makassar - Parepare Railway Line so that when Sosiologi, 3(April), 1–12. they do not feel worried anymore when Dura, J. (2016). Pengaruh Akuntabilitas experiencing similar things in the future. Pengelolaan Keuangan Alokasi Dana Increasing social adaptation attitudes will Desa, Kebijakan Desa, Dan certainly require cooperation from various Kelembagaan Desa Terhadap parties such as teachers, communities and Kesejahteraan Masyarakat. Jurnal Ilmiah community leaders. Bisnis Dan Ekonomi Asia, 10(2), 26–32. Fitriah, R., Idrus, M., & Chairunnisa, A. S. CONCLUSION (2018). Analisis Perbandingan Biaya Pengangkutan Peti Kemas Menggunakan Based on the phenomena that occur in the Moda Truk, Kereta Api dan Kapal people of Soppeng Riaja District, Barru Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Jurnal Regency, it can be concluded that the form of Penelitian Enjiniring, 22(1), 70–75. social change that occurs as a result of the Hartatik, E. S. (2019). From Railroad to Makassar - Parepare Railway Construction is a Highway: Shifting Use of Land form of social change based on process and time. Transportation System in the Northern The form of social change based on the process Coast of Central Java. Paramita: Historical occurred because it was planned (development Studies Journal, 29(2), 224–234. was initiated by the government as the agent of Hatu, R. (2011). Perubahan Sosial Kultural change resulting in the process of relocating Masyarakat Pedesaan (Suatu Tinjauan

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