National Institute of Oceanography Annual

ANNUAL REPORT 1988-89

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY Dona Paula, Goa- 403 004, India NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY Dona Paula - 403 004 Goa, India.

Grams : OCEANOLOGY, PANAJI Telephones:6253,6254,6255, 6256 & 5988

Telex. 0194-216 NIO IN 4612 (Director's Off.) 0194-316 MGG IN 4906 (Directors Res.)

REGIONAL CENTRES

National Institute of Oceanography Regional Centre Telephones:6263773,6264807 Grams : OCEANOLOGY BOMBAY. Sea Shell Building Telex .011 -78419 NIO B Seven Bungalows Versova Bombay - 400 061

National Institute of Oceanography Regional Centre Telephone:360306 Vidyaniketan Annex Building Grams : OCEANOLOGY ERNAKULAM Providence Road Telex : 885-6399 NIO IN Ernakulam Cochin - 682 018

National Institute of Oceanography Telephone : 69794 Regional Centre Grams : OSTECHLAB VISAKHAPATNAM 52, Kirlampudi Layout Telex : 495-580 NIOW IN Visakhapatnam - 530 023

Cover Photograph : Gorgonians in the Andaman Sea (Underwater photograph) ANNUAL REPORT

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research)

Dona Paula - 403 004 Goa, India. PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY

Director, National Institute of Oceanography

COMPILED AND EDITED BY

Publication and Reprography Section

EDITORIAL PERSONNEL

Shri V. Kesava Das Smt. R. Thomas Shri S.P. Sharma Smt. C. Ribeiro

PRINTED BY

Sudarsan Graphics, 14, Neelakanta Mehta St., Madras - 600 017. CONTENTS

1 Director's Report 4 7 Highlights 13 3. List of Projects 18 4. R & D Activities 19 4.1 Physical Oceanography 19 4.2 Chemical Oceanography 26 4.3 Geological Oceanography 34 4.4 Biological Oceanography 40 4.5 Marine Corrosion & Materials Research 50 4.6 Integrated Studies of Estuaries 56 4.7 Ocean Engineering 58 4.8 Marine Instrumentation 64 4.9 Surveys for Polymetallic Nodules 68 4.10 Antarctic Oceanography 70 4.11 Marine Archaeology 73 4.12 Data and Information 75 4.13 Publications and Public Relations 80 4.14 Training 82 4.15 Planning 87 5. International/Bilateral Programmes 88 6. Sponsored Projects 93 7. Oceanographic Cruises 99 8. Infrastructure 107 9. Visitors 113 10. Awards, Honours and Memberships 115 11. Deputations 124 12. Workshops/Seminars/Symposia organised at NIO 128 13. Publications 133 14. Papers presented in Conferences, Seminars, etc. 146 15. Budget 150 16. Composition of various Committees of NIO 151 17. Appointments/Transfers/Resignations 160 18. Scientific, Technical and Administrative Staff 162

!ANNUAL REPORT 1988-89 N.I.O

1 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.0 1988-89

2 DIRECTORS REPORT 1988-89 N.I.O

3 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O 1988-89

DIRECTOR'S REPORT

The year 1988-89 has been encouraging in view of the accomplishments in various fields of activities of the Institute. The continuing efforts to earn through contract research have yielded significant increase in the quantum of earning.

During the year, major thrust was given to the R & D programme on the oceanographic studies in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of India. Most of the cruises of RV Gaveshani and ORV Sagar Kanya were devoted for the work in the EEZ to fill up the spatial and temporal gaps in data. Eventhough the EEZ along the west coast is more or less covered, seasonal coverage was inadequate. Hence the attempt during the year was to collect data for one complete season along the west coast and partially along the east coast. It is hoped that the EEZ along the east coast will be covered by the end of VII plan at least for one season. It has been planned that during the VIII plan period the entire EEZ of India will be covered and data for all seasons collected. During the previous year an EEZ Atlas was published based on the available data. This year continuing with the programme on mapping the resources of the EEZ, geochemical maps showing the distribution of elements, in the entire western continental margin and magnetic anomaly maps for the central east coast have been prepared.

The project on polymetallic nodules from the Central Indian Ocean funded by DOD has been continued. This year, efforts were concentrated on processing and analysis of the data collected earlier and publication of the results. Action was also taken to procure a sophisticated equipment "Multibeam Swath Mapping System" with a view to carry out a very close grid survey in the target area. Besides, environmental studies in the 3rea allotted to India have been initiated. It is planned that during 1989-90, more detailed studies would be carried out as required under the regulations of the International Sea-bed Authority for developing the mining site.

NIO continued its active participation in the Antarctic research. Two scientists from NIO were members of the 8th Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica which returned on 26th March, 1989. Out of the two, one stays on at Antarctica for carrying out work during the winter.

This year saw the implementation of the first phase of the Indo-USSR collaboration in oceanographic research. Under this programme two cruises, one each on board USSR Vessel Akademik Korolev and ORV Sagar Kanya were undertaken in the western Arabian Sea for studies on monsoon dynamics and two cruises on board Russian Vessels and one cruise on Board ORV Sagar Kanya for studies on Trans-Indian Ocean Geo-Traverses. Apart from these a few Russian scientists have worked at NIO as visiting scientists. On a reciprocal basis a few scientists from NIO also visited the oceanographic institutes in the USSR.

Other ongoing bilateral programmes with USA on "Bio-active substances from the Indian Ocean" and "Accelerated corrosion", and with FRG on "Quaternary upwelling and climate in the Arabian Sea" also progressed satisfactorily. Under the Indo-FRG programme three sediment trap moorings deployed in the Arabian Sea were recovered and redeployed during the year. The Working Groups on Indo-USSR and Indo-US programmes met in India whereas the Working Group on Indo-FRG met in FRG during the year, for assessing the progress and reviewing the future programmes. The Indo-NORAD collaboration on 'Coastal Zone Management' came to an end this year after successful completion of all programmes. In this connection an Indo-NORAD Workshop was held at NIO where a review in retrospect was carried out.

An important step was taken to increase our capability in handling and processing large amount of data by commissioning a new computer system ND-570 along with large memory, array processors and 4 DIRECTORS REPORT 1988-89 N.I.O

accessories. This has enhanced the capability of the Institute in several fields especially in processing the seismic data. The seismic data collected on board Sagar Kanya is now being processed in-house with specially equipped processing software. The computer system and utilities have been relocated in a new building completed recently for the purpose.

The newly constituted Research Council (RC) had two sittings during the year. The ongoing programmes of the Institute were evaluated through a peer review in July, 1988 and the VIII five year plan proposals were finalised as a result of the concerted efforts of the RC and peer groups. In addition, a Perspective Plan for the Year 2000 AD has also been prepared.

Apart from the regular R&D programmes, the Institute has undertaken 16 sponsored and consultancy projects and 8 grant-in-aid projects during the year. One of the major projects undertaken was at the request of the Nuclear Power Corporation in connection with the establishment of a Nuclear Power Plant at Jaitapur. NIO has also collected high precision gravity data in the Bombay High and adjoining areas for locat- ing oil bearing strata under the sponsorship of ONGC. Another important project taken up was for the Indian Navy to develop a major Naval Base at Karwar on the west coast of India.

Research Vessels Gaveshani and Sagar Kanya have successfully completed 17 and 11 cruises respectively in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal during the year. Although it is unavoidable, it gives a rather sad feeling to mention here that RV Gaveshani, the first multidisciplinary oceanographic Research Vessel in the country which has completed 210 cruises successfully under all weather conditions has to be decommis- sioned in the course of the next year. The more than expected performance of this vessel, built at the Garden Reach Workshop at Calcutta and commissioned in 1976, has given tremendous impetus to oceanographic research in India leading to the development of much of the existing capability of the Institute.

About 162 research papers were published during the year. An analysis of the publications during the last few years shows a definite increasing trend of publications in reputed international journals.

Several training programmes were conducted for the benefit of scientists from NIO as well as outside. As a part of the nation-wide survey of pollutants in the seas around India, training on intercalibration, pollution monitoring techniques etc. was given to research workers from 15 organisations. A national training programme on 'Satellite Oceanography' was also organised for the benefit of 27 participants from various organisations.

Several scientists from NIO were deputed for training, participation in seminars and symposia in India and abroad. Under the UNDP assistance programme alone, 7 scientists underwent advanced training abroad on remote sensing techniques.

NIO has participated in several exhibitions during the year including the Indian Trade Fair in Mauritius, Indian Science Congress at Madurai, S & T Exhibition at Gauriganj, etc. besides publicising the activities and achievements of the Institute through mass media and observing open house on CSIR Founda- tion Day and National Science Day.

During the year the earning of the Institute has increased considerably. Against the Institute's budget of Rs. 460 lakhs, an amount of Rs. 476 lakhs has been earned from outside agencies which constitutes about 103.5% of the budget.

It is a matter of pride to record here that this year again two of my colleagues received awards. While Dr. M. Dileep Kumar received the CSIR Young Scientist Award, Dr. M.D. Zingde received the first prize of the 5 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O 1988-89

Hari Om Ashram Prerit Shri S.S. Bhatnagar Research Endowment Award. Also 10 scientists received Ph.D. during the year.

I record here with profound grief the sad demise of Dr. A.K. Ganguly, former member of the Execu- tive Committee of MO and Shri K.R. Shyam of the Regional Centre of NIO, Cochin.

I express here my appreciation and gratitude to the sponsors of various projects, members of the Research Council and Management Council, and all those who supported and encouraged the activities of the Institute during the year. My special thanks are due to my colleagues whose efforts produced the results which appear in this report.

Highlights and the results of investigations carried out during the year are presented in the following chapters.

BN. DESAI

ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O 1988-89

8 HIGHLIGHTS

1988-89 N.I.0.

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10 HIGHLIGHTS 1988-89 N.I.O ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

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2. HIGHLIGHTS

ACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY

The development of the acoustic techniques for remote sensing of the interior of the oceans has made considerable headway. The acoustic characteristics of the Bay of Bengal have been studied during pre- and post-monsoon periods and found varying with depth considerably. The forward problem of determining the source-receiver configuration has been largely completed. Starting from the hydrographic data, procedures for the computation of the reference profiles, ray path geometry, Eigen rays, arrival times, intensity loss of sound signals, travel times from source to receiver have been perfected through the development of necessary software. An in situ acoustic noise analog recorder designed and fabricated in collaboration with BARC, Bombay has been field tested.

REMOTE SENSING

A new method of land-sea delineation in visible channels of satellite imageries using the principal component transformation techniques; a new algorithm for remote sensing of sea surface winds; and software for processing radiation data collected by Quanta-spectrometer for computing optical properties of the sea have been developed. Further, sea truth data in conjunction with aircraft flights and satellite passes have been collected from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.

CLIMATE

The studies on air-sea interaction processes in the Arabian Sea in relation to monsoon revealed that the net heat gain during 1988 monsoon (August-September) over the southwestern Arabian Sea was less than the normal. This low heat gain could be due to the high evaporation rates which increased by about 80%. The seasonal surface cooling was lower than normal, inspite of low heat gain suggesting the importance of advective processes. The evolution of heat budget parameters indicates higher latent heat flux/evaporation rates during the pre-monsoon than the monsoon season.

The conspicuous low monsoonal rainfall along the west coast of India in 1986 has been found to be associated with anomalous low SSTs in the eastern Arabian Sea. Moreover, the anomaly of total heat loss from the sea surface was positive in the southern Arabian Sea. These together suggest that the energy- exchange in the eastern Arabian Sea influences the coastal rainfall pattern on intra-seasonal scale.

PHYSICAL PROCESSES

Along the west coast of India during the southwest monsoon, an equator ward surface current and a poleward under current at a depth of about 150 m hugging the continental slope has been observed. The intensity of the circulation decreases towards north. Transient motions dominate north of 15°N. The overall pattern of the circulation is consistent with the dynamics of the wind driven eastern boundary current. In contrast, during the northeast monsoon season, the circulation is marked by a well defined northward surface flow and southward flow below 200 m.

A computation of the upwelling indices at eight stations along the east coast of India indicates that sinking is predominant in the northern zone. The influence of freshwater on the coastal circulation at the sea surface along the east coast is considerable. Associated with the southwest monsoon circulation, the thermal field shows a wedge-like structure extending from southwest Bay to northeast Bay. Warm high saline water

13 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

flows on the east of the wedge. Studies on volume transport across the central Bay of Bengal indicate a net northward flow of 5 svedrups adjoining the east coast of India. This is in consonance with the satellite remote sensed observations as well as the findings from the thermal structure off 10°N. The region between the Andaman Sea and Madras is found to have very high cyclone heat potential which aids in the accelerated growth of the atmospheric disturbances during post-monsoon season.

CHEMICAL PROCESSES

Studies based on thermodynamic computations reveal that the stability of various oxidation states of elements in seawater are regulated by thermodynamic reactions and their abundance and residence times are controlled by kinetic reactions.

The non-conservative nature of dissolved organic carbon in the Arabian Sea has been proved through one dimensional advection-diffusion model. The organic carbon decomposition has been found to contribute a minimum of 64% to the total CO2 by regeneration process.

Seasonal variation in denitrifying nitrogen along the west coast of India has been observed due to poleward undercurrent containing relatively oxygen rich matters. Variations in oil thickness against bright- ness have been studied by using different radiometers.

Studies on sea surface microlayer revealed that some of the pollutants show enrichment in the sea surface microlayer compared to sub-surface waters.

BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES

Ten new soft corals, new to science were discovered.

Isolation, characterization and synthesis of active principles - 2 Benzoxazolinone (analgesic and CNS), Benzoxazinoids (anti-inflammatory), acetoneamines (hypotensive), aurantiamides (spermicidal), cholestane 3,6 dione (spermicidal and antibacterial) were carried out.

New toxic sapogenin has been isolated from sea cucumber Actinopyga mauratiana and tentatively characterized.

Forty six isolate of marine microbes, were used for the first time to test antibiotic activity.

MARINE GEOSCIENCES

About 6700 line km of gravity data was collected in the Bombay High and adjoining area. This study indicated the presence of a prominent gravity low coinciding with the western flank of the Bombay High structure, the major offshore oilfield of India. This gravity signature is in conformity with the gravity signature in the surrounding areas, where gravity high trends are generally associated with the basins and gravity lows over the structural highs. Probably these gravity anomalies are caused by undulations in the crust-mantle boundary.

Magnetic anomaly map of Krishna-Godavari basin on the east coast of India delineated a linear trend parallel to the coast and confined to deeper depths of > 250 m. Another NW-SE trend is delineated north off Amalapuram extending from nearly 200 m to 2500 m water depth, suggesting a structural lineament from coast to the sea. Magnetic anomaly map of Ongole Paradeep indicates a relatively shallow basement beneath 14 HIGHLIGHTS 1988-89 N.I.O.

the shelf between Kakinada and Chilka lake compared to the shelf between Nizampatnam and Kakinada in the south.

High resolution seismic data collected over the Krishna-Godavari basin mostly delineated fan shaped progradation of detrital sediments over a very narrow shelf width. However, over the slopes, diapiric structures deforming the overlying sediments were observed.

Echosounding and subbottom profiling supplemented by side scan sonar data and sea bed samples from the Gulf of Kutch indicate that the erosional processes are operating in inner shelf of the Gulf while the outer anchorage area of Kandla port is undergoing deposition.

High contents of biogenic silica and organic carbon in the middle lower slope sediments of the west coast of India reflect higher productivity in the overlying water column and their preservation compared to the upper slope and abyssal regions.

C/S ratios in the deep Arabian Sea cores indicate that either the sediments prior to Holocene were deposited under anoxic conditions or excess sulphur was introduced to deep sea regions from the slope.

Mineralogica studies on the core collected at a depth of 1200 m off Pennar river in the Bay of Bengal indicate that the sediments appear to be formed in shallow water and transported to the present site during marine regression as observed by the presence of vivianite saddle dolomite. Further, their occurrence also suggest arid conditions during their formation.

PALAEOCLIMATE

Based on the distribution of carbonates and feldspar in the shelf sediments on the west coast of India, it has been inferred that about 10,000 years ago, the climate was semi-arid. Subsequently the climate over peninsular India went through a wet phase about 9000 years ago and its evidence lies in the thick accumulation of nearshore muds. The extensive mud thickness (50 m) implies conditions wetter than the present monsoon. Short term fluctuations in monsoon have been observed through the examination of foraminifera in cores from the above mentioned mud belt. These fluctuations have an apparent periodicity of 80 years. Whether this cycle is a real one is being checked.

The downward particle flux variations in the deep Arabian Sea investigated through sediment trap moorings reveal strong seasonality in particle flux with peaks during the SW and NE monsoons. High primary productivity during the monsoons resulting from wind induced mixed layer deepening and the associated nutrient injection to the euphotic zone appears to be the prime factor controlling the observed particle flux pattern.

