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Der Iranische Wassersektor Deutsch-Iranische Zusammenarbeit Im Wassersektor Erfolgreich Gestalten Oktober 2017 Studie Nr. 1 Der iranische Wassersektor Deutsch-Iranische Zusammenarbeit im Wassersektor erfolgreich gestalten. Markt- und Potenzialanalyse inter 3 Studie 1/2017 Der iranische Wassersektor Deutsch-Iranische Zusammenarbeit im Wassersektor erfolgreich gestalten. Markt- und Potenzialanalyse Mit freundlicher Unterstützung durch: Impressum Herausgeber inter 3 Institut für Ressourcenmanagement Otto-Suhr-Allee 59, 10585 Berlin Telefon: (030) 34 34 74 40 Fax: (030) 34 34 74 50 E-Mail: [email protected] www.inter3.de Das inter 3 Institut finden Sie auch bei Facebook und Twitter (@inter_3_Berlin). Autoren Dr. Shahrooz Mohajeri, Dr. Özgür Yildiz, Dr. Jan Monsees; inter 3 Institut, Berlin Mohammad Reza Pouriafar, Alireza Ghazizadeh; Payam Pars Ab, Teheran Redaktion | Gestaltung Helke Wendt-Schwarzburg, Aslan Pourmoslemi, David Westenberg, inter 3 Institut, Berlin Berlin, Oktober 2017 ©inter 3 GmbH Institut für Ressourcenmanagement Die Studie wurde im Rahmen des BMUB-Programms „Exportinitiative Umwelttechnologien“ für das Projekt „Deutsch-Iranische Zusammenarbeit im Wassersektor erfolgreich gestalten – Marktbeschreibung, Potenzialanalyse, politisch-rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen“ erstellt und durch das Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit gefördert. Das Werk, einschließlich aller seiner Teile, ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Sämtliche Inhalte wurden mit größtmöglicher Sorgfalt und nach bestem Wissen erstellt. Der Herausgeber übernimmt keine Gewähr für die Aktualität, Richtigkeit, Vollständigkeit oder Qualität der bereitgestellten Informationen. Für Schäden materieller oder immaterieller Art, die durch Nutzung oder Nichtnutzung der dargebotenen Informationen unmittelbar oder mittelbar verursacht wurden, haftet der Herausgeber nicht, sofern ihm nicht nachweislich vorsätzli- ches oder grob fahrlässiges Verschulden zur Last gelegt werden kann. Bildnachweis: (soweit nicht direkt im Text angegeben): Titel V1: © NWWEC Co., S. 3: © Isfahan Waterboard Co., S. 11: © Isfahan Waterboard Co., S. 25: © inter 3 GmbH, S. 36: © German Water Partnership, Seite IV Inhaltsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis IV Abbildungsverzeichnis V Abkürzungsverzeichnis VII Einleitung 1 1. Profil der Islamischen Republik Iran 3 1.1. Ein Land mit unterschiedlichen Klimazonen 4 1.2. Organisation des politischen Systems und die politische Lage 4 1.3. Hoffnungsvolle wirtschaftliche Aussichten 5 1.4. Der Iran im internationalen Vergleich 8 1.5. Handelsbeziehungen zu Deutschland 9 2. Der iranische Wassersektor 11 2.1. Zentrale Herausforderung: die Wasserressourcen 12 2.2. Steigender Wasserverbrauch 15 2.3. Limitierte Informationen zur Wasserqualität 16 2.4. Iranische Wertschöpfung in der Wassertechnologie 16 2.5. Politische Vorgaben zur Entwicklung der Wasserinfrastruktur 18 2.6. Komplexe Akteursstruktur: Detailwissen erleichtert Kooperation 19 3. Wasser- und Abwassersektor im Iran – Chancen und Handlungsfelder 25 3.1. Aktuelle Ausgangslage 26 3.2. Vollversorgung im Trinkwassersektor! 27 3.3. Entwicklungsfeld Abwasserentsorgungsinfrastruktur 29 3.4. Infrastrukturausbaupläne und Investitionsmöglichkeiten 32 4. Formen der Marktbeteiligung im iranischen Wassersektor 36 4.1. Direktinvestitionen: Gut planbar in vier Schritten 37 4.2. Drei Wege zur Beteiligung an Projektausschreibungen 38 4.3. Großes Potenzial beim Export von Waren und Dienstleistungen 40 Seite V 5. Investitionsschutz, Exportabsicherung und rechtlicher Rahmen 42 5.1. Investorenschutz im Iran: 43 Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act (FIPPA) 5.2. Exportkreditversicherungen und Investitionsgarantien in Deutschland 44 5.3. Komplexe rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen im Iran 46 5.4. Außenwirtschaftliche Bestimmungen Deutschlands und der EU 48 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 50 Quellenverzeichnis 59 Anhang 64 Seite VI Tabellenverzeichnis Tabelle 1: 7 Sozio-ökonomische Eckdaten Irans im Jahr 2015. Tabelle 2: 8 Einstufung des Iran in internationalen ökonomischen Rankings. Tabelle 3: 12 Eckdaten der Hauptwassereinzugsgebiete des Iran. Tabelle 4: 16 Absoluter und relativer Wasserverbrauch nach Sektoren seit 1963. Tabelle 5: 19 Zielsetzungen des Outlook-Plans mit dem aktuellen Ist-Wert. Tabelle 6: 26 Zielsetzungen des 6. Nationalen Entwicklungsplans (NDP). Tabelle 7: 27 Daten zur städtischen Trinkwasserinfrastruktur (Stand März 2015). Tabelle 8: 29 Daten zur ländlichen Trinkwasserinfrastruktur (Stand März 2015). Tabelle 9: 29 Daten zur städtischen Abwasserinfrastruktur (Stand März 2016). Tabelle 10: 33 Aktionsplan der iranischen Regierung im 6. Nationalen Entwicklungsplan – Quantitative Ziele und geplante Finanzmittel für die Trinkwasserversorgung Tabelle 11: 34 Aktionsplan der iranischen Regierung im 