Campaigning for Dissidents

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Campaigning for Dissidents Chapter 4 Campaigning for dissidents Reading about injustice does not leave you cold when you have grown up in an environment where righteousness is a central theme and the affects of the Second World War and, in particular, Nazi terror are a daily subject of conversation even 30 years after the war ended. Two of my uncles had been in the camps, only one of them had returned and he had been marked for life. The more I became interested in the repression of the dissidents in the Soviet Union, the stronger I had the urge to do something about it. In 1977, I started collecting signatures under petitions addressed to Brezhnev, calling on him to release the political prisoners. My first “case” was that of Sergei Kovalyov, a biologist who had been an editor of the important samizdat publication Chronicle of Current Events and who had been arrested in Vilnius in 1974. He had been sentenced to seven years of camp and three years of exile. With homemade petitions I went from door to door, ringing doorbells and asking people to sign. What one can now hardly imagine was that without exception, people were afraid to put a signature, out of fear that if the Soviets would come they would be listed as one to be arrested. They purposely wrote their names illegibly, or just put a cross instead Trial against Sergei of a signature. I sent the packages of Kovalyov: Andrei Sakharov in signatures to the Soviet Embassy; a drop front of the court building in in the ocean, of course. Vilnius, 1974. At the end of 1977, Vladimir Bukovsky asked me if I was willing to establish a European branch of the Podrabinek Fund, an opportunity that I took with both hands. Podrabinek had been arrested that year because of his membership of the Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes and was in jail awaiting his trial. The case of Podrabinek opened for me the door to the issue of political abuse of psychiatry. After having read a multitude of books about Nazi camps and having subsequently read a pile of literature on Soviet camps, I thought I 42 On Dissidents and Madness could imagine life in camps. However, the idea that while being a political prisoner you would be locked up with dangerous madmen was beyond my imagination. I knew nothing about psychiatry, for me was anybody with a psychiatric illness a “lunatic” and, hence, dangerous. Not very subtle, but for me psychiatry was an unknown and undiscovered area and thus scary. I found some archaic literature about psychiatry at the home of a psychiatrist’s family where I was babysitting and my interest was aroused. I decided to concentrate on political prisoners who had wound up in psychiatric hospitals, and the Podrabinek Fund was a nice introduction into the field. Bukovsky Foundation After the summer of 1979, I moved to Amsterdam in order to commence my studies. I joined the Bukovsky Foundation, a small organization with whom I had established contact in the months preceding my move and which was directed by Henk Wolzak. The foundation had its offices on the Van Woustraat in the Dutch capital, just around the corner from the famous Albert Cuyp market, at Henk Wolzak’s home residence. Amsterdam was a turbulent city in those years. Everywhere squatters had occupied empty buildings and regularly battles took place in the Amsterdam streets between riot police and the squatters. Henk Wolzak was a bit of a strange character. Born in 1940 and with only a limited education, he had developed himself to being a freelance journalist for newspapers like Het Parool and Trouw. Although the claimed to have studied history and theology, this was more fantasy than reality: he had attended some university lectures, but had never registered himself as a student. He spoke three words of German and English, which in no way hindered him in orienting Demonstration for the release of Vladimir Bukovsky. Henk Wolzak is on the left. In front of him a counter demonstration by a member of a pro- Soviet organization. His board reads: “In the Soviet Union the counter revolution does not have a chance”..