LIVING RESOURCES

Contribution of new biomass, especially picoplankton (<1 μm) to column productivity of tropical seas was observed to be as high as 37%. By using remote sensing technique, maps for coastal vegetation along the central west coast of India have been prepared. Maps for biomass and population density distribution in the deep sea benthic regions, from 2000 to 5500 m depth, in the equatorial and central Indian Ocean, were prepared. Pathobiological studies on edible bivalves and corals have revealed the role of cynobacteria in the infestation and mass mortality of commercially important biota. Transfer of technology in respect of mangrove afforestation and raft culture of edible bivalves, has successfully been implemented in Andaman Islands.

15 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

MARINE BIODETERIORATION

A study on salinity, temperature and biomass and composition of bryozoans on aluminium and fibreglass substrates revealed that the salinity played an important role in the settlement of these organisms. Similarly, salinity appeared to be an important factor influencing the settlement of ascidians.

The data collected on microfouling upto 4000 m, in the Arabian Sea show in the near-shore region the microfouling biomass was more than that in the oceanic region. The studies on corrosion behaviour of various metals indicated that at greater depths the extent of corrosion of mild steel and brass increased, whereas in the case of stainless steel and aluminium it decreased.

The studies on the calorific value of fouling barnacles and its role in food chain revealed that the eggs and larvae have more calorific value than the adult forms. This observation will help in the modelling of the ecology of a given marine environment.

OCEAN ENGINEERING

A software for analysing the stresses occuring in the deep-sea instrumented moorings during deployment and in situ conditions subjected to current loadings was developed. Numerical models for determining the wave transformation from deep water to shallow water till wave breaking and for computing longshore sediment transport rates were developed. The shoreline conditions along the east and west coasts of India were evaluated using the 19 year ship-reported wave data. Using a specially developed software, directional wave data collected off Karwar were analysed to obtain wave energy spectra and mean directional spectra required for the Sea Bird Project of the Indian Navy. An online real-time micro-processor-based system was developed for Aanderaa self recording instruments used for measuring currents, salinity, temperature, depths, water level fluctuations as well as weather parameters. Influence of salinity on permeability of deep-sea soil samples collected from the EEZ of Mauritius was evaluated based on a series of laboratory tests.

MARINE INSTRUMENTATION

Optical design specifications for an in-water profiler, that will log upwelling and downwelling irradiance, in situ flourescence and other standard oceanographic parameters, have been developed.

The recording tide gauge and automatic weather station are the two types of long-term unattended recorders that have been satisfactorily completed and installed. The development of data acquisition system for a coastal research vessel, wave recording data buoy, recording current meter and a free-fall recoverable recording bathythermograph with facilities for adding optional sensors along with several novel and patenta- ble features are progressing satisfactorily.

POLYMETALLIC NODULES

Processing of the echosounding and side scan data collected during the past 6 years in the central Indian Ocean revealed the presence of numerous uncharted seamounts, abyssal hills and valleys in the area. Morphometric and slope angle studies revealed that gentle slopes predominate the area. These results are relevant to the problems related to the development of mining systems.

Statistical studies such as Markov modelling were carried out on the grade and abundance data of nodules in the Central Indian Ocean basin. These studies suggest that the grade does not vary over 25 km distance and at least one third of the total explored area has nodules with a cut-off grade (Ni+Cu+Co) of 2%. 16 HIGHLIGHTS 1988-89 N.I.O.

The seamount topography was found to influence the abundance, chemistry and morphology of the nodules Nodules from the seamount summit, slopes and rugged topography have high to sporadic abundance, smooth surfaces, low oxide/nucleus ratio and low Mn/Fe, Ni and Cu in contrast to those from plains These variable characters are related to the thickness of acoustically transparent bottom sediment layer The internal structure reveals the presence of well developed columnar structures and higher concentration of economically important metals ι e Ni, Cu and Mn away from the core of the nodules Geochemical studies of nodules reveal that the elemental variations in the nodules are directly related to the difference in source supply of metals to the nucleus

The growth rate estimation of nodules and encrustations indicate that only less than 10% of the oceanic authigenic flux of Mn and Fe is being incorporated into the nodule matrix and the growth rates of these nodules vary from 1 4 to 3 0 mm per million years It appears that nodule formation in the explored area had started later than 24 million years

From the distributional trends of detrital elements like Al, Ti, Fe and AI/AI + Fe + Mn and the factor analysis giving a geochemical evidence, it is established that there is a terrigenous influx into the northern part of the Central Indian Basin from Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers upto 8°S This influx inhibits the growth of manganese nodules in that area

ANTARCTIC OCEANOGRAPHY

Over the polynya the net surface heat exchange was steady with an average heat gain of about 150 w/m2 during the earlier part of austral summer while in its later part, the sea loses heat resulting in a meagre seasonal heat gain of about 20 w/m2 This impeded the faster growth of polynya The seasonal heat gain is comparable to the heat spent for the melting of ice around polynya The water body lost heat at an average rate of about 45 w/m2 suggesting a net heat advection out of the region

The hydrographic regime from Dronning Maud Land coast to 300S shows the presence of three dis- tinct water masses Intense vertical mixing has been inferred in the upper 300 m of the sub Antarctic region A large warm saline eddy in the upper layer with 4 north south dimension was conspicuously present around 46°S.

Surface water of the southernmost Indian Ocean showed the dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons in the range 7.76 - 22.44 μg.I-1. It is observed that the fluoride concentration in the Antarctic waters is compara tively lower than that in other sea/ocean waters

A comparative study on the production of krill in relation to the distribution and abundance of con sumer species of seabirds and mammals revealed that annual variability in the sea ice coverage rather than the standing crop of krill was the limiting factor

ChI a and primary production measured at a station in polynya, were almost equal to those observed in the coastal waters of continents

DATA AND INFORMATION

An online information system has been developed and made available to the users A quality control procedure and software for MBT data, a functional library for the computation of fundamental properties of sea water and a numerical coding system for the storage of microbiological data have been developed An Indian National Directory on Marine Research Projects has been brought out

17 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

3. LIST OF PROJECTS

1. THRUST & INHOUSE PROGRAMMES

1.1 Oceanography of the EEZ of India

1.1.1 Physical oceanography of the EEZ of India

1.1.2 Chemical and environmental studies in the seas around India

1.1.3 Bioactive substances from the seas around India

1.1.4 Integrated studies of the estuaries

1.1.5 Marine biodeterioration of materials along the Indian coast

1.1.6 Biological resources of the seas around India

1.1.7 Regional geological, geophysical, geochemical and paleoclimatic studies of the continental margins of India

1.1.8 Evaluation of environmental parameters for the development of offshore oil fields and coastal works

1.1.9 Development of marine instrumentation systems including data buoys

2. NATIONAL PROGRAMMES

2.1 Surveys for polymetallic nodules

2.2 Oceanographic studies of Antarctic waters.

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4. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

4.1 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

4.1.1 Physical Oceanography of the Exclusive Economic Zone of India (J.S. Sastry)

(a) Large-scale circulation off the west coast of India (S.R. Shetye, A.D. Gouveia, S.S.C. Shenoi, G.S. Michael, D. Sundar, A.M. Almeida, K. Santanam & G. Nampoothiri)

Hydrographic data collected from approximately 180 stations along the west coast of India during the southwest monsoon and the northeast monsoon of 1987-88 have been analysed.

During the southwest monsoon virtually the entire west coast of India experienced upwelling, but its intensity decreased progressively from the south to the north. The overall circulation pattern off the coast showed an equatorward surface current and a poleward undercurrent at a depth of about 150 m hugging the continental slope. The intensity of the circulation decreased towards the north, and the region to the north of about 15°N appears to have been dominated by transient motions. The circulation in the southernmost portion of the coast is marked by the joining of the eastward flow through the Nine-Degree Channel. The overall pattern of the circulation off the coast is consistent with the dynamics of a wind-driven eastern boundary current. The circulation during the northeast monsoon was marked by a well defined northward surface flow. The circulation, best defined in the areas south of about 15°N showed a northward surface flow that stretched to a depth of about 200 m, below which the current reverses and flows southward. The circulation here appears to be driven by thermohaline forcing. The circulation off the coast to the north of 15°N, which has a wide shelf, was dominated by vertical convection due to surface cooling. This should play an important role in renewal and aeration of deeper waters of the region.

(b) Dynamics of the coastal currents along the west coast of India (M.K. Antony)

The time series data on currents collected from the shelf on the west coast of India were analysed. The alongshore component of the mean flow showed appreciable strength. The mean flow directions were towards north during October- November, towards south in March and May. The time dependent motion due to tide and inertial motions constituted to about 50% of the total energy. A very good correlation between the residual alongshore current and the local wind was observed. The barotropic component was stronger than the baroclinic component in both the seasons. The process of upwelling and an anticipated coastal under current during the post-monsoon season were investigated. Though cold water was present in the surface layers during the first week of October, the process of upwelling has weakened. The computed vertical velocity showed oscillations with a periodicity of 1.5 to 2.0 hours. These vertical velocities are thought to be produced by the propagation of internal waves.

A detailed wave refraction study was carried out off Agonda, Goa using predominant wave directions and wave periods. The pattern of wave refraction obtained was nearly identical from the point of approach direction or from their periodicities, but the energy levels were different. The zones of divergence/convergence or rip currents identified shift slightly with a change in water level caused by tides.

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(d) Estuarine studies (S.R. Shetye, A.D. Gouveia, S.S.C. Shenoi, D. Sundar, G.S. Michael & A.M. Almeida)

Tides were measured along the length of the Sal Estuary, Goa. A mathematical model was then used to simulate the tides. The close resemblance between the observed and the simulated tidal heights, particularly the flood dominant nature of the tides, implied that the dynamics of the tidal propagation in the estuary was adequately modelled. The procedure adopted here can be easily applied to study other shallow estuaries.

(e) Implications of Greenhouse related sea level rise to India (S.R. Shetye, A.D. Gouveia & M.C. Pathak)

The vulnerability of the Indian coastal region to the consequences of the anticipated sea level rise due to Greenhouse effect was examined. The region most vulnerable to inundation from an accelerated sea level rise is the Lakshadweep archipelago. The east coast of India, with its lower coastal slopes and higher cyclone frequency, will suffer from increased storm surge damage. The belt between approximately 12°N and 18°N on the west coast appears to be the least vulnerable. The region to the south of 12°N is likely to experi- ence increased coastal erosion.

(f) Simulation of tides and storm surges along the Indian coasts (N. Bahulayan, A.A. Fernandes & A.S. Unnikrishnan)

A numerical model of tides and tidal currents along the Gulf of Kutch has been developed. The model has been calibrated and tested with actual observations and could simulate well characteristics of tides along the region.

A statistical model for the prediction of storm surges along the Indian coasts has been developed. The software for the harmonic analysis of tides using the method of least squares has also been developed.

(g) Spectra of currents and temperature off Godavari, east coast of India (M.S.S. Sarma & L V. Gangadhara Rao)

Time series data of currents and temperature obtained from a mooring of current meters off Godavari during September, 1980 were analysed to study oscillations. Rotary spectra of currents and spectra of temperature were computed. Influence of semi-diurnal tide was well depicted upto the bottom layers. Tur- bulence was observed near 15 m depth. Existence of internal waves was clearly noticed from temperature spectra at all depths.

(h) Studies on the hydrography of the Wadge Bank - premonsoon and monsoon seasons (V.S. Rama Raju, T. V. Narasimha Rao, V. Ramesh Babu & A.F. Anto)

The mixing of the different watermasses in the Wadge Bank studied by the method of Triangle of mixing' based on the T-S diagrams indicated that the equatorial Indian Ocean water is present in almost all parts of the region in the premonsoon season while the Bay of Bengal water intrudes into the eastern part and Arabian Sea water into the western part. During the monsoon season the Wadge Bank region appeared to be composed of the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Equatorial Indian Ocean water masses in the proportion of 18:37:45.

20 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

(i) Studies on upwelling along the east coast of India (V.S. Rama Raju & T.V. Narasimha Rao of R.C. Waltair)

The preliminary analysis of the data collected along six transects in the EEZ between Visakhapatnam and Madras in March 1988 indicates upwelling along all the sections with varying intensity. The section off Visakhapatnam shows intense upwelling as evident from the vertical distributions of temperature, salinity, density and Brunt - Vaisala frequency. The Brunt - Vaisala frequency distribution showed higher values in the thermocline zone.

(j) Alongshore velocity field off Visakhapatnam during pre-monsoon season (T.V. Narasimha Rao & B. Prabhakara Rao of R.C. Waltair)

Using the direct current measurements made during February - May 1982, alongshore currents over the innershelf off Visakhapatnam (water depth 45 m) have been analysed. Significant mean northeasterly alongshore flow (20 to 50 cm sec-1) occurs in the innershelf regime. Mean alongshore flow appears to be related to the baroclinic pressure gradients associated with upwelling system. The relatively strong alongshore velocity shear observed during March-May induces upwelling. The onshore-offshore component of the current is weak during March - May.

(k) The Equatorial Jet - A case study (P.M. Muraleedharan)

From an analysis of eight years wind data in the equatorial region of the Indian Ocean, 1964 was found to be the most favourable year for a full-fledged equatorial jet. The non-linearity of the jet is established by the rapid response of the sea to surface winds on the temperature and salinity fields. The equatorial jet and the sub-surface westward flow could be inferred indirectly from the response signature of the variability function.

(I) Simulation of barotropic wind-driven circulation in the Bay of Bengal using observed winds (N. Bahulayan & A.S. Unnikrishnan)

A hydrodynamic model for the barotropic wind-driven circulation using observed winds was developed to study the evaluation of seasonal circulation in the Bay of Bengal. The sensitivity of the model to various types of open boundary conditions were also tested. The model has reproduced well the seasonal reversal of coastal currents and eddy type circulation in the Bay of Bengal. The model is sensitive to open boundary conditions. The currents near the open boundary and interior of the model area could be well simulated when the boundary condition of zero elevation was applied at the southern open sea boundary.

(m) Basic studies in wind waves by numerical simulation (MJ. Varkey)

Studies on effect of phase couplings on distribution of surface amplitudes of wind waves are continued. A new interpretation of nonlinear sea states is suggested. In this, the sea state is hypothesised to be constituted by interaction of numerous nonlinear wavelets and their groups — the magnitude of nonlinearity depending upon the growth stage of the sea state.

Programs to detect phase couplings of Fourier components of ordinary sea states for computation of bispectrum and bicoherence for studying nonlinear wave dynamics have been developed.

21 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.. 1988-89

(η) Physical Oceanographic studies of the northern Indian Ocean

(i) Surface energy exchange over the Arabian Sea during 1986 SW monsoon season (P.N.Vinayachan- dran, Y. Sadhuram & V. Ramesh Babu)

Seasonal mean fields of sensible and latent fluxes over the Arabian Sea during July-August 1986 and their anomalies were obtained from the combined data set of surface marine meteorological data collected on board ORV Sagar Kanya and the ships of opportunity. The conspicuous low monsoonal rainfall along the west coast of India in 1986 was found to be associated with anomalous lower SSTs over the eastern basin of the Arabian Sea. Anomaly of total heat loss (Qe + Qs) from the sea surface was positive in the southern and negative in the northern Arabian Sea respectively. Sea surface pressure was, in general, above normal especially in the northern Arabian Sea. The association of rainfall deficiency in the southern part of the west coast of India and the positive heat loss suggest that the eastern Arabian Sea influences coastal rainfall pattern considerably on intra-seasonal scale.

(ii) Variability of mixed layer depth in the northern Indian Ocean (V. V. Gopalakrishna, Y. Sadhuram & V. Ramesh Babu)

During the SW monsoon, the wind forcing in the central Arabian Sea generates mixed layer depth upto a maximum of 120 m. Any extra surface wind force seems to be converted into kinetic energy. The wind stress curl and convective overturning control the depth of the mixed layer here. In the southern Arabian Sea, the momentum flux generally controls the mixed layer depth variations during the non-monsoon months. During the SW monsoon, wind stress curl plays a significant role.

In the northern Bay of Bengal, the mixed layer variations are controlled by the enormous fresh water discharge at the head of the Bay rather than the surface wind stress.

(iii) Physical oceanography of the eastern Arabian Sea during late winter (M.S.S. Sarma, V. Ramesh Babu; V.V. Gopalakrishna, R.J.K. Charyulu & Y. Sadhuram).

The analysis of data collected during February/March 1985 from the eastern Arabian Sea showed that the thermocline strength and the mixed layer depth increased from south to north. The flow is northwards east of 65° E and southwards west of 65°E, suggesting an anticlockwise circulation in the area.

