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Achados Arqueológicos Subaquáticos No Algarve: As Atividades Comerciais Entre a Idade Do Ferro E Período Romano

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Achados Arqueológicos Subaquáticos No Algarve: As Atividades Comerciais Entre a Idade Do Ferro E Período Romano Universidade do Algarve Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais Departamento de Artes e Humanidades Mestrado em Teoria e Métodos da Arqueologia Achados arqueológicos subaquáticos no Algarve: As atividades comerciais entre a Idade do Ferro e Período Romano Andreia Filipa Glória Avelino Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Arqueologia – Especialização em Teoria e Métodos da Arqueologia. Faro 2015 “Do último porto nada para levar No meio do mar, uma estrela a me guiar E o espelho d’água que reflete o luar Diz que o que era pressa, hoje é mais devagar As águas batem no casco Trazem histórias pra contar Umas lembranças fazem rir E outras fazem chorar No meio do mar eu sigo em frente Com meu barco, sempre a navegar Em direção de outros portos, Novas histórias pra contar” Robinson Klaesius i Agradecimentos Expresso aqui o meu profundo agradecimento a todos aqueles que me acompanharam nesta caminhada, que de uma maneira ou de outra, contribuíram para a concretização deste trabalho. As primeiras palavras vão para os meus orientadores, o professor João Pedro Bernardes e o mestre Leandro Infantini, aos quais agradeço a sabedoria, a ajuda, os conselhos e sugestões nas tarefas mais complicadas a desempenhar. Manifesto, igualmente, uma palavra de apreço a todos os responsáveis das instituições museológicas a que me desloquei, nomeadamente à Vera Freitas do Museu de Portimão, ao Nuno Beja do Museu de Faro, à Célia Pereira do Museu do Carmo, à Dra. Fernanda Guerreiro e ao Comandante Serrano Augusto do Museu Marítimo Almirante Ramalho Ortigão, ao Hugo Oliveira do Museu Cidade de Olhão, e à Dora Alves do Museu Municipal Dr. José Formosinho, pela disponibilidade e gentileza em me receberem e me facultarem informações acerca dos materiais em estudo. Gostaria também de agradecer ao João Coelho do Centro Nacional de Arqueologia Náutica e Subaquática (CNANS) por me ter facultado a coleção de ânforas a que me propus estudar, assim como me dar todas as condições para trabalhar no CNANS. Por fim, um especial e sentido agradecimento à minha família pelo apoio, conforto e solidariedade em todos os momentos, principalmente nos mais difíceis. Aos meus amigos, agradeço a compreensão pela minha ausência tantas vezes sentida. E à Mónica Faria, um eterno agradecimento, não só pela amizade, motivação e conselhos, mas sobretudo por acreditar nas minhas capacidades de que tudo seria possível. ii Resumo Achados arqueológicos subaquáticos no Algarve: As atividades comerciais entre a Idade do Ferro e Período Romano. O Algarve, conhecido pela sua considerável costa marítima, adquiriu desde há muitos séculos atrás um importante papel na comunicação com a Europa, Norte de África e Mediterrâneo. Este importante papel, ao longo dos anos tem despertado o interesse das demais entidades ligadas à arqueologia subaquática, que têm apoiado vários projetos de investigação ao longo da costa algarvia. De todo o Algarve, o Barlavento Algarvio foi a sub-região que maior intervenção arqueológica recebeu, comparativamente ao Sotavento, em que os seus registos arqueológicos se pautam, em muitos casos, por achados isolados de pescadores locais. Os achados decorrentes das investigações subaquáticas apresentam datações desde o período pré-romano até à época contemporânea e, neste trabalho, focar-se-ão objetos que testemunham as comunicações e o comércio milenar, como ânforas, algumas delas inteiras, moedas e metais, restos de embarcações naufragadas e outros objetos de interesse arqueológico referentes à Idade do Ferro e Período Romano. Deste modo, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é determinar a relação entre os achados arqueológicos encontrados, com a organização comercial e económica das comunidades locais, demonstrando as respetivas dinâmicas na Idade do Ferro e Período Romano. Através do estudo dos materiais, tentar-se-á conhecer a proveniência dos mesmos e posteriormente as possíveis rotas comerciais existentes na altura. Palavras-Chave: Arqueologia Subaquática; Algarve; Rota Atlântica e Mediterrânica; Atividades Comerciais; Idade do Ferro; Período Romano. iii Abstract Underwater archaeological artifacts in the Algarve: The commercial activities between the Iron Age and Roman Period. The Algarve, known for its coastline, acquired an important role in communication with Europe, North Africa and the Mediterranean. This important role over the years has attracted the interest of other entities related to underwater archaeology, which have supported various research projects along the Algarve coast. In