Recommended publications
  • The Case for Democracy: the Power of Freedom to Overcome Tyranny A
    The Case for Democracy: The Power of Freedom to Overcome Tyranny a... http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/resources/transcripts/5066.html/:pf_print... The Case for Democracy: The Power of Freedom to Overcome Tyranny and Terror Natan Sharansky , Joanne J. Myers November 9, 2004 Introduction Remarks Questions and Answers Introduction The Case for JOANNE MYERS: Good morning. I'm Joanne Myers, Director of Merrill House Programs, and Democracy: The Power of Freedom on behalf of the Carnegie Council I would like to say how extremely honored we are to have to Overcome with us this morning Natan Sharansky on the occasion of his recently published book, The Case Tyranny and Terror for Democracy: The Power of Freedom to Overcome Tyranny and Terror. In reflecting on the challenges facing democracy in the 21st century, Margaret Thatcher once wrote, "It is always true that the world that is can best be understood by those conversant with the world that was. None are more conversant with the realities of the Cold War, or more adept at drawing out its lessons for today, than those who saw it—not just lived through it, but actually saw it for what it was—from the inside." It is with this in mind that we extend a very special welcome to our speaker this morning, Natan Sharansky. From Gulag to guru, Mr. Sharansky's life has personified the struggle for human rights and the ongoing pursuit of dignity for all mankind. Our guest today is a former Soviet dissident and political prisoner who has spent his life championing democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • After Stalin: the Decline and Fall of the Soviet Union (Weeks 1-12) | University of Kent
    10/01/21 After Stalin: The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Union (Weeks 1-12) | University of Kent After Stalin: The Decline and Fall of the View Online Soviet Union (Weeks 1-12) 435 items Operation Typhoon: Hitler's march on Moscow, October 1941 - Stahel, David, 2013 Book Introductory Bibliography (12 items) Conscience, dissent and reform in Soviet Russia - Boobbyer, Philip, 2005 Book Soviet communism from reform to collapse - Daniels, Robert V., 1995 Book The rise of Russia and the fall of the Soviet empire - Dunlop, John B., 1995 Book Russia and the idea of the West: Gorbachev, intellectuals, and the end of the Cold War - English, Robert D., 2000 Book Last of the empires: a history of the Soviet Union, 1945-1991 - Keep, John L. H., 1996 Book The Soviet tragedy: a history of socialism in Russia, 1917-1991 - Malia, Martin E., 1994 Book Russia's Cold War: from the October Revolution to the fall of the wall - Haslam, Jonathan, c2011 Book Rulers and victims: the Russians in the Soviet Union - Hosking, Geoffrey A., 2006 Book The shadow of war: Russia and the USSR, 1941 to the present - Lovell, Stephen, 2010 Book Lenin's tomb: the last days of the Soviet Empire - Remnick, David, 1994 Book Twentieth century Russia - Treadgold, Donald W., 1995 Book Zhivago's children: the last Russian intelligentsia - Zubok, V. M., 2009 1/34 10/01/21 After Stalin: The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Union (Weeks 1-12) | University of Kent Book Collections of documents (9 items) The Soviet political poster, 1917-1980: From the USSR Lenin Library Collection - Baburina, Nina, 1986 Book The Soviet system: from crisis to collapse - Dallin, Alexander, Lapidus, Gail Warshofsky, 1995 Book A documentary history of communism - Daniels, Robert Vincent, 1985 Book The great patriotic war of the Soviet Union, 1941-45: a documentary reader - Hill, Alexander, 2009 Book Revelations from the Russian archives: documents in English translation - Koenker, Diane, Bachman, Ronald D., Library of Congress, 1997 Book Sedition: everyday resistance in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev and Brezhnev - Kozlov, V.
    [Show full text]
  • Yelena Bonner—A Commanding Voice for Human Rights & Heroic Figure for Karabagh Armenians Passes Away
    ZORYAN INSTITUTE OF CANADA, INC. PRESS RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE CONTACT: Patil Halajian DATE: June 23, 2011 Tel: 416-250-9807 Yelena Bonner—a Commanding Voice for Human Rights & Heroic Figure for Karabagh Armenians Passes Away Armenians mourn the loss of Yelena Bonner, a great humanist, and a leading combatant against the injustices of the Soviet era. She will forever remain relevant and inspirational to people worldwide, and to Armenians particularly, because of her forceful advocacy on behalf of the people of Karabagh. Yelena Bonner, the wife of Andrei Sakharov, the Soviet Union's most prominent dissident scientist, and developer of Russia‟s first hydrogen bomb, was co-founder the Moscow Helsinki Group in the 1970s. By relentlessly challenging state oppression, it quickly became the most active rights group in the entire movement. The organization‟s mission was to publicize Soviet violations of the Helsinki Accord signed in 1975, recognizing Soviet hegemony in photo by Mikhail Lemkhin return for assurance of fundamental freedoms and human rights guarantees. Throughout her lifetime, Ms. Bonner lent her voice to many causes. She spoke very passionately on the human rights violations committed by Azerbaijan in Karabagh and virtually from the onset of the national liberation movement there, she defended the right of the Armenian nation to self-determination. She did so from the highest platforms, calling international attention to the issue. Among her public appearances was a lecture on “Nationalities in the Soviet Union: Possible Solutions within the Framework of a Revised Constitution,” which she made under the auspices of the Zoryan Institute and the Amnesty International Group of Harvard Law School in 1990.