(iv) The thermal structure of the Bay of Bengal during SW monsoon (V.S.N. Murty, Y.V.B. Sarma, M.T. Babu, D. P. Rao & J.S. Sastry)

The thermal structure of the Bay of Bengal has been studied using CTD temperature data obtained during southwest monsoon 1984. The thermal structure in the upper layers was very much affected by the strong wind forcing. A large scale divergence developed in the central bay was conspicuous as reflected in the topography of 2(FC isotherm.

(v) Temperature fluctuations in the upper layers of the Bay of Bengal (Y.V.B. Sarma, M.S.S. Sarma, RJ. Krishnamacharyulu, D.P. Rao & J.S. Sastry)

A 7-day long time series of temperature data in the upper layers of the Bay of Bengal at one location has been subjected to spectral analysis. Oscillations of different periods including semi-diurnal period are observed. A peak in the spectral density of temperature at 24 hour period has been found to associate with a corresponding peak in the spectral density of wind and pressure.

22 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

(vi) Evaporation over the Arabian Sea during two contrasting SW monsoon years (M.R. Ramesh Kumar & Y. Sadhuram)

The sea surface temperatures were higher over the Arabian Sea during 1983 (good monsoon year) than in 1979 (poor monsoon year), except in the western region where SSTs were lower in 1983 than in 1979. Evaporation over the Arabian Sea on a seasonal scale is almost equal in a good (1983) and poor (1979) monsoon years. Evaporation rates over the Arabian Sea docs not have any influence on the rainfall along the west coast of India. The pressure distribution is found to be closely related to the observed rainfall pattern along the west coast of India. The study suggests that moisture flux from the southern hemisphere plays a dominant role in determining the SW monsoon rainfall anomaly over the west coast of India.

(o) Relationship between Indian rainfall and oceanic ice cover (C.K. Gopinathan)

The relationships between monthly oceanic ice cover at 12 selected polar regions have been analysed in relation to the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (Indian Rainfall) from 1973 to 1987. The ice cover over the Arctic regions in June have a significant negative relationship (correlation coefficient = -0.53) with the Indian rainfall. Barents sea ice cover in the Arctic has a negative relationship with the Indian rainfall. This significant relationship persists throughout January to June (correlation coefficient above -0.5). The minimum ice cover over Indian Ocean sectors and southeast Pacific Ocean sectors in February, shows a significant positive relationship with the Indian rainfall (correlation coefficient = +0.68).

A significant negative relationship is found between the ice cover of north Atlantic and Pacific regions, especially during the period between January and March.

(p) Remote Sensing (L V. Gangadhara Rao, P.V. Sathe, A.D. Gouveia, P. Vethamony, P.M. Muraleedha- ran, Ajoy Kumar, S.K. Sasamal, S.P. Fondekar & M.R. Ramesh Kumar)

CZCS data acquired from NASA pertaining to the west coast of India was processed and a primary imagery has been obtained. The scan line information for image line is extracted along with the documentation data, which are required for developing atmospheric correction package.

Photo 1 : Landsat-TM, false colour composite (thermal infrared 8 1885 P 2398 CURSOR TOGGL DIPIX image) of Mandovi-Zuari river mouths, Goa.

23 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O 1988-89

A technique of image processing for land-sea delineation is developed in visible channels of LAND- SAT-TM using principal component transformation technique. This is found useful for spotting small islands, ships, oil-rigs and other extraneous objects in the sea at higher resolutions affordable in visible region.

A new algorithm is developed by which information collected by an optical sensor, viewing the sea surface through a polaroid and estimating plane-polarised light, can be related to the wind speed prevailing over the area of observation.

The usefulness of various sensors, which are used for detection, quantification and classification of oil have been examined in connection with the studies on oil pollution in the seas around India.

Attempt is being made for retrieval of surface wave parameters from SAR data and compare it with observed data. A new programme on the estimation of ocean surface waves and winds from Geosat Altime- ter data for the seas around India is taken up.

4.1.2 Development of acoustic techniques for remote sensing of ocean — Ocean Acoustic Tomography (funded by Dept. of Ocean Development) (CS. Murty, Y.K. Somayajulu, S. Prasanna Kumar, T.V. Ramana Murty & A.K. Saran)

(i) Oceanographic aspects: A noticeable fall in the average sea surface temperature by 1°C from 29.5°C is clearly observed in the Bay of Bengal from the premonsoon to post-monsoon season. The conditions are similar even when one considers the observed temperature maxima (30.8°C to 29.80°C). The mixed layer development is also equally effected with almost insignificant values observed during pre-rrionsoon and a progressive growth during the post-monsoon when a depth of 50 m was recorded.

A current with a strong northward component was inferred from the temperature structure-about 100 miles off Visakhapatnam.

A wide spread watermass of high salinity with a core value of 35.6 ppt was observed in the slope regions off Madras at a depth of about 250 m during pre-monsoon.

(ii) Acoustic aspects: The noise recorder designed, fabricated and tested under field conditions during the previous year has been subjected to modification. The modified version of the analog recorder is coupled to an omni-directional low frequency hydrophone having a signal sensitivity of -182 dB re 1 μ Pa. The noise recorder has a limited flat frequency response upto 10 kHz and is fitted with an in-situ power supply (battery pack of 12 volt DC). This unit has been tested successfully both in laboratory water tank as well as in open sea upto the water depth of 40 m. The analysis of the record of 135 minutes shows a predominant frequency of 1.309 kHz (Figs. 1 & 2). The other signals of different frequencies are also present.

(iii) Acoustic propagation (Simulation): The data on temperature and salinity collected for winter and pre-monsoon seasons were used to compute the sound speed profiles. The axis of the sound channel was observed to vary between 1700 and 1800 m with a speed of about 1491 m/sec. The acoustic ray paths emanating from a sound source situated at a water depth close to SOFAR axis has been examined to obtain the travel time differences over range dependent ocean. Computations yielded travel time differences in the acoustic eigen rays from 10 to 120 milli seconds at receiver depths of 1000-2000 m. These time differences could be easily differentiated by the available hydrophone receiver assemblies aided by the microprocessor based recording units. Between the two seasons examined, the eigen rays for a given range did not pass through the receivers situated at the assigned depths due to changes in environmental conditions/characteristics (both in thermal and haline fields). The shallow turning rays arrive at the receiver(s) early compared 24 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

Status: Acquisition stopped Status: Acquisition Stopped. TALK ONLY TALK ONLY Freq 1 = 1.309 kHz V max 1 = 107 mV Freq 1 = 1.047 kHz V max 1 = 173 mV Period 1 = 764.0 s V rms 1 = 56.43 mV Period 1 = 955.0 3 V rms 1 = 58.10 mV

50.0 mV/div -18.7 mV 200 us/div 0.000 s 50.0 mV/div 25.0 mV 500 0.000 s Graph [ 1 ]

1: [Chan 1 ]

Graph [ 1 ]

1: [Chan 1 ]

Fig. 1 : Predominant underwater noise signal of a Fig. 2 Underwater noise signal as recorded on record recorded on noise recorder off noise recorder off Mormugao Port. Mormugao Port. to the deeper ones This is because of the propagation of the eigen rays with steep angle (> 70) through regions of constant sound speed gradients.

The time of flight of eigen rays during winter was more than during pre-monsoon. The nature and the degree of this variability is being examined.

Acoustic intensity calculations along a zonal section off Madras in the southern Bay are made to study the strength of acoustic signals propagating along the ray paths in the medium from a hypothetical transmitter. The intensity levels at different ranges are computed together with their variations along the eigen rays. The acoustic intensity levels varied from 74 to 88 dB during both the seasons over a range of 200 km.

25 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

4.2 CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

4.2.1 Chemical and environmental studies in the seas around India (R. Sen Gupta)

(a) Denitrification in the Arabian Sea — seasonal variability and probable paleoreducing conditions (S. W.A. Naqvi, R.J. Noronha & K. Somasundar)

Linear relationships, established between the nitrate tracer 'NO' and potential temperature, and evaluated using a two end-member mixing model, were used to study the distribution of nitrite and nitrate deficits at four isopycnal surfaces in the northwestern Arabian Sea. The results suggest a complete reversal of subsurface coastal circulation associated with the monsoons. It appears that during the SW monsoon there is a poleward undercurrent that carries relatively oxygenated waters with low nitrite and low nitrate deficit, off the Indian continental margin, thereby suppressing denitrification, while this feature is absent during the NE monsoon. It is suggested that vigorous horizontal mixing resulting from seasonal reversal of currents at a depth of a few hundred metres, together with the lack of large east-west differences in the downward particulate flux, could explain as to why the oxygen deficient zone in the Arabian Sea is not confined close to the upwelling centres along the boundaries. The results also show that substantially higher deficits in inorganic combined nitrogen occur during the NE monsoon suggesting that the renewal processes are most vigorous during SW monsoon.

(b) Studies on boron (P. V. Shirodkar)

Analysis of samples from the EEZ along the west coast of India indicate that boron concentration increases from 4.11 mg kg-1 in north to 4.81 mg kg-1 in the south. The B/CI ratio also indicates southward increase from 0.227 to 0.237. this suggests the existence of a source of addition of boron to seawater in the south.

The observed values of Mn/Ca ratio in carbonate phase and Mn/Fe ratio in oxide phase in sediments were compared with the thermodynamic equilibrium constants. The study suggests that the Mn/Ca system reaches equilibrium with regard to the replacement of Ca by Mn at about 500 m depth in the sediment below which the apparent equilibrium constant deviates from the thermodynamically computed equilibrium constant probably caused by the dissolution of calcite and rhodochrosite. Below 500 m the Mn/Ca increases as predicted by the thermodynamic equilibrium while the Mn/Fe ratio shows values higher than those predicted by the thermodynamic equilibrium, clearly indicating the impact of precipitation mechanism on Mn chemistry in the oxide phase of marine sediments. The study further suggests the feasibility of formation of MnO phase by the decomposition of MnCO3 in the marine environment. The equilibrium constant for this reaction increases with increasing depth in the oceanic sediments.

(d) Fractionation of phosphorus forms in the sediments of Mandovi and Zuari estuaries (M.D. Rajagopal)

Sediment phosphorus of Mandovi and Zuari estuaries and the nearshore regions of Goa were fractionated into various forms and are shown as below :

26 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

Phosphorus concentration range mg/g dry weight

Parameters Zuari Mandovi Coastal Region

Total-P 1.01-2.62 1.19-2.94 0.97-1.77 Organic-P 0.08 - 0.34 0.11-0.71 0.04 - 0.55 Inorganic-P 0.93 - 2.28 1.08-2.23 0.93-1.22 Fractionation of inorganic - P Aluminium phosphate 0.09-0.12 0.12-0.20 0.04-0.08 Iron phosphate 0.22-0.41 0.36-0.69 0.31-0.39 Calcium phosphate 0.19-0.36 0.17-0.55 0.23-0.33 Reductant soluble-P 0.11-0.46 0.06-0.29 0.12-0.20 Occluded-P 0.32 - 0.93 0.37-0.50 0.23-0.22

(e) Paniculate cadmium, lead and copper in Mandovi and Zuari estuaries (M.D. George)

A study of Cd, Pb and Cu in particulate matter in Mandovi and Zuari estuaries, applying Anodic-Strip- ping Voltametry, shows that the concentration of these metals increase towards higher salinity regions. At the freshwater end the concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu range between 1.25 and 2.45, 65 and 96, and 98 and 160 μg/g dry weight', respectively.

While at the marine-end the corresponding concentration ranges are 0.5 - 1.6, 34 - 49, and 66 - 104 μg/g respectively. It was also observed that during monsoon there was a general decrease in concentration of these metals probably caused by dilution with particles of low metal content.

(f) Organic constituents from sea water

(i) Measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity (C. D'Silva)

The enzyme alkaline phosphatase catalyses the degradation of organic phosphorus. The activity of this enzyme was measured in water and sediment samples from Mandovi estuary. Since the phosphatases at the surface of living organisms may also hydrolyse organic phosphate esters extracellularly, the activity of the enzyme in both free and organism associated forms was measured. The study shows that the plankton associated phosphatase activity is less than that contributed by the bacterial population. It has also been observed that the phosphatase activity which shows higher values at surface vary seasonally, exhibiting maximum activity during premonsoon.

(ii) Study of humic and fulvic acids (S. Sardessai)

Some sediment samples collected from the southern Arabian Sea were analysed for organic carbon. The study shows that the organic carbon varies widely in the area, ranging between 0.85% and 8.04%, the slope region showing higher concentration which decreases towards offshore regions. Two sediment samples, one each from northern and southern Arabian Sea slope regions and having high organic carbon content were analysed for humic and fulvic acids. The acids were separated and fractionated into different molecular weight fractions ranging from >300,000 to < 10,000. It was observed that humic acids comprised

27 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

the major fraction of the total humic material and the >300,000 molecular weight fraction is the major portion of humic acids.

(iii) Dissolved organic carbon in northwestern Indian Ocean (M.D. Kumar, A. Rajendran & K. Somasundar)

A study of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the northwestern Indian Ocean shows that its behaviour is non-conservative which is contrary to the earlier reports. Its concentration is found to decrease northwards. The organic carbon decomposition contributes atleast a minimum of 64% to the addition of total CO2 by regeneration processes. This contribution increases further south, the rest being due to skeletal dissolution. The study also shows that oxygen and nitrite are utilized during DOC oxidative decom-

position and that DOC accumulation without its oxidation to CO2 could be the main reason for the TCO2 decrease towards the south. The results also reveal a negative relation between DOC and suspended particulate matter.

(g) Ammonium regeneration during nitrogen recycling in the northern Bay of Bengal (V. V. Sarma & C. Suguna of R.C. Waltair)

It is evident from the distribution of ammonium in the northern Bay of Bengal that active regeneration of ammonium takes place in the euphotic zone because of zooplankton excretion. The spatial distribution of recycled nitrogen along the transects show an increasing trend to offshore regions in the northern bay. In the oxygen deficient zones, the denitrification stops at the stage of ammonium. Nitrate deficits (deltaN - 9 - 12

μ M) were calculated by taking NO3 NO2 NH4 steps into account by the established methods. Nitrogen trans- formations in different zones were explained by distinguishing three boundary layers on oxygen concentration (>75, 10-50 and 25-75 μ M) levels.

(h) Plant pigments and nutrients in the inshore and offshore waters of estuarine regions (V. V. Sarma, V. Aswanikumar, U. Sudhakar & K. Muralidharan of R.C. Waltair)

The general distribution of plant pigments along the east coast of India showed a sub-surface maximum in the euphotic zone concomittant with sub-surface ammonium maximum.

(i) Flushing time and nutrient inputs from Visakhapatnam Harbour into the coastal waters (V.V. Sarma, G.R.K. Raju & V.S. Rama Raju of R.C. Waltair)

To assess the extent of excessive input of nutrients, the flushing times for different seasons were computed for the Visakhapatnam Harbour. The calculated flushing times were about 5.6, 2.2 and 3.7 tidal cycles for post-monsoon, monsoon and premonsoon seasons respectively. The nutrient inputs into the coas-

tal waters were found to be maximum during monsoon (5.85 tons/day for NO3, 2.19 tons/day for PO4 and 4.42

tons/day for SiO4) and minimum during post-monsoon season (3.14 tons/day for NO3, 1.14 tons/day for PO4

and 1.93 tons/day for SiO4) with intermediate values during premonsoon season which were in accordance with flushing times.

4.2.2 Protection of marine environment and monitoring of pollutants along the Indian Coasts

(a) Pesticide residue in marine fish (M.S. Shailaja)

Samples of commercial fish obtained from local markets and open sea samples were analysed for chlorinated hydrocarbons pesticides residues. DDT and its metabolites were found to be widely distributed, 28 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

with 75% of the coastal samples and 80% of the open ocean fish varieties analysed having quantifiable residue burden ranging from 0 to 54.3 and from traces to 204.5 ng.g -1 respectively, incoastal and open ocean samples. The residue ρ,ρ'-DDE (range 14.89-36.62 ng.g-1 in coastal fish and traces to 50.42 ng.g-1 in open ocean fish samples) was the most frequently detected organochlorine metabolite. Liver samples had about 7 to 200 times higher concentration of t - DDT than the muscle tissue. Analytical work on pesticide residue distribution in different fish organs is in progress.

(b) Pesticides in marine sediments (A. Sarkar)

The analysis of sediment samples from the Arabian Sea along the northwest coast of India and also from the Andaman Sea indicate the presence of various organochlorine pesticides such as pp'-DDT, op' - DDT, pp' - DDE, op' - DDE, pp' - DDD, op' - DDD, Aldrin, Dieldrin and different isomers of BHC (α,β/γ) etc. within the range 0.015 to 0.085 ng.g -1.