the Algarve, the Barlavento Algarvio was the sub-region that received greatest archaeological intervention, compared to Sotavento, where their archaeological records are governed in many cases by local fishermen findings alone. The artifacts resulting from investigations underwater feature dating from pre-roman period to the contemporary era, and in this dissertation, the focus will be on the objects that testify to the millennial communications and commerce, such as amphorae, some whole, coins and metal debris of shipwrecks and other objects of archaeological interest related to the Iron Age and Roman Period. The main objective of this work is to find the relationship between the archaeological findings with the commercial and economic organization of local communities, demonstrating the respective dynamics in Iron Age and Roman Period. By studying the materials attempts are made to find out their origin and after the possible trade routes existing at the time. Keywords: Underwater Archaeology; Algarve; Atlantic and Mediterranean Routes; Commercial Activities; Iron Age; Roman Period. iv Índice Agradecimentos ............................................................................................................................. ii Resumo .......................................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iv Índice .............................................................................................................................................. v Introdução ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Capítulo 1: O Quadro Geográfico e Geomorfológico ................................................................ 9 1.1 Enquadramento Geográfico................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Evolução Geomorfológica do Litoral: A costa Algarvia .................................................... 13 Capítulo 2: O Quadro Histórico ................................................................................................ 22 2.1 O Litoral Algarvio nas Fontes Literárias Antigas ............................................................... 22 2.2 Breve Caracterização da Ocupação da Idade do Ferro e Período Romano do Algarve Litoral ................................................................................................................................................... 26 Capítulo 3: A Arqueologia Subaquática: O Estado da Questão............................................. 42 3.1 Breves Apontamentos Históricos ........................................................................................ 42 3.1.1 A Evolução da Arqueologia Subaquática em Portugal ........................................................ 43 3.2 Histórico das Investigações Subaquáticas no Algarve e o contributo de diversos investigadores ............................................................................................................................ 48 3.2.1 Barlavento Algarvio ................................................................................................................. 53 3.2.2 Sotavento Algarvio ................................................................................................................... 60 Capítulo 4: A Navegação Marítima na Antiguidade: Cidades, Portos e Rotas .................... 63 4.1 A conquista das águas do Atlântico .................................................................................... 63 4.2 A Navegação (Rotas) e Portos Marítimos ........................................................................... 66 4.2.1 Os Portos Marítimos ................................................................................................................ 70 4.2.2 A Tecnologia Naval de Época Romana .................................................................................. 79 4.3 As Cidades Marítimas e os Recursos Naturais de Sustentabilidade Económica no Algarve ................................................................................................................................................... 82 4.3.1 Os Recursos Naturais de Sustentabilidade Económica ........................................................ 89 4.4 O contributo das fontes Epigráficas e Iconográficas ........................................................... 97 Capítulo 5: Os Dados Subaquáticos Disponíveis: Análise e Discussão ................................ 105 5.1 Os Vestígios Arqueológicos Subaquáticos ....................................................................... 105 5.1.1 Os dados anfóricos ................................................................................................................. 111 v 5.1.2 Baía de Lagos .........................................................................................................................
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