    [Show full text]
  • Soviet Political Memoirs: a Study in Politics and Literature
    SOVIET POLITICAL MEMOIRS: A STUDY IN POLITICS AND LITERATURE by ZOI LAKKAS B.A. HONS, The University of Western Ontario, 1990 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of History) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA June 1992 Zoi Lakkas, 1992 _________________ in presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department. or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. V Department of The University of British &‘olumbia Vancouver, Canada Date 1L4( /1 1q2 DE-6 (2/88) ii ABS TRACT A growing number of Soviet political memoirs have emerged from the former Soviet Union. The main aim of the meinoirists is to give their interpretation of the past. Despite the personal insight that these works provide on Soviet history, Western academics have not studied them in any detail. The principal aim of this paper is to prove Soviet political memoir’s importance as a research tool. The tight link between politics and literature characterizes the nature of Soviet political memoir. All forms of Soviet literature had to reform their brand of writing as the Kremlin’s policies changed from Stalin’s ruthless reign to Gorbachev’s period of openness.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Report 2003! 3 Alfa Bank Social Report 2003! 3
    Our Reputation Throughout the history of Alfa Bank, we have considered our reputation to be our most valuable asset. Over the years, we have experienced all the obstacles and challenges that faced Russia as a whole. We have triumphed against all odds, becoming Russia’s largest private bank, a leader of the financial industry. Alfa Bank is one of the very first Russian companies to acknowledge its social responsibilities. For years now, the name of Alfa Bank has been nancial support to numerous non-profit programs closely linked with such cultural and social initia- in Russia’s regions, as well as offering assistance to tives as the annual Golden Mask Theater Festival in young talent, and helping those in need. But that’s Moscow and the Alfa Chance Program, supporting not all, either. We take an active role in society in talented young people in Russia’s regions. every place where we develop our business, from Alfa Bank has blazed a trail to Russia for some of holding conferences aimed at attracting investment the world’s leading contemporary performers, in- into the regions, to financing ecological programs cluding Elton John, Sting, Tina Turner and Paul and aiding educational institutions. McCartney, as well as organizing foreign tours We offer aid at all levels of society. We see our role for leading Russian opera and ballet companies. as encouraging the harmonious advancement of This year we also helped to organize and finance all of our communities. a competition to design a statue in memory of No- We are convinced that the future of our business bel Laureate Joseph Brodsky in St.
    [Show full text]
  • Sakharov's Legacy on the Centenary of His Birth
    AT A GLANCE Sakharov's legacy on the centenary of his birth Andrey Sakharov was a Soviet physicist who played a leading role in his country's nuclear weapons programme. However, in the 1960s he fell out of favour with the regime due to his activism for disarmament and human rights. On the 100th anniversary of his birth, Sakharov's legacy is more relevant than ever. Since 1988, the European Parliament has awarded an annual prize for freedom of thought named after him. Andrey Sakharov: Scientist, disarmament campaigner, human rights defender Born on 21 May 1921 in Moscow, Andrey Sakharov was a physicist who in 1948 joined the Soviet atomic programme, where he played a leading role in work that led to the country's first successful test of an atomic bomb in 1949. In the 1950s, Sakharov helped to develop the first Soviet hydrogen bomb and the Tsar Bomba, the largest atomic bomb ever exploded. However, by the late 1950s Sakharov was becoming increasingly concerned about the dangers of these new weapons; together with other nuclear scientists, he persuaded the Soviet authorities to sign a partial test ban treaty with the US and UK in 1963, prohibiting atmospheric and underwater nuclear tests. Sakharov's opposition to antiballistic missile defences, which he felt would increase the risk of nuclear war, eventually put him at loggerheads with the Soviet regime. In 1968, Sakharov wrote his 'Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Co-Existence, and Intellectual Freedom', warning of the dangers of nuclear weapons and criticising the repression of dissidents. The essay was never published in the Soviet Union, but typewritten copies circulated widely and reached Western media.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Groups, Individuals, Strategies and Prospects the Russia Studies Centre at the Henry Jackson Society
    The Russian Opposition: A Survey of Groups, Individuals, Strategies and Prospects The Russia Studies Centre at the Henry Jackson Society By Julia Pettengill Foreword by Chris Bryant MP 1 First published in 2012 by The Henry Jackson Society The Henry Jackson Society 8th Floor – Parker Tower, 43-49 Parker Street, London, WC2B 5PS Tel: 020 7340 4520 www.henryjacksonsociety.org © The Henry Jackson Society, 2012 All rights reserved The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and are not necessarily indicative of those of The Henry Jackson Society or its directors Designed by Genium, www.geniumcreative.com ISBN 978-1-909035-01-0 2 About The Henry Jackson Society The Henry Jackson Society: A cross-partisan, British think-tank. Our founders and supporters are united by a common interest in fostering a strong British, European and American commitment towards freedom, liberty, constitutional democracy, human rights, governmental and institutional reform and a robust foreign, security and defence policy and transatlantic alliance. The Henry Jackson Society is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales under company number 07465741 and a charity registered in England and Wales under registered charity number 1140489. For more information about Henry Jackson Society activities, our research programme and public events please see www.henryjacksonsociety.org. 3 CONTENTS Foreword by Chris Bryant MP 5 About the Author 6 About the Russia Studies Centre 6 Acknowledgements 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 INTRODUCTION 11 CHAPTER