Twelve stations were fixed in Mandovi and Zuari estuaries based on salinity gradient. Monthly observations were made at these stations and variations in physico-chemical parameters with special reference to nutrients were studied in the surface microlayer and in sub-surface water to calculate the enrichment factor and to understand its seasonal variability. The results indicate that in the main water column, the nutrients are subjected to seasonal variations. This trend was also reflected through the surface microlayer with a proportionate increase. However, enrichment of silicate and nitrate which was invariably observed in the surface microlayer, did not indicate any seasonal variation.

Enrichment of aluminium and arsenic, in addition of nutrients, in the sea surface microlayer in the Lakshadweep and northern Arabian Sea was also studied. The results indicate that the levels of enrichment of aluminium in the surface microlayer and in sub-surface water are lower in the Lakshadweep sea and lagoons as compared to the northern Arabian Sea. Arsenic shows enrichment at all the stations in the northern Ara- bian Sea.

(d) Trace metals in marine environment (T. W. Kureishy, S. Sanzgiry & A. Mesquita)

Sediment samples from 32 stations covering an extensive area of the Arabian Sea were analysed for their organic carbon content as well as trace metal concentrations. The ranges for various metals observed are : Co 4.21-33 μg g-1; Cu 6.38-102.5 μg·g-1; Ni 6.4-64 μg.g-1; Cd 1-2 μg.g-1; Pb 2.5-5 μg.g-1.

(e) lntertidal gastropods as indicators of pollution (M.D. Zingde, AV. Mandalia, L. Fernandes & A.N. Kadam of R.C. Bombay)

In order to investigate the nature of bioaccumulation of pollutants, the intertidal gastropods from Colaba, Worli and Madh on the coast of Bombay were sampled monthly for 15 months. The species Bursa natator, Thais tissoti, Nerita oryzarum and Planaxis sulcatus were analysed for petroleum hydrocarbon residues. The results are as follows :

29 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Location Bursa Thais Nerita Planaxis

Madh 41 103 109 124 Worli 3,638 12,718 125 3,721 Colaba 128 198 119 267

Except for Nerita oryzarum other species revealed hydrocarbon residues several times higher at Worli than at Colaba and Madh. The high levels at Worli are probably due to high exposure of these organisms to domestic wastewater released in Mahim and Worli Bays in the vicinity of the sampling location. The levels were relatively low at Madh being away from the direct influence of any wastewater discharges. Seasonal variation was insignificant at all the locations.

(f) Oil-like residue on Tarapur beach - investigations for probable source (A. N. Kadam & M. A. Rokade of R.C. Bombay)

Patches resembling product of petroleum origin found deposited on the Tarapur beach were sus- pected to have originated from the ONGCs drilling rig GA III and / or Samudrika Il operating off the coast of Tarapur. To investigate the probable source, a number of intertidal sediment samples were suitably extracted and compared with the extracts of bilge water and fuel samples from GA III and Samudrika Il respectively by gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. Poor match of gas chromatograms and noncompatible ratios of certain infrared transmittances revealed that the source of the spill was not related to the ONGCs operations. Poor yield during extraction, presence of H2S and general appearance suggested that the source could be the release of waste from the industrial estate at Tarapur.

(g) Long term variation of water quality of Bombay Harbour - Thana Creek (P. Sharma, M.A. Rokade & M.D. Zingde of R.C. Bombay)

Bombay Harbour-Thana Creek (hereafter termed as bay) receives about 8.7 x 104 and 2.1 x 103 kg/day of BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus respectively through domestic wastewater alone. The water quality of the bay has been periodically monitored since 1976. The watermass is vertically homogeneous except during monsoon when marked salinity gradient exists throughout the bay. The high suspended load is mainly inorganic in nature with organic carbon content of less than 6% while DO is distinctly low at the head of the bay with high BOD. There is no evidence for decrease in DO in the harbour water over the years. Likewise, though

NO3-N and PO4-P concentrations reveal wide fluctuations, the general trend does not suggest any increase in their levels over the years. The levels are, however, relatively higher than observed in the coastal waters of Bombay. The concentrations of dissolved trace metals vary considerably and irregularly. It appears that the trace metals transported through the wastewater settle near the shore. This is evident from the sediment cores obtained from the undredged nearshore and offshore regions. Nearshore sediment reveals significant enrichment of metals in top 20 - 30 cm as compared to the core collected away from the shore.

(h) Studies in the EEZ along the southwest coast of India (V.N. Sankaranarayanan, P.S. Gore, P. Haridas, K. Sarala Devi, Thresiamma Joseph, P. Venugopal, S. Kumaran, KX. Balchandran, Lissamma Sebastian, Rajamani Amma, Jose K. Xavier & Beenamma Jacob of R.C. Cochin).

Shelf and slope regions of the southwest coast between Mangalore in the north and Cape Comorin in the south were studied in April and October-November, 1988. Oxygen saturated surface layer extends to a depth of 50 to 60 m. Inorganic phosphate concentrations were low in the subsurface layers. The surface waters between Cannanore and Cochin registered high (>1 μg at I-1) concentration of phosphate. In the month of 30 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

October cold water with a high concentration of phosphate was present on the shelf. A nitrite maximum was observed between the depths 50 and 75 m and a low nitrate concentration in the upper 50 m. Below this level it showed an increase. Particulate organic carbon values were found to be very high at stations south of 9°N lat. A bloom of Noctiluca miliaris was also noticed in this region.

(i) Biological and environmental studies of some of the estuarine systems of the southwest coast of India (R.C. Cochin)

Studies in the Periyar river indicated an accumulation of nutrients like inorganic phosphate, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen in the downstream of the effluent discharge point. This is in the region between 7 and 20 km from the river mouth. Accumulation was found maximum during the southwest monsoon (June-Sept.) when the system is freshwater dominated. Studies indicate that a portion of the effluent discharged from the fertiliser factory is accumulated in the estuary. Studies of the mud-water interface indicate very high concentration of nutrients.

Studies on the environmental parameters for one year in the Chaliyar river indicated that the river is least affected by pollution at present. Data collected showed that the estuary is partially mixed type with a maximum tidal range of 1.5 m.

Inorganic and organic fractions of phosphorus and nitrogen indicated that the organic fraction of both the nutrients (>60%) dominated in the system throughout the year. There was a highly significant inverse correlation of both nitrate and silicate with salinity so that, correspondingly nitrate and silicate showed a high degree of covariance throughout the estuary. In contrast the phosphate distribution was considerably independent of salinity. The pronounced localised maxima in concentration encountered in the lower part of the estuary during certain seasons of the year were indicative of inputs of phosphate to this region. The silicate-salinity relationships indicated an appreciable loss of silicate from solution within the estuary. The removal process is confined to salinities less than 15%0 .

Fluoride concentration (0.1 to 1.39 mg I-1) showed a linear relationship with the salinity. Removal of fluoride was indicated at chlorinities greater than 7%0.

From the zooplankton index a few nursery grounds have been identified upstream of Chaliyar estuary having less environmental disturbance and more food for the larvae of Macrobrachium species. The entry of penaeid larvae into the river is much restricted by salinity especially with the species of Penaeus. Dur- ing the November-December months maximum number of larvae were recorded from the collection indicating the spawning season of these species.

Villoritta cyprinoides of the benthic community was the dominant species in the benthic population of the upstream where the substratum was sandy.

Bacteriological studies indicated predominance of heterotrophs in the sediment than in the water column. E. coli and faecal streptococci were recorded only in some samples. Mussels collected from different regions showed contamination from the sewage materials.

31 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

4.2.3 Nation-wide survey of environmental pollutants in the seas around India (R. Sen Gupta, S.Y.S. Sing- bal, S.N De Sousa, S.P. Fondekar, M.D. Rajagopal, S. Sanzgiry, A Mesquita, PV. Narvekar, K. Sawkar, M.K. Anthony, P.V. Chodankar, N. Ramaiah, V. Latika & V.S. Sarma) (funded by Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi)

(a) Retraining programme in marine pollution monitoring techniques

The results of all the 15 participating organisations in the First lntercalibration Exercise were assessed and it was felt that some of the organisations did not qualify, i.e., their results were more than 20% off the mark. The DOD requested NIO to conduct a retraining programme for those who had already undergone training in the previous year. Accordingly retraining courses were conducted for three batches to carry out independent analysis of the various chemical parameters.

(b) lntercalibration

A Second lntercalibration Exercise was conducted in which 14 organisations participated. The results of the Second lntercalibration Exercise, though better than those of the previous one, were still not up to the mark, as still some laboratories did not qualify.

Three sets of field observations were made in March, May and October-November 1988 at 15 stations : 3 off Malvan, 3 off Karwar and 9 off Goa. Water, sediment and biological samples collected were analysed for various parameters, such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, ammonia, total - N and total - P, petroleum hydrocarbons, metals Cd, Pb & Hg.

A manual of analytical techniques for the analyses of environmental pollutants have been prepared.

4.2.4 Monitoring of nearshore waters of northwest coast of India (M.D. Zingde, S.N. Gajbhiye, Vijayalak- shmi R. Nair, K. Govindan, M.M. Sabnis, R.V. Sarma, A.N. Kadam, P.K. Dinesh Kumar, Jiyalal Ram, A.V. Mandalia, P.D. Gore, P. Sharma, M.A. Rokade, P. Mehta & N. Ramaiah of R.C. Bombay) (funded by Department of Ocean Development)

Eight locations from Okha to Ratnagiri were monitored for a large number of water quality parameters and biological characteristics. Circulation pattern at a location off Bombay where a giant marine outfall will be operational is also being investigated with a view to evaluate probable diffusion of waste when released.

The studies revealed that Gujarat and Maharashtra coasts are clean and exhibit a healthy environment except for some localised spots like Bombay where water quality has deteriorated considerably.

4.2.5 Coastal environmental monitoring programme (R.C. Cochin) (funded by Department of Ocean Development)

Under this programme 26 environmental parameters were monitored of the coastal waters at 3 sections (off Kasargod, off Cannanore and off Beypore) during the months of March/April and in the month of July. In addition to these, two rivers - Valapattinam and Beypore were also studied. The collection of data has been completed.

32 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

4.2.6 Survey of environmental pollutants off the North Andhra coast (V.V. Sarma, C. Suguna & B. Prabhakara Rao of R. C. Waltair) (funded by Department of Ocean Development).

As part of the programme on the "Nationwide survey of environmental pollutants in the seas around India" data on temperature, salinity and currents at selected stations off the north Andhra coast were collected. The first phase of observations were carried out during May -June 1988 and the results of chemical and biological parameters at different stations were submitted to the Department of Ocean Development.

Patent Filed

A patent application has been filed by Shri S.P. Anand for the Solar Dryer.

33 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

4.3 GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

4.3.1 Regional geological, geophysical, geochemical and paleoclimatic studies of the continental margins of India (P.S.N. Murty)

(a) Marine geophysics (D. Gopala Rao, L.V. Subba Raju, G.C. Bhattacharya, M.V. Ramana, V. Subrah- manyam, K.A. Kamesh Raju, T. Ram Prasad, A.K. Chaubey, K. Sree Krishna & G.P.S.N. Murty)

A 450 km long multichannel seismic reflection, gravity, magnetic and bathymetric transect across the continental margin off Bombay was studied. The study indicated the following : (i) around 2.0 sec and 3.0 sec in terms of two way travel time (TWT) of subbottom penetration in the shelf and in the shelf margin basin respectively and (ii) presence of three prominent reflectors at 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 sec (TWT) on the shelf and seven reflectors at 5.0, 5.3, 5.6, 5.7, 6.2, 6.3 and 6.6 sec (TWT) in the basin. Gentle dips of the lower reflectors towards the centre of the basin was noticed. The basin configuration is bounded by steeply dipping sub- surface reflectors in the east and the landward flank of the known Lakshmi Ridge in the west and a basement high in the middle of the basin. The lowermost undulating reflector particularly of the basement high and the reflectors bounding the basin is crystalline magnetic basement, perhaps of the late Cretaceous/early Tertiary basaltic basement similar to the adjacent shelf and onshore regions. The reflectors of the sediments overlying the basement constitute the tertiary and younger sedimentary units in the area. The broad gravity high occurring in the basement high region of the basin can perhaps be attributed to this crust and uplifted mantle.

Gravity and bathymetric data along ten regional profiles across the continental margin between Mor- mugao and Coondapur were analysed and bathymetric and free air gravity anomaly maps were prepared. The gravity anomalies trend N-S to NNW-SSE on the innershelf and slope regions and E-W to ENE-WSW on the middle and outer continental shelf regions. The gravity anomalies were interpreted using 2-D modelling method. The crustal models indicated that (i) the horst and graben structural style controlled by deep seated faults and (ii) the Mohro-discontinuity occur at shallow depth of around 23 km in the seaward end of the study area.

Studies carried out with the bathymetric and magnetic data along seven NE-SW profiles across the Central Indian Ocean Ridge Segment between latitudes 18°S and 22°S and longitudes 66° and 690E revealed a NW-SE trending median valley associated with broad and high amplitude magnetic anomaly along the ridge crest and linear magnetic anomalies parallel to the ridge. The anomaly numbers 2, 2A, 3A and 4 were identified for the first time following the magnetic reversal time scale. A new transform fault, offsetting the ridge and the linear magnetic anomalies were identified. The offset was found to be around 50 km and left lateral. Half spreading rate is estimated to be 2.2 cm/yr in Ν600 direction from the interpreted seafloor spreading model.

(b) Computer generated magnetic and bathymetry anomaly maps off the east coast of India (T.C.S. Rao, K.S.R. Murthy & M.M. Malleswara Rao of R.C. Waltair)

The GMS software package available on ND 570/520 computer at NIO, Goa has been utilized to generate magnetic and bathymetric maps of Krishna-Godavari offshore river basins and for the Ongole-Paradeep continental margins, covering the northern portion of the eastern continental margin of India. Magnetic anomaly map of Krishna-Godavari basin (Fig. 3) delineated a linear trend parallel to the coast and confined to deeper depths of more than 2500 m. There is an offset in this trend southeast off Narasapur (15°N, 82°30'E) with a decrease in the magnetic anomaly signature northeast of this point, thereby suggesting a down throw in the basement. Another NW-SE trend is delineated from this map, north off Amalapuram (Godavari basin)

34 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

extending from nearly 200 m to 2500 m water depth, suggesting a structural lineament from coast to the sea. Magnetic anomaly closures, indicating extension of coastal features are also observed at 500 m water depth off Nizampatnam bay.

Magnetic anomaly contour map of Ongole-Paradeep (Fig. 4) indicates a relatively shallow basement beneath the shelf between Kakinada and Chilka Lake compared to the shelf between Nizampatnam and Kakinada in the south, though structural lineaments could not be deciphered due to insufficient data control. The high amplitude anomalies off Chilka Lake support the basement high reported in this area by Oil India Ltd. The change from short wavelength to broad wavelength anomalies north of Chilka Lake indicates basement subsidence off Mahanadi basin north of Puri.

(c) Quaternary seismic stratigraphy of the eastern continental margin (T.C.S. Rao, K.S.R. Murthy & A.S. Subrahmanyam of R.C. Waltair)

High resolution seismic data collected over the Ongole-Paradeep continental shelf and off Krishna-Godavari river basins and a preliminary correlation with the available literature on quaternary sea level fluctuations indicate four major stages in the evolution of the quaternary stratigraphy of the top 100 metre of the sediments over the continental shelf and upper slope: (i) the lowest stage is represented by an erosional shelf surface with chaotic seismic reflection nearly 100 metre below the present shelf, which might have formed due to the early Wisconsinan Sea level lowstand; (ii) the second stage is represented by trans- gressive seismic reflectors deposited during the sea level highstand of middle Wisconsinan interglacial. Seis- mic reflectors indicate different stages of deposition in this period, probably indicating sea level fluctuation of minor scale in an overall transgression; (iii) the third stage is represented by the erosional unconfirmity formed due to the sea level lowstand of Late Wisconsinan glaciation, marking the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary. A major lineation of the palaeo-shelf, with a barrier reef at its outer edge is shown in Fig. 3 & 4; (iv) the latest stage is represented by the thin acoustically transparent sediments of 20 m thick draping over the erosional unconfirmity of the third stage.

High resolution seismic data collected so far over the Krishna-Godavari offshore river basin mostly delineated fan shaped progradation of deltaic sediments over a very narrow shelf width. However, over the continental slopes of these basins, diapiric structures deforming the overlying sediments were observed. The internal seismic signature of these diapirs was chaotic, resembling wipeout zones.

(d) Software package for processing and analysis of marine magnetic data (T.C.S. Rao, K.S.R. Murthy, M.M. Malleswara Rao & S.L. Narayana of R.C. Waltair)

A computer software package has been developed for automatic processing and analysis of marine magnetic data. This package consists of a sequence of subroutines that automatically corrects the observed magnetic data, determines the approximate body parameters of the selected anomalies by deconvolution and refines these parameters by iterative modelling. This package makes use of the published software for calculation of IGRF (regional magnetic field) and for calculation of theoretical anomalies due to two dimensional models (Talwani program) in addition to the software developed for the analysis of the magnetic data using Werner deconvolution and Marquardt algorithm for iterative modelling. Application of this package to theoretical and observed data yielded fairly satisfactory results.