6. Nationalen Entwicklungsplan – Quantitative Ziele und geplante Finanzmittel für die Abwasserversorgung Tabelle 12: 35 Investitionsmöglichkeiten für private Investoren in Irans Trinkwasserversorgung Tabelle 13: 35 Investitionsmöglichkeiten für private Investoren in Irans Abwasserentsorgungs Seite VII Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: 4 Geografische Lage Irans Abbildung 2: 9 Außenhandel Deutschland – Iran Abbildung 3: 10 Veränderung des Geschäftsklimas im Iran (Stand 2016) Abbildung 4: 10 Investitionspläne deutscher Unternehmen für das zweite Halbjahr 2016 Abbildung 5: 10 Vor- und Nachteile des iranischen Marktes Abbildung 6: 11 Lage der Hauptwassereinzugsgebiete im Iran Abbildung 7: 13 Grundwasservolumens von 1965 bis 2013 Abbildung 8: 13 Lage der verbotenen Regionen im Iran Abbildung 9: 14 Bevölkerungswachstum und Wasserverfügbarkeit mit einer Prognose bis 2041 Abbildung 10: 14 Verhältnis vom entnommenen Wasser zu erneuerbaren Wasserressourcen. Abbildung 11: 14 Wasserressourcensituation in den Provinzen Irans. Abbildung 12: 20 Wichtige Akteure im iranischen Wassersektor. Abbildung 13: 28 Anteil vom nicht bezahlten Wasser in iranischen Provinzen. Abbildung 14: 30 Kanalanschlussgrad in Provinzen. Abbildung 15: 30 Anzahl der Städte ohne Kanalisation. Seite VIII Abbildung 16: 31 Anzahl der städtischen Kläranlagen. Abbildung 17: 31 Anzahl der Kläranlagen und deren Gesamtkapazität. Abbildung 18: 40 ÖPP Prozessablauf zur Errichtung von Wasser- und Abwasseranlagen. Seite IX Abkürzungsverzeichnis AGA Auslandsgeschäftsabsicherung AWG Außenwirtschaftsgesetz AWV Außenwirtschaftsverordnung BAFA Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle BIP Bruttoinlandsprodukt BIM Bank of Industry and Mine BOO Build Own Operate BOT Build Operate Transfer DOE Department of Environment EGFI Export Guarantee Fund of Iran EU Europäische Union FIB Foreign Investment Board FIPPA Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act FISC Foreign Investment Service Center GTAI Germany Trade and Invest GWI Global Water Intelligence ICCIMA Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture IMA Interministerielle Ausschuss für Investitionsgarantien des Bundes ISIRI Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran ISO International Organization for Standardization IWF Internationaler Währungsfonds IWRMCo Iran Water Resources Management Company JCPOA Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action LOI Letter of Interest MEFA Minstry of Economic Affairs and Finance MENA Middle East and North Africa Seite X MIMT Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade MOE Ministry of Energy MPO Management and Planning Organization NDP National Development Plan NWWEC National Water and Waste Water Engineering Company OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OIETAI Organization for Investment Economic & Technical Assistance of Iran ÖPP öffentlich-private Partnerschaften PPP Public-Private-Partnerships PWA Public Water Authorities RCUWM Regional Centre on Urban Water Management rWWC Rural Water & Wastewater Companies RWA Regional Water Authorities SORDP State Organisation for Registration of Deeds and Properties, Company Registra- tion General Office SWIFT Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication TPO Trade Promotion Organization of Iran UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization uWWC Urban Water & Wastewater Companies USD US-Dollar WATEX Iran International Water & Wastewater Exhibition WHO Weltgesundheitsorganisation WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WRI Water Research Institute WWC Water & Wastewater Companies Seite XI Einleitung Einleitung Mit zunehmend gesättigten und etablierten Märkten muss die deutsche Wirtschaft stets nach neuen Absatzmöglichkeiten suchen, um die eigene Position als weltweit führende Exportna- tion aufrechtzuerhalten. Vor diesem Hintergrund bietet der Iran als Zielmarkt großes Potenzial. Mit seiner dynamischen Bevölke- Der Iran ist seit jeher einer der wichtigsten Handelspartner der rungsentwicklung und einem wett- Bundesrepublik in der MENA-Region. Die Bevölkerungsentwick- bewerbsfähigen Bildungssystem lung ist dynamisch. Mit einer Bevölkerung von aktuell knapp 81 bietet der Iran vielfältige Marktpo- Mio. Einwohnern, davon rund 38 Prozent jünger als 25 Jahre1, tenziale. einem Bruttoinlandsprodukt von rund 390 Mrd. €, einer Vielzahl an Rohstoffen sowie einem im internationalen Standard wett- bewerbsfähigen Bildungssystem weist der Iran ein wichtiges Handelspotenzial auf. Weitere Dynamik erlangte die iranische Wirtschaft durch das Atomabkommen. Nach Ende der Sanktionen besteht Infolge der Sanktionen der vergangenen Jahre und dem damit enormer Nachholbedarf im Bereich einhergehenden Nachholbedarf im Infrastrukturbereich, aber der Wasser- und Abwasserinfra- auch aufgrund anderer Faktoren wie Klimawandel und Übernut- strukturen. zung von Wasserressourcen,
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