    [Show full text]
  • Marina Sakharov-Liberman Is Andrei Sakharov's Granddaughter; She Is the Daughter of Sakharov's Eldest Daughter, Tatiana Sakharov
    Marina Sakharov-Liberman is Andrei Sakharov's granddaughter; she is the daughter of Sakharov's eldest daughter, Tatiana Sakharov. Marina is a graduate of the Physics Department of Moscow University and a graduate of Stanford University. Currently she is a business consultant. She is a board member of the Andrei Sakharov Foundation and a Board of Trustees' member of the Andrei Sakharov Science Endowment, which was started through her initiative. Tatiana Yankelevich is the daughter of Elena Bonner, who was Sakharov’s second wife. Ms. Yankelevich is a retired educator of Soviet history and the Soviet human rights movement. In the 1980s Ms. Yankelevich campaigned extensively on behalf of Andrei Sakharov. From 2004 to 2009 she headed the Sakharov Program on Human Rights at the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard University, which is now the home of the Andrei Sakharov Archives. She is now an independent researcher affiliated with the Davis Center. Boris Altshuler is a Chief Researcher at the Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow, Russia. He has worked for over 40 years in the human rights movement in the USSR and Russia, twenty of them in close cooperation and friendship with Sakharov. Dr Altshuler won the APS Sakharov Prize in 2014. Zafra Lerman is the President of the Malta Conferences Foundation which uses science diplomacy as a bridge to peace in the Middle East. For more than 25 years, she chaired the American Chemical Society’s Committee on Scientific Freedom and Human Rights. She worked on human rights cases in the former Soviet Union, Russia, China, Guatemala, Cuba, Peru, and South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Intellectual Culture: the End of Russian Intelligentsia
    Russian Culture Center for Democratic Culture 2012 Intellectual Culture: The End of Russian Intelligentsia Dmitri N. Shalin University of Nevada, Las Vegas, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/russian_culture Part of the Asian History Commons, Cultural History Commons, European History Commons, Intellectual History Commons, Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons, Political History Commons, Slavic Languages and Societies Commons, and the Social History Commons Repository Citation Shalin, D. N. (2012). Intellectual Culture: The End of Russian Intelligentsia. In Dmitri N. Shalin, 1-68. Available at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/russian_culture/6 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Article in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Article has been accepted for inclusion in Russian Culture by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Intellectual Culture: The End of Russian Intelligentsia Dmitri Shalin No group cheered louder for Soviet reform, had a bigger stake in perestroika, and suffered more in its aftermath than did the Russian intelligentsia. Today, nearly a decade after Mikhail Gorbachev unveiled his plan to reform Soviet society, the mood among Russian intellectuals is decidedly gloomy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Paradigm of Scientists for Sakharov, Orlov and Sharansky (Sos)
    GUERRILLA TACTICS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS: THE PARADIGM OF SCIENTISTS FOR SAKHAROV, ORLOV AND SHARANSKY (SOS) (Invited speech on the occasion of the Sakharov Prize Award at the 2010 “April” meeting of the American Physical Society) February 15, 2010 Morris (Moishe ) Pripstein Physics Division, National Science Foundation I would like to thank the American Physical Society for honoring me as a co-recipient of the Sakharov Prize along with such illustrious human-rights activists as my colleagues Joe Birman and Herman Winick. I would also like to thank my wife, Flo, for her major contributions to the activities described below which led to this award and to our children, David, Jeremy and Laura, for their unstinting support throughout that hectic period. In addition, I want to express my deep appreciation to Elena Bonner for her very generous comments presented earlier in this session by her daughter, Tatiana Yankelevich, and to Tatiana and her brother Alexey Semyonov and his wife, Liza, for joining us in this occasion. This award is especially meaningful to me as it pays homage to the great scientist and human- rights champion Andrei Sakharov, a role model to many of us, and because of the outstanding previous awardees, Yuri Orlov and Xu Liangying. While many scientists have valiantly engaged in the struggle for human rights, it is this group, along with Natan Sharansky, Elena Bonner, Fang Li Zhi and the long list of other dissident and refusenik scientists who put their own lives at risk on behalf of human rights, who are the heroes of the movement and a special inspiration to the rest of us.