(e) Geology of the eastern continental margin of India (N.P.C. Reddy & K. Mohan Rao of R.C. Waltair)

Beach rock obtained from the surficial calcareous sediments (CaCO3 90%) from the outer shelf (90 m) off Visakhapatnam consists of 29% insoluble residue which mainly consists of quartz and felspar with lesser

35 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O 1988-89

Magnetic Anomaly map off Krishna-Godavari Basin Amalapuram Narasapur

Nizampatnamy

Fig. 3 : Magnetic anomaly map off Krishna-Godavari Basin.

Total Magnetic Field Anomalies CoNTOUR INTERVAL 5OnT

Visakhapat nam

KAKINada GODAVAPUR

Fig. 4 : Total Magnetic field anomalies. 36 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

amounts of mica, garnet opaques. This beach rock is weakly cemented. The texture and composition resem- ble beach sands. The grains vary in shape from subangular to subrounded. Radiocarbon dating of the calcareous material from these locations indicate the age ranging between 12530 ± 170 to 10,790 ± 170 years B.P., i.e., Holocene period. Radiocarbon dating of the limestones and the presence of the beach rock, therefore, is an evidence of lowered sea level in the past on the eastern shelf during the beginning of the Holocene period.

Three calcareous sediment samples collected off Visakhapatnam were analysed for thin carbonate mineralogy by X-ray diffraction. Sample from 60 m water depth contain 69% aragonite followed by 31 % high magnesium calcite and 12.5% MgCO3. No low magnesium calcite is noticed. Two samples from 85 m depth have 84% and 80% aragonite followed by 8.8% and 2.0% high magnesium calcite respectively. 7.2% of low magnesium calcite is found in one sample while it is absent in the other. Both the samples contain 29% MgCO3.

(f) Regional geology of the western continental margin of India (M. Veerayya, B.G. Wagle, F. Almeida, K.H. Vora & S.M. Karisiddaiah)

Echosounding and side scan sonar data from the western continental shelf between Vengurla and Vijaydurg revealed the presence of submerged reef systems at water depths of 60-110 m, oriented nearly parallel to the shoreline. The reefs, in general, are up to 3 m high but at times have low relief or are buried in clay. On a N-S track a reef having length of 7 km was also noticed. The P2O5 content of this algal coral reef is about 5%. It was inferred that the reefs started forming and advancing shoreward as a result of rise in sea level.

Echosounding and subbottom profiling, supplemented by side scan sonar data and collection of seabed samples from the inner Gulf of Kutch have indicated that erosional processes are operating in inner creeks of the Gulf while the outer anchorage area of Kandla Port is undergoing deposition. The shallow seismic profiles across the creeks show 10-15 m thick clays which also show deep channel cuttings. The axial part of Hansthal creek shows uneven to rugged bed, devoid of soft sediments but the flanks, however, show 2-8 m thick clays. The outer anchorage area by contrast shows smooth and even topography and stratified layers with more than 18 m thick sediments.

(g) Exploration for offshore heavy mineral placers off Konkan Coast, Maharashtra (A.R. Gujar & M.V. Ramana)

To study the heavy mineral content of sand with depth along the Konkan Coast about 40 vibrocores (1 to 4 m length) were collected along with seismic and magnetic data in collaboration with the Geological Survey of India. The onboard observations of the cores have shown that the sand contains appreciable quantities of black sand some cores touched the rocky bottom.

(h) Palaeoclimatic studies on the nature of summer monsoon over the Arabian Sea (R.R. Nair, M.V.S. Gupta, N.H. Hashimi, R. Nigam, D.V. Borole, A.S. Muralinath & N.V. Ambre)

Planktonic foraminiferal studies were carried out on a deep sea core from the Western Arabian Sea. Based on the distributional pattern of G. ruber, G. sacculifer and O. universa, it has been inferred that the Red Sea was connected and isolated four times with the Arabian Sea over a period of 55 kyrs. Besides, it has also witnessed four intense monsoonal upwelling regimes during the last 46 kyrs. Of these, most intense as evi- denced by the presence of a maximum of 52% Globigerina bulloides, an indicator of upwelling along with 5% marine organic carbon.

37 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Micropalaeontology

In 73 samples (15 surface sediments and 58 subsurface sediments), from nearshore regions along the west coast of India, benthic foraminiferal species Cavarotalia annectens (Parker & Jones) shows dimorphism expressed in terms of microspheric/specimens and proloculus size, and dextral and sinistral coiling. Dextral to sinistral coiling ratios are negatively correlated with mean proloculus size (r = 0.42 for surface sediments and r = -0.49 for core samples) and correlation values are significant at 90% level. As more micros- cope forms indicate warmer climates, coiling ratios should also indicate warmer climates. This conclusion is supported by the positive relationship (r = 0.32) between dextral/sinistral ratio and temperature in surface sediment samples. However, the correlation value is less than the level of significance. Therefore, it is proposed that dextral/sinistral ratios in benthic foraminifera are related with dimorphism and thus with reproductive behaviour, but their use in palaeoclimate is not confirmed.

Study of benthic foraminiferal variations in a short box core from shallow depths off Karwar indicated that monsoonal precipitations varied in the last few hundred years. It appears that there is cyclicity in concentration of drought years which is equivalent to the time required for deposition of approximately 20 cm of sediment. Preliminary Pb210 dating results indicate 0.25 cm/year rate of sediment deposition. This leads to a possible correlation between monsoonal variations with Gleissberg solar cycle of 78 years.

Samples from a raised sedimentary bed on Goa coast revealed the presence of foraminiferal fauna. This indicates a possibility of higher sea level than present (approx. 6 m) during middle Holocene.

(i) Geochemical studies of the continental margins of India (Ch. M. Rao, A.L. Paropkari, A. Mascarenhas & C. Prakash Babu)

The geochemical analysis of the outershelf slope/sediments of the southwest coast of India (south of Cochin) was carried out. Elements Al, Ti, Fe, P, Mn, Co and Ba were determined and the elemental distribution maps for the entire western continental margin of India were completed. The important findings of these investigations are that Fe and Mn occur in low concentrations (Fe < 2%; Mn: >100 ppm) compared to the normal marine sediments which may be due to the dilution of CaCO3 or due to the prevailing reducing conditions in the region. However, their concentrations are more where the lithogenous component is high (Fe ~2%; Mn ~ 100 ppm) in the sediments. In general, barium concentrations are very high (~ 1%) in the slope sediments but low in the outershelf sediments. The abnormal high values are attributed to the higher produc- tivities as a consequence of upwelling.

Carbon and sulphur contents of a 12 m long box core from the Arabian Sea basin vary from 0.5 to 5.9% and 0.28 to 3.65% respectively. The results suggest that the sediments are enriched in sulphur compared to normal marine sediments. The regression line of C-S plot has a positive intercept on the S-axis, similar to that of euxinic sediments. The sediments, however, were deposited in an oxic environment and excess sulphur is due to addition of sulphides from slope region by slumping and debris flows. These results suggest that the effect of sedimentary processes, has to be considered in deciphering depositional environments from C-S plots. Furthermore, while assessing burial rates of organic carbon and sulphur over geologic time, sediments from the areas of mass deposition and sediments transported from sources containing sulphides are to be excluded.

Studies on pore water off Vengurla indicated that, in general, the phosphate content is high (25.2 - 4.5 μmol-1) in the upper slopes and lower slope while in the mid slope it is low (6.3 - 23.5 μmol I-1). But silicate content is low (70 -132 μmοΙ I-1) in the upper slope compared to the midslope and lowerslope. In the oxygen

38 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

-1 minima zone i.e. in the midslope the nitrate-nitrite (NO2 + NO3) is significantly low (< 2 μmol Ι ) compared to the other two regions (17- 47 μmol I-1).

A core of 2.7 m long collected in the slope region off Nizampatnam Bay (Bay of Bengal) was analysed for mineralogical and chemical composition. Mineralogical results of the clay fraction shows that Mg-chlorite is more concentrated towards the bottom of the core. For the first time, vivianite and dolostones were reported in the sediments of the Bay of Bengal. Analysis of the different forms of sulphur indicated a general increasing trend from top to bottom. Higher sulphur content 90 cm downwards and colour of the segments indicate that these sediments were deposited under reducing conditions.

39 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

4.4 BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

4.4.1 Biological resources of the seas around India (A.H. Parulekar)

(a) Primary production (V.P. Devassy, A. Pant, P.M.A. Bhattathiri, M. V.M. Wafar & J.I. Goes)

(i) Column phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity in the euphotic zone of the Andaman Sea were 45.4 mg m-2 and 0.2 gCm-2d-ι (average) respectively. A distinctive subsurface chl a maxima was detected between 60 to 80 m associated with the nitricline. About 8-24% of the total primary production was attributable to nitrate based new production. In the euphotic zone picoplankton chl a averaged 37%, nanoplankton 39% and net plankton 24% of the total column chl a.

ChI a distribution was found to be patchy during the monsoon season (August-September) in the northern Arabian Sea (between lat.15° and 22°N and long. 65° and 73° 5'E).

Primary production values in the northern Arabian Sea varied from 2.4 to 70.3 mgCm-3d-1 (average 25 mgCm-3d-1 at the surface and from 176 to 970 mgCm-2d-1 (average 426 mgCm-2d 1I in the column during October, whereas in January the values fluctuated between 1.7 and 265 mgCm"3d '(average 36 mgCm-3d-1) at the surface and 163 - 2444 mgCm-2d-1 (average 838 mgCm-2d-1) in the column. The distinctly high values obtained during January was due to the occurrence of a phytoplankton bloom in the offshore and inshore waters.

(ii) Phytoplankton diversity in the coastal water of Porbandar (Saurashtra) (M. Jiyalal Ram & S.N. Gaj- bhiye of R.C. Bombay)

The coastal water of Porbandar was rich in phytoplankton and the counts varied from 3.4 to 56.1 x 104 cells/I. Higher cell counts and lower species diversity were observed in the nearshore waters as compared to the offshore. A total of 71 species belonging to 28 genera of phytoplankton were recorded. Species composition indicated well defined variability between high and low tide conditions. Nitzschia closterium, N. seriata, N. bilobata, Stauroneis membranacea, Biddulphia sinensis were abundant during ebb period while Pleurosigma angulatum, P. directum, P. elongatum, Coscinodiscus vursus and C. granii predominated the flood conditions.

(b) Secondary production (S.C. Goswami, C.T. Achuthankutty, M. Madhupratap, S.R.S. Nair & G. Pad- mavati)

(i) Biomass in the north Arabian Sea varied from 0.06 to 0.80 ml m-3 (average - 0.31 ml m-3) in the water column and 0.01 to 2.15 ml m-3 (average = 0.18 ml m-3) in the surface. The biomass in the surface in the Andaman Sea ranged from 0.08 to 0.84 ml m-3. Zooplankton community was dominated mostly by herbi- vores. An unusual abundance of bioluminescent ostracods (Cypridina sp.) was observed at a station (17° 57.59'N; 65° 02.48'E) in the Arabian Sea. The association of bioluminescent bacteria with zooplankton showed that copepods harboured the maximum bacterial population.

Zooplankton abundance and their emergence behaviour over diel cycle in some of the lagoons of Lakshadweep Archipelago were investigated. Zooplankton biomass in the lagoons showed wide variations (0.003 to 0.28 ml m-1) and nocturnal abundance of plankton was pronounced. Specially designed zooplankton traps were deployed in the lagoons to study their emergence behaviour. The emergence of macro- planktonic organisms commenced at dusk and gradually increased with darkness. The intensity decreased 40 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

after dawn. Light appeared to be the prime factor. The zooplankton abundance in the surface at night might be due to intensive emergence to the upper layers.

(ii) Distribution of zooplankton in the Thana-Bassein system off Bombay (N. Ramaiah & V.R. Nair of R.C. Bombay)

Quantitative and qualitative studies in the zooplankton of the Thana-Bassein Creek system indicated that zooplankton standing crop was high in the inner creek environments. Thana system sustained higher zooplankton biomass (0.02-7.4 ml/m3) than the Bassein system (0.01-3.8 ml/m3). Biomass in the Thana creek system was generally higher during postmonsoon season, while a fluctuating pattern was observed in the Bas- sein area. Of the four species of chaetognaths recorded from this area, Sagitta bedoti was the most common inhabitant of this area. S. enflata was absent in Thana Creek probably indicating the sensitive nature of the species to pollution as this area was affected by the discharge of sewage and industrial effluent. Copepod diversity at this location showed a 10% reduction in total number of species as compared to the relatively unpolluted region.

(iii) Congregation of salps in the coastal waters of Veraval and Bombay (N. Ramaiah, S.N. Gajbhiye & V.R. Nair of R.C. Bombay)

A series of studies on the zooplankton community off Bombay and off Veraval were undertaken during the peak fishing season for evaluating the variations, if any, in the different constituents of zooplankton. During September-October swarming of salps occurred along the coasts of Veraval and Bombay. These congregations off Veraval were contributed by the single species Pegea confoederata recording an unusual biomass as high as 7 3 ml/m3. off Bombay the species contributing to the swarms were Ritteriella ambonen- sis and Salpa maxima recording relatively low biomass (av. 2.95 ml/m3). This appears to be a recurring phenomenon coinciding with the peak fishing particularly of pomfret.

(iv) Ecosystem studies in relation to assessment of resources and exploitation potential (K.J. Peter, P. Sivadas, M. Krishnan Kutty, U.K. Gopalan, BM. Panikkar, P.N. Aravindakshan, V.T. Paulinose, T. Balachandran, CB.L. Devi, K. Kameswara Rao, T.C. Gopalakrishnan, V. Santhakumari, K.K.C. Nair, U.P. Saramma, R. Stephen, P.P.M. Kunjamma, K.V. Jayalakshmy, T. Balasubramanian, G. Peter, B. Narayanan, R. Gupta, N. Prabhakaran, Ushakumari & P.R. Venkitaraman of R.C. Cochin)

Pelagic ecology: A general survey of the hyperiid amphipcds of the Indian Ocean as a whole showed that they were most abundant north of the equator, becoming much impoverished between 20° and 40°S. Species showing preference to areas of upwelling and those indicating nocturnal abundance have also been observed. The presence of Globigerina bulloides, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and other assemblage of foraminifera species are also indicative of upwelling and were present in the samples collected from the Wadge Bank region. Analysis of the plankton samples off the coastal waters of southern India showed erratic dominance of Salps, Doliolids and few other species.

Twenty three species of foraminifera belonging to 11 genera characteristic of tropical waters were recorded in the samples from the Wadge Bank region. Samples collected from 2000 m depth included the following copepods: Lubbockia minuta, Oncaea englushi, Bathycalanus bradyi, Megacalanus priceps, Mimocalanus sp. and Spinocalanus sp. Two deepwater paecilostomatoid copepods, L. minuta and O. englushi were the first records from the northern Indian Ocean.

Two new species of mysids, Rhopalopathalmus constrictus and Australomysis reubenii were recorded from the samples off SW coast of Australia.

41 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O 1988-89

(v) Studies on detritus (L Krishna Kumari, J.P. Royan & S. Vijayaraghavan)

Observations were made on the nutritive value of detritus in waters around Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In terms of dry wt and energy unit, total suspended matter ranged from 151.88 to 1678 g/m2 or 784.2 to 10892 kcal/m2 respectively. Energy value of detritus on unit weight basis on the Andaman Sea varied from 987 to 7040 cal/g dry wt (av:5.53 kcal). Paniculate organic carbon for 0-200m water column fluctuated from 53.14 to 152.69 gC/m2. Latitude-wise detrital energy was maximum at 10° and minimum at 13°. In general, the percentage contribution of detrital energy in the Andaman Sea was 99%.

(i) Analysis of time series data on ecology and production of benthos in the Arabian Sea, revealed that the regions of inner shelf, along the central west and southwest coast of India, exhibit about 40% reduction in biomass and standing crop during the southwest monsoon period (June-September). Qualitative and quantitative differences in the fauna of inner shelf, as a result of precipitation, is significantly related to sediment load than to lowering of salinity.

(ii) Benthos from the coastal waters of Bombay (K. Govindan of R.C. Bombay)

Thana Creek: Distribution and faunal characteristics of meiobenthos in Thana Creek were studied in relation to prevailing pollution. Meiofauna mainly consisted of foraminiferans, polychaetes, nematods and crustaceans. Faunal diversity, biomass and population density were poor especially in the middle part of the creek. An increase in group diversity associated with faunal abundance towards the offshore area was evident. A rich organic matter in sediment associated with poor meiofaunal biomass clearly indicated stress on the marine ecosystem of Thana Creek due to indiscriminate waste discharges.