    [Show full text]
  • Talking Fish: on Soviet Dissident Memoirs*
    Talking Fish: On Soviet Dissident Memoirs* Benjamin Nathans University of Pennsylvania My article may appear to be idle chatter, but for Western sovietolo- gists at any rate it has the same interest that a fish would have for an ichthyologist if it were suddenly to begin to talk. ðAndrei Amalrik, Will the Soviet Union Survive until 1984? ½samizdat, 1969Þ All Soviet émigrés write ½or: make up something. Am I any worse than they are? ðAleksandr Zinoviev, Homo Sovieticus ½Lausanne, 1981Þ IfIamasked,“Did this happen?” I will reply, “No.” If I am asked, “Is this true?” Iwillsay,“Of course.” ðElena Bonner, Mothers and Daughters ½New York, 1991Þ I On July 6, 1968, at a party in Moscow celebrating the twenty-eighth birthday of Pavel Litvinov, two guests who had never met before lingered late into the night. Litvinov, a physics teacher and the grandson of Stalin’s Commissar of Foreign Affairs, Maxim Litvinov, had recently made a name for himself as the coauthor of a samizdat text, “An Appeal to World Opinion,” thathadgarneredwideattention inside and outside the Soviet Union. He had been summoned several times by the Committee for State Security ðKGBÞ for what it called “prophylactic talks.” Many of those present at the party were, like Litvinov, connected in one way or another to the dissident movement, a loose conglomeration of Soviet citizens who had initially coalesced around the 1966 trial of the writers Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel, seeking to defend civil rights inscribed in the Soviet constitution and * For comments on previous drafts of this article, I would like to thank the anonymous readers for the Journal of Modern History as well as Alexander Gribanov, Jochen Hell- beck, Edward Kline, Ann Komaromi, Eli Nathans, Sydney Nathans, Serguei Oushakine, Kevin M.
    [Show full text]
  • Actors in a “Cheap Comedy”: Dissidents in Soviet Psychiatric Hospitals, 1968-1974
    ACTORS IN A “CHEAP COMEDY”: DISSIDENTS IN SOVIET PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALS, 1968-1974 Philip B. Kiffer A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Russian and East European Studies in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2015 Approved by: Donald J. Raleigh Chad Bryant Eren Tasar ©2015 Philip B. Kiffer ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Philip B. Kiffer: Actors in a “Cheap Comedy”: Dissidents in Soviet Psychiatric Institutions, 1968-1974 (Under the direction of Donald J. Raleigh) This paper examines the Soviet government's hospitalization of political dissidents diagnosed with mental disorders between 1968 and 1974. Relying primarily on memoir accounts produced by the victims of Soviet punitive psychiatry, the purpose of this paper is to explicate the purpose, function, and effectiveness of the Soviet program of committing dissidents to psychiatric institutions. It concludes that this program served primarily to control behavior, rather than suppress ideas or counter-ideologies, embarrassing to the Soviet government. Furthermore, it suggest that in many cases committing dissidents to mental hospitals served the state as a means of negotiating with dissidents and reaching an agreement on what constitutes acceptable behavior, instead of functioning simply as a way to remove them from general society. This paper also argues that some dissidents possessed means of pressuring the state, and that the dialogue between political malcontents and government authorities was not a one sided conversation. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to use this space to thank a number of people who helped me in a variety of ways as I completed this project.
    [Show full text]