Versova: The nearshore environmental conditions clearly indicated pollution around Versova. Marine environment towards offshore was relatively clean. A poor biomass coupled with very low species diversity and a trend of wide fluctuations in population were noticed in polluted regions. Diversity was low for both foraminiferans and polychaetes within the creek and increased considerably seawards. The faunal abundance was the maximum during postmonsoon.

(iii) Distribution of plankton and benthos off Mithapur (Gujarat) (S.N. Gajbhiye, K. Govindan, M. Jiyalal Ram & V.R. Nair of R.C. Bombay)

The concentration of phytoplankton pigment, phytoplankton cell count, zooplankton standing stock and macrobenthos were considered for evaluating the biological characteristics off Mithapur. In April chlorophyll a values were generally higher for ebb (av. 3.53 mg/m3) than the flood period (av. 2.44 mg/m3). In December, the chlorophyll a values indicated a decreasing trend (av. 2.32 mg/m3). The area was not rich in zooplankton standing stock. The average cell count was maximum for the March-April period (7.5 x 104/I) and decreased during December (3.7 x 104/I). Fifty two species were recorded from the area. Nitzschia closterium, N. pungens, N. seriata, N. sigma, Chaetoceros simplex, C. difficilis and C. sociale were the most common species. The average zooplankton biomass for April and December months were 3.5 and 0.56 ml/100 m3 respectively. Macrobenthic biomass (wet) indicated maximum during April (av. 42.8 g/m2) and very low values for December (av. 4.4 g/m2). The overall biological productivity of plankton and macrobenthos indicated 30-90% reduction from the premonsoon to postmonsoon period. This decline in standing stock of plankton and benthos was coinciding with the peak fishing season of the area.

42 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

(d) Mangroves and seaweeds

(i) Mangroves (A.G. Untawale, S. Wafar, TG. Jagtap, S. Chinnaraj & S.N. lnamdar)

Decomposition rates and biochemical changes during decomposition of senescent leaves of mangrove species like Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Sonnerctia alba, Avicennia officinalis were studied. Decom- position was rapid in the first fortnight with about 60% weight loss. Complete decomposition occurred within 3-4 months in R. apiculata, R. mucronata and S. alba and within 2 months in A. officinalis. Decomposition rates in terms of dry weight, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in all the species obeyed the first order kinetics with r2 values greater than 0.9. Carbon and phosphorus content increased as a result of increased microbial activity. Atomic C:N ratios decreased and C:P and N:P ratios increased with decomposition time.

(ii) Seaweeds (A.G. Untawale, V.K. Dhargalkar, T.G. Jagtap & V. Ambiye)

lntertidal: 40 species of marine algae were collected from the coasts of Andaman of which 13 were Chlorophyceae, 7 Phaeophyceae, 20 Rhodophyceae. Galaxaura rugosa Laamour, and Acetabularia cre- nulatum (L) Kuntze were reported for the first time from the Indian coast. Actinotrichia fragilis (Forssk) Boergs has been studied for the first time for its reproductive details.

Subtidal: Seaweed distribution at the submerged banks viz. Sessostris, De-Pedro, Cora-Divh in the Arabian Sea was studied. Dredging was undertaken at 14 different stations at various depths from 18 to 55 metre and approximately 60 marine algae were collected. These banks have been explored for the first time for seaweed distribution.

Calcified seaweeds: 14 genera and 45 species of calcified algae were collected from various localities and were studied for their morphology, anatomy and reproduction.

(e) Coastal aquaculture

(i) Genetic improvisation in penaeid prawns (U. Goswami & S.C. Goswami)

The population of banana prawn Penaeus merguiensis from Ratnagiri were analysed for selected character "tail weight". All the thirteen morphogenetic variables followed a similar pattern of variability in both the sexes. However, the dependent character tail weight showed almost double values of C.V. in females than the males (C.V.= 20.37 and 11.08 respectively). The combination of the characters SSL, SSD and PAC showed highest R2 and explained the maximum variation in the selected character tail weight. The factor analysis pointed out that 74% of the variation in females and 52% of the variation in males of the character tail weight in connection with the twelve independent characters was explained by genetical and environmental factors.

Gynogenetic haploids were successfully produced in Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas (Photo A-C) and scallop Chlamys nobilis after fertilization with ultra-violet rays irradiated sperms of both the animals (Photo 2A, B, C, D). (ii) Feed organisms — brine shrimp Artemia (J.P. Royan, S. Vijayaraghavan & L Krishna Kumari)

A standard bioassay was designed and carried out for the nutritional evaluation of nauplii of Artemia of both Indian and Sri Lankan strains using newly released juveniles of Mysidopsis bahia. Both the strains showed high levels of 20:5ω3 fatty acid and were nutritionally suitable for feeding any larval forms. 43 ANNUAL REPORT N. I. O. 1988-89

A B C D

Photo 2 : A. Diploid D-shaped larva of oyster C. gigas. B. Gynogenetic haploid larva of C. gigas. C. Metaphase chromosome plate from gynogenetic haploid larva of oyster C. gigas. D. Metaphase chromosome plate from gynogenetic haploid larva of scallop Chlamys nobilis.

(iii) Studies on prawn feed (R.C. Cochin)

Studies were made to evolve a simple technology for the production of balanced prawn feeds using locally available inexpensive ingredients. From a variety of potential animal and plant materials a few were carefully selected after proximate analysis especially of their protein content and calorific value. Six feed for- mulations containing different ratios of these ingredients were made and fed to the prawns in the field and laboratory. These experiments have average feed conversion values ranging from 2.76 - 4.14. The results indicate that the technology can be successfully utilized to produce effective prawn feeds at low cost.

(f) Microbiological studies (D. Chandramohan, P.A. Loka Bharathi, N. Ramaiah, S. Raghukumar, C. Raghukumar, S. Achuthankutty, S. Sharma & V. Sathe)

(i) Studies on marine Thiobacilli yielded strains capable of growing at 128 ppm of sulphide and at 40°C. More than 100 bacterial strains were systematically screened for their ability to oxidise sulphide at high concentrations and at elevated temperatures. These strains may find use in tackling some of the sulphide problems in the marine environment.

A comparative study of the bacterial populations in the seawater off the southwest coast of India during upwelling period indicated that the total bacterial counts (epifluorescence technique) were two orders of magnitude higher than the viable counts (routine surface plating technique). Pseudomonas / Alteromonas Groups-I was dominant in both nearshore and offshore regions. Pigmented bacteria were found to be more common in the offshore stations and showed multiple antibiotic resistance.

Studies conducted in the coral reef lagoons of Lakshadweep islands showed the pfesence of thraustochytrids cells at a concentration of 103 per ml of mucoid detritus.

The role of fungi in detritus formation from the brown alga, Sargassum sp. was studied. Litter-bag studies revealed a definite succession of fungi including high numbers of thraustochytrids. Biochemical analyses of various stages of decomposition have been carried out.

44 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

Shell-boring cyanobacteria were found to precipitate iron and deposit it as black deposits in window- pane oyster shells. This was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, SEM, electron microprobe and cytochemical studies. The cyanobacteria have been isolated into pure cultures for further studies.

(ii) Fungal isolates (R.C. Cochin)

Fifty one selected fungal isolates from the mangrove area of Cochin were screened for their hydroly- tic activities with the following results : Enzyme activity tested Numbers showing positive reaction Amylase activity 25

Cellulase activity 49

Pectinase activity 34

Chitinase activity Nil

Caesinase activity 20

Gelatinase activity 22

Lipase activity 41

Thirty five yeast isolates obtained from the estuarine region were screened for their ability to grow on diesel and kerosene (Photo 3 & 4) and 25 of them were seen to have this ability.

These biochemical activities indicate the role of fungi in the microbial degradation in the food chain of the Cochin backwater system

Photo 3 : 3 days old growth of NIO C-62 Candida Photo 4 : 7 days old growth of NIO C-62 Candida tropicalis cells on diesel oil globule (a) tropicalis showing complete entrapment Oil droplets and (b) Yeast cells. of diesel oil droplets, (a) Oil droplets (b) Yeast cells and (c) Pseudomycelia.

45 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

(g) Coral reef studies (M.V.M. Wafar, JJ. David, Y. Chauhan & S.G. Prabhu Matondkar)

Studies on nitrogen flux in coral reefs generated the following results:

(i) Zooxanthellae freshly isolated from corals exhibit substrate saturable uptake kinetics for ammonium, nitrate and urea. Maximum uptake velocities, in units of ng-at (μg chl a)-1h-1, are 10.1 for ammonium, 2.8 for nitrate and 0.74 for urea. Half saturation constants are between 10 and 15 μg-at NI-1. Interactions between uptake of ammonium, nitrate and urea follow uncompetitive inhibition model, suggesting a simultaneous uptake.

(ii) Experimental studies on nitrogen remineralization using inhibitors of nitrification showed conclu- sively that nitrification by bacteria on coral colonies is an important pathway of nitrogen flux in reefs.

Relative importance of different size groups of organisms in the productivity processes exhibited similar trends during the premonsoon and postmonsoon period. Based on chlorophyll a studies, it was observed that 60% of autotrophic organisms belonged to nanoplankton group. Based on ATP measurements, 40% of energy would appear to pass through bacterial size micro-organisms. Studies indicate the importance of microorganisms in the productivity of coral reef environment.

(h) Physiological studies (R.C. Cochin)

A study of the changes in physiological, biochemical and other conditions following bilateral ablation of the eyestalk was carried out on Metapenaeus dobsoni and M. monoceros, after perfecting the ablation technique.

M. monoceros section of hepatopancreas. 2 days after bilateral eye stalk ablation.

46 RESEARCH ACTIV T ES 1988-89 N.I.O.

Photo 6 M. monoceros section of hepatopancreas. 15 days after bilateral eye-stalk ablation.

Strikingly different growth characteristics for unilateral and bilaterally ablated prawns were obtained. The bilaterally ablated M. dobsoni moulted more frequently than the intact and unilaterally ablated prawns. While the food conversion factor or the ratio of the total dry weight of the food consumed to the wet weight gain was 0.746 for unilaterally ablated ones and 2.98 for bilaterally ablated prawns corresponding to an apparent food conversion efficiency of 75% and 33% respectively, totally different picture was given by the net growth efficiency, (Production/Assimilation) x 100 in terms of calories - the values for the normal, unilateral and bilaterally ablated prawns being 4.8, 8.6 and - 5.0%.

4.4.2 Environmental impact assessment on the mangrove ecosystem along the west coast of India (funded by Department of Environment)

Environmental impact WAS studied on the mangroves from Ratnagiri to Mangalore. As compared to Maharashtra, Karnataka coast has less mangrove extent. Here mangroves are being cut indiscriminately for firewood, grazing and reclamation for agriculture and construction purposes. Along Maharashtra coast, the impact is more visible on Ratnagiri coast which is attributed to urban and agriculture development.

4.4.3 Biochemical genetic variation in marine and estuarine population using isozymic gene frequency data (M.R. Menezes, S. Naik and M. Martins) (funded by Department of Ocean Development)

Genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships among three carangid species, Decapterus russelli, Selaroides leptolepis and Selar crumenopthalmus collected from Port Blair, Andaman were investigated by examining the electrophoretic patterns of 7 enzymes, sarcoplasmic proteins and haemoglobins (Photo 7). The study showed that the structural gene difference between S. leptolepis and S. crumenopthalmus is quite small (genetic distance, D - 0.470). The D values between D. russelli and S. leptolepis and that between D. russelli and S. crumenopthalmus were 2.066 and 1.373 respectively (Fig. 5).

47 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O 1988-89

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Nos. 1,3,4, 6, 7, 9 & 10 - Oecaoterus russelli Nos 2 & 8 - Selaroides leptolepis No 5 - Selar Crumenophthalmus

Photo 7 Isozyme patterns showing similarities Photo 8 : Genetic variation in the Indian and difference between 3 carangid mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta species from Andaman Sea (work in progress)

S. leptolepis

S. crumenopthalmus

D. russelli

Genetic distance

Fig. 5 : Dendrogram showing the genetic distance between the 3 carangids.

48 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

Genetic variation in the Indian mackerel R. kanagurta from two fishing areas off Goa were assayed electrophoretically using 8 enzymes, haemoglobin and sarcoplasmic proteins (Photo 8). The morphometric and meristic characters were also examined. The genetic variability was relatively high. Highly significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations in genotype frequencies were found at one locus (SP). The cause of the deviation is presently not discernible, but may be due to subdivision of the population into a set of small ones and the mixing of these populations. All the loci studies in R. kanagurta from Andaman were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This shows that it belongs to a single Mendelian population.

49 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O 1988-89

4.5 MARINE CORROSION & MATERIALS RESEARCH

4.5.1 Marine biodeterioration of materials along the Indian coast (A.B. Wagh)

(a) Macrofouling Studies (S.S. Sawant, T.V. Raveendran, A.P. de Souza, LK. Bhat & K. Venkat)

(i) Macrofouling organisms as indicators of hydrocarbon pollution

Macrofouling organisms such as oysters and barnacles from the coastal waters of the Andaman Sea were analysed for petroleum hydrocarbons by spectrofluorometry. The observed concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon in these organisms varied with respect to their habitat. Organisms collected from Aber- deen and Fishery Jetty localities showed highest concentrations (1988 to 3496 μg/g dry weight of the tissues). Animals collected from North Bay, Ross Island and Corbyn's cove localities showed very low level of hydrocarbons (111 to 198 μg/g dry weight of the tissue). The former two areas are subjected to chronic levels of hydrocarbons due to intensive fishing activity thereby having the presence of large number of mechanised boats/trawlers. The concentration range observed here was relatively low as compared to the values observed in the Bombay High area. This data thus suggests that environmental contamination is reflected by the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons observed in these animals.

(ii) Macrofouling organisms as indicators of metal pollution

Fouling bivalve molluscs, Saccostrea cucullata and Pinctada sugillata were collected from Andaman Islands. After sorting out into different size group, the trace metal content was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.

Amongst the bivalve species studied Zn concentrations were highest and Ni lowest (Table 1). Smal- lest size group animals showed higher metal content. This was clearly evident in the case of all the metals studied. Another interesting observation was that Cu was undetected in P. sugillata in all the size groups studied. On the other hand, S. cucullata collected from the same locality during the same period showed very high concentration of Cu (329.52 ppm).

TABLE 1

Trace metal content (μg/g dry wt) in fouling organisms collected from Andaman Islands.

Metal Saccostrea cucullata Pinctada sugillata

Cu 534.71 UD Fe 411.90 691.70 Ni 247.90 6.54 Zn 54779.44 15920.25 Mn 1005.87 824.63

UD-Undetected (iii) Effect of salinity, temperature and texture on the settlement of Bryozoa

Studies on salinity, temperature, biomass and composition of bryozoans utilizing aluminium and fibreglass as substrates revealed that salinity played an important role in the settlement of these organisms.

50 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

Maximum density as well as varied bryozoans were observed on both the substrata during premonsoon season when the salinity was maximum Similar results were obtained with respect to temperature Of the species recorded, Hippopodina feegeensis and Electra bengalensis were found to settle preferably on the aluminium panels whereas, Membranipora tenuis preferred fibreglass for their settlement and growth Dura- tion of exposure also played an important role on the settlement of the bryozoans Longer duration panels (4 months) had less percentage coverage as compared to shorter duration panels (2 months)

(iv) Distribution of fouling larvae in the coastal waters of Goa and its correlation with the settlement of macrofoulers

Distribution of larvae of fouling organisms was monitored at monthly intervals at a coastal station Large seasonal variability in the distribution of larvae of fouling organisms was noteworthy Vertical variability in the abundance of larvae was also observed The cirripede larvae were most abundant in upper sunlit water column This abundance of larvae resulted in higher settlement of larvae on the panels exposed in the nearsurface waters In contrast, higher numbers of bivalve were observed at greater depths

(v) Studies on fouling Ascidians

Data on settlement and growth of fouling ascidians on aluminium panels were collected at estuarine as well as offshore stations Out of nineteen different species of ascidians recorded, eleven were at the offshore station and eight were at coastal stations Diplosoma macdonaldi was found to be the most predominant Salinity appeared to be an important factor influencing the settlement of ascidians This is inferred from the fact that no settlement on the aluminium panels was observed during monsoon season and further confirmed by their continuous occurrence at the offshore station

(b) Microfouling on the metal surfaces (N.B. Bhosle, S.S. Sawant, K. Nandakumar, S. Prabha Devi, M. Sharma, K. Venkat & S. Potdar)

(i) Comparative evaluation of various techniques for the removal of microfouling

Removal of microfouling on the metal surfaces is the most critical step in the evaluation of microfoul ing biomass Three techniques — scraping with nylon brush, stainless steel razor and pyrophosphate solution (0.001 M) were compared for their efficiency to remove microfouling layer developed on aluminium and glass surfaces All the three methods gave highly significant results (Table 2) Scraping with nylon brush is relatively easy and therefore recommended for such type of studies

TABLE 2

Comparative evaluation of the techniques for the removal of microfouhng

Brush Razor Pyrophosphate

Aluminium 40.54 41.14 39.80 1.85 2.47 6.65

Glass 86.26 85.13 84.70 1.67 7.02 1.51

51 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

(ii) Comparative evaluation of methods for the quantification of microfouling productivity

Various techniques such as dry weight, organic carbon, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, chlorophyll a, viable bacterial numbers and total counts of the microfouling material developed on aluminium and glass surfaces were compared. The panels were deployed in seawater for eight days to assess the utility of these methods to quantify the microfouling productivity of seawater. These methods gave significant results. A product moment correlation coefficient analysis was applied to these results. Correlation coefficients (r=0.88 to 0.98; n = 10; P< 0.001) were found to be significant. The results suggest that these methods can be utilised to study microfouling potential of seawater.

(iii) Spatial and depth variations in the microfouling productivity

Microfouling productivity (biomass) was measured at 33 stations representing shelf, slope and oceanic waters in the Arabian Sea. Microfouling production as dry weight and organic carbon varied from 1.30 to 5.32 mg dm-2h-1 and 64.72 to 204.84 μgC dm-2h-1 respectively. Microfouling biomass, especially as organic carbon, decreased in the offshore direction. The shelf stations in general showed higher microfouling productivity by an order of magnitude as compared with slope and oceanic waters.

(iv) Effect of suspended matter and particulate organic carbon on the development of microfouling

Data on suspended matter, particulate organic carbon of the surface seawater and the microfouling biomass on the aluminium panels deployed at the same depth were collected from the Arabian Sea. The data obtained was subjected to statistical test by using correlation coefficient r. The relation between suspended matter of surface seawater and dry weight of microfouling material was positive and highly significant (r = 0.843; n= 19; P<0.001). Similarly there was also a significant relationship between POC of the surface seawater and organic carbon of the microfouling material (r= 0.849; n=30; P <0.001).

(v) Biological and biochemical variation in the development of microfouling on aluminium, stainless steel surfaces deployed in the seawater at Dona Paula bay

Aluminium and stainless steel panels were deployed at Dona Paula bay. Panels were removed at weekly intervals upto four weeks. Microfouling developed on these surfaces was scraped using brush and the microfouling biomass and its composition in terms of POC, protein, chlorophyll a, bacteria and diatoms were evaluated. Of the two metals tested, stainless steel showed more microfouling as well as the content of various constituent fractions (Table 3). Diatoms such as Licmophora sp., Navicula sp., Nitzschia sp., Amphora sp. and Achnanthes sp. were most predominant. Linear increase in the microfouling biomass was notably absent. From these samples, 31 pure cultures of fouling bacteria were isolated and maintained in the laboratory for further studies. Of these, six were gram positive and twenty five were gram negative.

52 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

TABLE 3

Rate of growth of microfilm and its constituents on the metal substrata (unit cm--2d-1)

Parameter Aluminium Stainless Steel

Period in weeks

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Suspended matter(μg) 99.2 68.2 19.0 30.6 109.0 56.6 18.9 34.5

Organic Carbon (μg) 2.92 1.66 0.92 1.42 3.44 1.34 1.06 1.88

Protein (ng) 257 172 114 206 292 346 42 243

Chlorophyll a(ng) 24.4 1.0 1.8 27.4 52.0 6.1 0.5 8.5

Diatom 74 19.7 0.8 28.9 219.6 89.5 1.1 58.4

Viable bacterial (x103) ND 2.63 1.20 1.78 ND 3.03 0.87 2.10

Total bacterial (x 104) 60.6 0.74 0.19 0.32 133.9 0.84 0.50 0.61

ND - No Data

(vi) Comparison of the monosaccharide spectrum of seawater, particulate material and microfouling

Monosaccharide spectra of suspended material of seawater and microfouling material were studied using gas liquid chromatography. Eight monosaccharides including rhamnose, fucose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose were observed in both the samples. Generally, mannose, galactose and glucose were most abundant in these samples. Abundant sugars observed in the suspended matter were also abundant in the microfouling material. This probably suggests that the composition of suspended material perhaps plays an important role in determining the composition of microfouling material.

(vii) Sedimentation and microfouling

Sedimentation rates of suspended matter was evaluated at a station in Bombay High area of the Ara- bian Sea by deploying the sediment traps. Highest flux of organic carbon as well as higher microfouling was observed at 22 m. Thus the fluxes of the organic compounds at a depth of maximum probably play some role in controlling microfouling.

(i) Corrosion of metals and alloys in the deep oceanic waters of the Arabian Sea

Data on the corrosion behaviour of four metals such as mild steel, aluminium, stainless steel and brass were collected by attaching the panels on the deep sea mooring system at 1000 and 2400 metre at three stations in the western, eastern and central Arabian Sea, from November 1987 to November 1988.

53 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

!31Om 2770 m 1000 m 2400 m 1390 m 2930 m EAST WAST CAST

Fig. 6 Rate of corrosion in deeper waters of Arabian Sea.

WAST 1000m

Photo 9 State of affair of unprotected mild steel exposed for 1 year duration at 1000 m depth in Western Arabian Sea.

54 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

Photo 10 : Photomicrograph (SEM! of self repaired pit on stainless steel exposed at 1000 m depth at Arabian Sea (x 2000)

Corrosion rates of mild steel, aluminium and brass were estimated by loss-in weight (Fig. 6, Photo 9) whereas for stainless steel SEM studies were carried out for pitting behaviour of the metal. Corrosion rates of mild steel and brass increased with increasing depth whereas for aluminium it decreased with depth. In case of stainless steel, increase in the original weight was observed with increasing depth, due to the oxide film formation of alloying metal. The SEM also shows no pits on the panels at greater depths as against pitting observed at upper depths. Photograph 10 shows the repaired pit on stainless steel at upper depth, which is the characteristic of stainless steel in water. This suggests that the higher dissolved oxygen content at greater depths influenced greatly mild steel and brass. As regards aluminium and stainless steel it protected the metals by forming a passive oxide film.

(ii) Atmospheric corrosion

In another set of experiment, mild steel corrosion was assessed at different levels above mean sea level (MSL) by exposing the panels for one year duration at Dona Paula. The data so collected was correlated with the parameters such as salt content, relative humidity (RH) and wind speed at the four exposure levels (3, 6, 11 & 20 m). It was observed that the corrosion rate of mild steel gradually decreased with increasing height above MSL inspite of more salt concentration at topmost level (20 m). This suggests that merely deposition of salt on panel surface alone cannot aggravate the environment unless RH and wind speed play their positive role.

55 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

4.6 INTEGRATED STUDIES OF ESTUARIES

(a) Status of sediment contamination in Amba River estuary (A. V. Mandalia & M.D. Zingde of R.C. Bombay)

The region around Amba River estuary is getting increasingly industrialized and a giant petrochemical complex is nearing completion which will be releasing the treated wastewater in the estuary. At present, the estuary receives discharge from Patalganga draining through the industrial belt. During nonmonsoon months the estuary is tide dominated and the ingress of seawater into the estuary is through Bombay Harbour.

In order to know the baseline concentrations of metals and organic carbon a 30 cm long sediment core obtained from the mouth of the estuarine region of Amba estuary was sectioned at every 2 cm and analysed for Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni,Cu,Zn, Al and organic carbon. The vertical profiles of Cr and Mn were more or less constant with not much variation from the surface to bottom. The trend of variation of Co, Ni, and Zn was irregular and did not suggest enrichment over the years. The levels of Al, on the contrary, have increased considerably from 419% at the bottom of the core to 7.7% at the surface suggesting increasing clay deposition over the years. This may be because the trapping of coarser materials within the dam constructed on the river about 40 km upstream thus enriching the transport of fine grained sediment with the runoff with the riverine flow.

The levels of organic C revealed definite increase from less than 1 % to 30 cm depth to nearly 4% in the surface sediment. This increase is most likely due to the organic load associated with the Patalganga discharge.

(b) Dynamics and sedimentation pattern of Periyar river estuary (R.C. Cochin)

Processing of estuarine data on various physical aspects collected from the lower reaches of the Periyar River (Azhikode estuary) was completed. The study was undertaken with a view to assess the temporal and spatial variation of the factors contributing to the dynamics of the estuary and the sedimentation pattern in the estuary which is becoming a serious hindrance to the safe traffic of the fishing boats.

Results show that there is a net landward drift of the depth averaged Eulerian residual current at the barmouth during most of the season of the year. The circulation is governed by the fresh water discharge during SW and NE monsoon periods. The tidal forcing play only a minor role at this time. The residual salinity structure shows that the circulation in this region can be classified as salt wedge/density gradient depending upon the longitudinal distance and the river discharge.There is no saline discontinuity layer found any where in this region, which shows enough friction between the different stratified layers to bring forth a uniform salinity gradient from surface to bottom. During non-monsoon seasons a tide dominated mixed circulation is noticed.

The different regions of the estuary come under varying classifications. At the barmouth region there exists well mixed condition during postmonsoon period with a seaward flow signifying the upstream salt transfer mainly by advection and partly through diffusion. After the onset of monsoon this region becomes stratified showing that the salt transfer is through diffusion and shearing stress. This state of stratification continues, even beyond the monsoon season but to a lesser degree. In the upper region of the estuary there is no saline intrusion during monsoon.

56 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

Hourly data on suspended load, salinity, temperature, current speed and direction were collected for studying the net water flow and sediment transport in the Gothami-Godavari estuary in different seasons.

The depth of estuarine mouth (Nilarevu) at Bhairavapalem is about 12 m and that of (Vrudha) Kothapalem about 4 m. During the winter season the resultant flow was landward from surface to bottom at Kothapalem. It was seaward at surface and landward at bottom, at Bhairavapalem. Suspended load content is 65 μg/Ι at low tide and 15 μg/Ι at high tide in thesurface. ln the bottom watersit is 100 μ9/I during high tide and 60 μg/Ι at low tide. In the surface waters, the suspended load is found to be closely related to the current velocity and the phase of the tide. At Kothapalem, suspended load is 205 μg/I at high tide and 40 μg/l at low tide. It is 275 μg/Ι at high tide and 65 μg/Ι at low tide in the bottom water. Here, the suspended load both in the surface and bottom waters is closely related to the current velocity and phase of the tide. Since the area is shallow (4 m), resuspension by windwaves is an important factor. Resuspension by tidal scour is important at all time of the year and accounts for most of the resuspended material.

During premonsoon period the resultant flow was landward at both the estuarine mouths. The suspended load content is found to range between 5 and 4 μg/Ι at Bhairavapalem. At Sangam Kaluva it is between 25 and 100 μg/l. Resuspension by wind waves and tidal scour may be the reason for its higher content compared to that of Bhairavapalem. During monsoon period resultant flow was seaward at Bhairavapalem, whereas at Kothapalem at the surface it was seaward, and landward at the bottom. Suspended load varies from 325 μg/l to 75 μg/Ι at Bhairavapalem whereas at Kothapalem it is between 105 and 125 μg/Ι during the period of maximum fresh water discharge.

Turbidity maximum in the Gouthami-Godavari during the period of discharge i.e. from December '87 to June '88 was found to extend from estuarine mouth to upstream of Yanam. During the period of fresh water discharge (November) the turbidity maximum is noticed to withdraw downstream upto Nilapalli 2 km downstream of Yanam.

The salinity at both the stations range between 25-28 ppt during winter season followed by a gradual increase upto 33-34 ppt during premonsoon period. The estuary is well mixed during the premonsoon period. It is stratified during monsoon and less stratified in winter period.

57 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O 1988-89

4.7 OCEAN ENGINEERING

4.7.1 Evaluation of environmental parameters for the development of offshore oilfields and coastal works (B.U. Nayak)

(a) Long term directional wave, current, meteorological parameters measurement and analysis (N.M. Anand, S.G. Diwan, P. Chandramohan, S. Manual, A.K. Suryavanshi, K. Ashok Kumar, Shankar Bhat, U.V. Jose, R.N. Sakhardande, T. Subrahmanya, K.C. Pathak, P. Pednekar, H.C. Mandal & N.S.N. Raju)

A directional wave measuring buoy WAVEC was deployed off Karwar, Lat.14°43'.5N, Long.74°08'.2E in March, 1988 in connection with the development of a major Naval Base 'Sea Bird'. Premonsoon and monsoon wave parameters are given in Table 1. The highest significant wave height Hs observed in monsoon was 3.1 m. A typical wave directional and energy spectra is given in Fig. 7. Softwares for computing and plotting of various wave parameters were developed. The observed wave directions Dm were found in the range 220 to 260 degrees with wave periods 4 to 7 sec. This suggests that during the monsoon period there is a transformation taking place in the wave spectra resulting in wind sea dominance compared to the swell dominance in the premonsoon period from directions SW to W.

Current measurements at 4 locations off Karwar were carried out using Aanderaa self recording currentmeters during May-June 1988 and a typical plot showing joint distribution of current speed and direction is presented in Fig. 8. Aanderaa water level recorder was also moored in one of the currentmeter arrays.

The Aanderaa weather station was installed and operated at Belikeri, Karwar since March 1988. Maximum wind speed of 12 m/sec with predominent direction between 240 to 270 degrees was observed during the monsoon period. Photo 11 shows the WAVEC, weather station and currentmeters operational in Karwar waters. TABLE 1

Period Significant wave Wave period at- Wave direction at Zero height spectral peak spectral peak up-

Hs in m Tp in sec. Dm in degrees crossing sec. Premonsoon 0.3-1 12-18 200-250 4-7 Monsoon 1.5-3.0 9-14 220-260 5-7

(b) Design and development of deep sea instrumented moorings (R. Sakhardande & N.M.Anand)

The software developed for deep sea instrumented moorings which considers two dimensional loading due to currents was further improved to consider the three dimensional current loadings. Transient tensions occurring during launching operations were computed internally by using Stokes law for determining terminal velocity of the mooring system. The software has additional feature of applying a point force in any direction in space at the top buoy level and thus assisting in investigating possible effects due to entang- lement with trawling gear which would also allow separate modelling of the wave loadings on the surface buoy. Reliability of mooring recovery in case of snapping of any one of the components can be examined from reserve buoyancy outputs at each component. The software has the facility of specifying depths at which instruments could be placed and this is achieved by adjusting upto a maximum of ten components at a time.

58 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

beam width ( deg )

mean direction (deg) Fig. 7 : Atypical wave directional and energy spectra

Number of observations

Speed 4O.O -

INSTRUMENT RCM- 4-5631

OBSERVATION PERIOD 1988-05-09 - 1988-06-20 20.0

0.0 360 Direction Fig. 8 : A typical plot of joint distribution of current speed and direction

59 1988-89

Photo 11 Wavec, Weather Station and Current Meter Operation at Karwar.

A mathematical longshore sediment transport model 'SILVERSAND' for the Indian coast was developed based on the wave energy equation. The ship reported wave data base 'SHRI' compiled from the Indian Daily Weather Reports of the period 1968 to 1986 were used as input. Numerical nearshore wave transformation model 'TARANGAM' incorporating wave shoaling, refraction and bottom friction was used for estimating the breaking wave characteristics. The monthly and annual longshore sediment transport rates 60 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

are presented in the form of littoral drift roses for the entire Indian coast. The typical littoral drift roses for the north Tamilnadu coast during the southwest monsoon months are shown in Fig. 9. The longshore transport rates for 110 important locations along the Indian coast were also evaluated. The study shows that Machilipatnam in Andhra Pradesh, Karikal, Nagore, Tuticorin, Virapandianpatinam in Tamilnadu, Manak- kodam in Kerala and Malvan, Dhabol, Murud and Tarapore in Maharashtra seem to be the nodal drift places having almost equal volume of transport from either directions during an annual cycle thereby indicating negligible net sediment transport prevailing at these places. The study further indicates that the annual gross transport is high (1.5 x 106 m3 to 2.06 x 20 m3 ) along south Orissa, north Tamilnadu, south Kerala, north Kar- nataka and south Gujarat coasts and low (0.5 x 10 m3) along the south Tamilnadu and Srilankan coasts. The distribution of annual net transport along the Indian coast is shown in Fig. 10.

(ii) Wave diffraction around offshore islands (P. Chandramohan)

A numerical model using the Green's function solution was developed for estimating the wave diffraction around the offshore islands. This model was used to estimate the diffracted wave field around the Mauritius Island. Fig. 11 shows the distribution of diffraction coefficients around the Mauritius Island for the long waves having period 240 seconds coming from southeast direction. This model can be used for estimating the effect of wave diffraction for the scattered offshore islands along the Indian west coast, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep and Minicoy Islands.

(d) Design and development of instruments (S.G. Diwan, K. Ashok Kumar & H.C. Mandal)

(i) On line collection and analysis of Aanderaa currentmeter data

The underwater cable connected at the electrical output plug of the Aanderaa recording currentmeters is attached to the mooring line and the currentmeters send the binary coded digital data in 10 bit Aanderaa

Quantity of Sendiment ΙΟ5 m3 month Fig. 9 : Monthly longshore sediment transport for North Tamil Nadu Coast.

61 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Fig. 10 : Direction and volume of net sediment transport in a year along the Indian Coast. format to the input interface of EC-85 microprocessor board. The microprocessor board identifies and outputs the data in RS 232 C format at CRT port. This port is interfaced to HP - 85B microcomputer which is prog- rammed to compute the serial number, temperature, pressure, conductivity, current direction and current speed sensed by the currentmeter. This information could be displayed, printed and stored in the data car- tridge. The two currentmeters should have identical data recording intervals and they should be switched on with a minimum gap of one minute.

(ii) Operation of two waverider buoys using single WAREP receiver

The Datawell waverider receiving unit WAREP was modified using a transistor driven relay to receive wave signals from two waverider buoys without need of manual operation of the channel selector switch. The two waverider buoys are to be moored within a telemetering range of 30 km from the receiving station (WAREP interfaced to Digital Magnetic Tape Reader).

(e) Geotechnical engineering studies (U.V. Jose and S.T. Bhat)

Laboratory tests were conducted on sediment samples collected off Mauritius coast to study the effect of salinity on its permeability characteristics. The following conclusions were drawn from the test 62 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

results: (a) The hydrometer analysis with and without dispersing agents indicate the presence of flocs in the sediment, (b) Permeability increases with increase in salt concentration of the permeating fluid for a given void ratio, (c) The rate of increase of permeability is found to decrease with increase in salt concentration, (d) The effect of salt concentration was found to be relatively low at higher void ratio, (e) The influence of salt concentration was found to be more in samples with higher clay content.

(f) Material technology for offshore engineering (A.K. Suryavanshi)

A few RCC slab test specimens were cast with different sets of concrete parameters. These, after cur- ing in fresh water, were exposed in splash zone on the beach for a period of 3 months. At the end of the exposure period, half cell potential measurement was done with both single and double electrode methods. Iso-potential contour maps were plotted with suitable potential gradients. It was observed that the contour maps were successful in dealineating the relatively more corroded zones from the less corroded zones.

Contour values are the diffraction coefficients (K)

Fig. 11 : The diffracted wave field around Mauritius Island.

63 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

4.8 MARINE INSTRUMENTATION

4.8.1 Development of marine instrumentation systems including data buoys (E. Desa)

(a) Automatic weather station (R.G.P. Desai and G. Vithayathil)

An automatic weather station for the remote recording of wind speed and direction, air temperature and barometric pressure has been designed, and three prototypes fabricated (Photo 12). The station measures the parameters every minute and average values are recorded every hour on non-volatile memory capable of 40 days data storage. A serial interface is also available for on line data inspection. All three weather stations have been successfully field tested. The know-how for commercial production of the weather station is being released to NRDC.

(b) Acoustic image processing (Eurico D'Sa}

Acoustic image processing was initiated by deputing one of its staff for training in this area. The study of a set of ultrasonic images was taken up to extract features of interest from them. Various approaches in analysing the images were taken depending on the nature and variety of the image. One approach developed was the use of edge detection and contour extraction along with a region based algorithm to extract desirable features.

(c) Self recording and transmitting tide gauge (E. Desa, E.S. Desa and A. Joseph) (funded by Calcutta Port Trust and Dept. of Science and Technology)

A self recording tide gauge designed under a sponsored project from Calcutta Port Trust (CPT) was successfully installed at Sagar Island, Calcutta on 4 December, 1988 (Photo 13). It has been reported that the system is continuously operated and is functioning. The tide gauge was designed as an automatic station suitable for operation in remote areas. The following features have been incorporated in the instrument :

* a very high quality quartz pressure sensor

* a watchdog in the hardware and software design

* CMOS based microelectronics

* automatic data acquisition, display and storage at user selected time intervals

* data retrieval via serial printer, hand held storage terminal or portable computer.

The instrument operates from a 12 volt battery and is initialised via a microterminal on the front panel of instrument. The technique of software wave-filtering incorporated in the instrument avoids the need for conventional mechanical stilling wells, which inhibit portability and are also plagued with many types of sea-state dependent non-linearities. The design approach has made the instrument compact and straightfor- ward for installation in remote areas, whilst permitting accurate sensing and recording of tides independent of sea-state and local meteorological variations. The transmitting gauge funded by DST will incorporate all the above features including a transmitting and receiving VHF system and the attendant software for recep- tion, error checking and disk filing.

64 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

Photo 12 : Automatic Weather Station

Photo 13 Self recording and transmitting Tide Gauge

65 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

(d) Development of an optical bench (E.S. Desa) (funded by Department of Ocean Development)

The work on the optical calibration bench has been completed. The detectors used in the bench are 512 photodiode array elements and the detection system has been interfaced to a local PC, allowing menu-driven software to control detection parameters. The bench can be used to measure the fluorescence properties of seawater using laser excitation at 440 nm & 543 nm.

(e) Development of in-water optical radiometer (E.S. Desa, Eurico D'Sa and E. Desa) (funded by UNDP)

The development of the in-water radiometer is a joint UNDP-Govt. of India project. It is an instrument designed to measure spectral upwelling and downwelling irradiance as a function of depth. The instrument will also measure active chlorophyll fluorescence, scalar irradiance temperature, real time, tilt and depth. The present design status includes the comparative study of different optical configurations and detectors, quantitative estimation of the light field intensity, block design of the electronics and some work on the software.

(f) Free fall bathythermograph (E. Desa and V.B. Peshwe) (funded by Department of Ocean Develop- ment)

A recording bathythermograph capable of free-falling to a depth of 2000 metre whilst a kevlar life line is paid out from a slowly moving deployment vessel, is presently under design. The instrument is aimed at recording depth, temperature and time at intervals previously entered by the user. The unit will interface directly to a personal computer both to input sampling parameters as well as to transfer recorded data to disc. A novel method of inductively charging the batteries in the sea unit has been conceived and is being designed by a local party. Another important feature to be incorporated, is an applied patent for a sea switch that will switch the system only when immersed thereby saving battery power and ensuring a fool proof switch on.

(g) Integrated data acquisition for coastal research vessel (R.G.P. Desai, G. Vithayathil and E. Desa) (funded by Department of Ocean Development)

An integrated data acquisition system is being designed to centrally collect data acquired by dedicated container laboratories on the proposed coastal research vessel of the Dept. of Ocean Development. Each laboratory will have a dedicated personal computer for acquisition of data collected under its purview, and all PCs will communicate, interchange and store relevant data. The central EDC facility will act as the node to which fixed ship-board equipment will be interfaced. These will include navigation, bathymetry, com- pass and real time data, besides the meteorological data from the NIO designed weather station. Most of the hardware is in place including the data acquisition system. A suitable local area network is presently being evolved that will cater to real time data exchange.

(h) Wave following buoy (M.R. Nayak, NM. Anand and S. Kamat) (funded by Department of Ocean Development)

A wave following buoy for mooring in depths upto 200 metre and capable of collecting wave data of upto 12 metre amplitude besides meteorological parameters is presently under design. A small spherical aluminium buoy hull has been imported to serve as the prototype for possible indigenous fabrication by a suitable shipyard. Sensors for the measurement of waves, wind speed and direction, air and water temperatures, barometric pressure and buoy heading have been ordered from reputed oceanographic sensor man- ufacturers.

66 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

The present status of work includes the design of the power supplies and flash light and the selection of a suitable mooring design.

(i) Vector-averaging recording currentmeter (A. Joseph and E. Desa) (funded by Department of Ocean Development)

The design work of the instrument is in progress. The instrument is targetted for surveys in the EEZ area, and will have a depth capability of 1000 metre.

(j) Processes developed and submitted to NRDC

1. A process titled "Technical know-how documentation on Electronic Bathythermograph model NIO - EBT" by V. B. Peshwe, E. Desa, E. D'Silva and S.B. Tengali has been submitted in August, 1988.

2. A process titled "Technical know-how documentation on Wind Recorder model NIO-WR" by R.G.P. Desai, G. Vithayathil, V.N. Chodankar, E. Desa and Areef A. Sardar has been submitted in December, 1988.

3. A process titled "Technical know-how document on Automatic Weather Station model NIO-AWS" by R.G.P. Desai, G. Vitayathil, E. Desa, V.N. Chodankar and M. Surlekar has been submitted in December, 1988.

67 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

4.9 SURVEYS FOR POLYMETALUC NODULES

Compilation and processing of the data collected earlier have been carried out to understand the distribution pattern, growth rate and environment of formation of nodules.

Processing of the echosounding and side scan data collected during the past 6 years revealed the presence of numerous uncharted seamounts (1000-1600 m), abyssal hills (height 100 to 600 m) and valleys (depth upto 500 m) in the area. Morphometric and slope angle studies revealed that gentle slopes (0° to 3°) predominate the area. These results are relevant to problems related to the development of mining systems. To get more detailed picture of the bathymetry, a laboratory study was made with coaxial circular array. Highly directive beam patterns were obtained at different frequencies. Shading among different elements could be arrested in the form of multiplicative array for sidelobe supression.

The seamount topography was found to influence the abundance, chemistry and morphology of the nodules. Nodules from the seamount summit, slopes and rugged topography have high to sporadic abundance, are less spherical, have smooth surface, low oxide/nucleus ratio, low Mn/Fe, Ni and Cu in contrast to those from plains. These variable characters are related to the thickness of acoustically transparent bottom sediment layer.

The average size of the nodules range from 2-6 cm. The smaller nodules are subspheroidal to spheroidal in shape and become irregular and ellipsoidal with increase in size. The study of the internal structure reveal the presence of well developed columnar structures and higher concentration of economically important metals i.e. Ni, Cu and Mn away from the core of the nodules. Substrate of ferromanganese encrustations are chiefly made up of bioturbated pelagic claystones; mollusks and echinodermates seems to be responsible for bioturbation.

Geochemical studies of nodules reveal that the elemental variations in the nodules is directly attributed to the difference in source supply of metals to the nucleus. The higher concentration of Mn, Cu and Ni in nodules is associated with the siliceous sedimentary environments while reverse is true in the red clay sediments. Nutrient data in the sediment interstitial water, squeezed by indigenously designed squeezer, reveals the influence of early diagenetic processes. Denitrification and presence of high organic carbon are found at the intermediate depth of sediment column. Dissolved biogenic silica under an unstable bottom water condition constitutes the upward diffusive flux through the sediment column. Markov modelling studies suggest that grade does not vary over 25 km distance and atleast one third of the total explored area has nodules with a cut off grade (Ni + Cu + Co) of 2 %.

The growth rate estimation of nodules and encrustations indicated that only less than 10% of the oceanic authigenic flux of Mn and Fe is being incorporated into the nodules matrix and the growth rate of these nodules vary from 1.4 to 3.0 mm per million years. Thirty five species of ichthyoliths (microscopic skeletal debris and fishes) recovered from nuclei and substrates of nodules and encrustrations reveal that they are of Paleogene age (> 24 m. yrs.). Thus, it appears that nodule formation in the explored area had started later than 24 million years.

The software capabilities to process underway data has been consolidated. Transfer of the data generated at MECON Ranchi till 1987, has been completed successfully by establishing compatibility between (through software) Institute's Norsk Data system and MECON's UNIVAC system.

68 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

Processing and cataloguing of seabed photos from R.V. Skandi Surveyor cruises 14 to 17 were completed. Data on operations and observations from seabed photos were compiled. A scientific procedure for interpretation and cataloguing of seabed photos with software was developed and was termed as SPHINCS (Seabed Photo Interpretation and Cataloguing System). The cataloguing was done in standard format for further processing.

Magnetic lineation pattern in the central Indian Ocean has revealed the presence of a new fracture zone at 70°45'E trending N 12°. The differential offsets observed in the identified magnetic anomalies across the new fraction zone conform to the evolution of the Rodriguez Triple Junction (RTJ).

The existing box grab (spade core) which is being used for collecting undisturbed top sediment from the seabed had been modified with additional attachments for collecting bottom water sample and a sea bed photograph.

69 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

4.10 ANTARCTIC OCEANOGRAPHY

The Eighth Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica sailed off on board M.V. Thuleland from Mor- mugao Harbour on 30 November, 1988. S/Shri Prakash Marathe and R. Vijayakumar of NIO were among the members of this Expedition. The team returned on 26 March, 1989 after accomplishing the task of establishing a permanent station on hard rock at 'Maitri'. Some of the important findings of the studies undertaken during the earlier expeditions are given below :

(a) Petroleum hydrocarbons (T.W. Kureishy)

Surface sea water in the southernmost Indian Ocean showed dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons in the range 7.76-22.44 μg.Ι-1.

(b) Trace metals (T.W. Kureishy)

Trace metals concentration in the lake sediments range Ni 29-31 μg.g-1; Pb 10-12 μg.g-1; Co 23-28 μg.g-1; Cu 50-75 μg.g-1; Cd 1-2 μg.g-1

The concentration of Pb and Cd in the Penguin feathers were below the detection limit. The samples of water, zooplankton and krill are being analysed for metals.

Water samples were also analysed for major ions Ca, Mg and F. Their concentration ranges are as follows Ca 416-448 mg.kg-1; Mg 1249-1376 mg.kg-1; F 0.85-0.93m.kg-1. The fluoride concentration in the Antarctic waters is comparatively lower than that in other sea/ocean waters.

(d) Surface heat budget of the polynya in the coastal waters off Queen Maud Land, Antarctica for austral summer, 1987 (M.R. Ramesh Kumar & Y. Sadhuram)

The incoming solar radiation was found to be the most important component in the surface heat budget and its mean value for the study period was found to be 209 w/m2. The latent and sensible heat fluxes were found in opposition nearly balancing each other out. The average net heat gain over the polynya for the study period was 141 w/m 2. The heat gain in the upper 50 m of the water column is lost through advection and other interior physical processes.

(e) Heat budget of shore polynya off Dronning Maud Land Coast, Antarctica and hydrographical regime from the Dronning Maud Land Coast to 30° S, during 1988 austral summer (V. Ramesh Babu, M.S.S. Sarma & P.N. Vinayachandran) i

One of the experiments carried out during the 7th Indian Antarctic expedition was mooring of an array of currentmeters in a shore polynya off Dronning Maud Land coast of Antarctica for the first time. The currentmeters were moored for about a fortnight from 9 to 23 January, 1988. The current velocity field during January 1988 indicated a dominant mean northward flow.

The heat budget investigation of the shore polynya was also taken up. The time series surface meteorological and hydrographic data were utilised for this purpose.

70 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

The salient results show that over the polynya, the net surface heat exchange was steady with an average heat gain of about 150 w/m2 during the earlier part of austral summer while in its later part, the sea loses heat. The higher rate of heat loss in the later period of austral summer compensated the steady heat gain of preceding period resulting in a meagre seasonal heat gain of about 20 w/m2. This impeded the faster growth of polynya. The orders of seasonal heat gain and that of the heat spent for the melting of ice around polynya were comparable. The water body lost heat at an average rate of about 45 w/m2 suggesting a net heat advection out of region exporting heat around the same order as that of change in the heat content of the polynya.

The hydrographic regime from Dronning Maud Land coast to 30°S shows the presence of three dis- tinct watermasses, viz., (i) a cold and fresh surface water (< 34.5 ppt) with sinking nature around 5O°S, (ii) a warm saline surface water between 40°S and 30°S with greater vertical stability, and (iii) a deep warm and saline (< 34.5 ppt) watermass rising near 66°S. Intense vertical mixing has been inferred in the upper 300 m of the sub antarctic region. A large warm saline eddy in the upper layer with 4° north-south dimension was conspicuously present around 46°S latitude.

(f) Carbohydrate distribution (X. N. Verlencar and A. H. Parulekar)

Paniculate carbohydrate (PHCO), in the coastal ice edge and offshore waters in Antarctica during 'summer was found to vary from 67.0 to 234.2 μg. I-1 and from 43.9 to 334.5 μg. I-1 respectively. The ratio of PHCO/Chlorophyll a and PHCO/ Particulate Organic Carbon from surface upto 50 m depth decreased in offshore waters, but the same was not applicable to the coastal waters. The dissolved carbohydrate(DHCO) in the Antarctic waters varied from 0.5 to 9.6 mg.l-1

In the tropical region of the Central Bay of Bengal, the PHCO and DHCO values varied from 18.4 to 147.7 μg Ι-1 and from 0.9 to 1.55 mg.l-1 which is much lower than those of Antarctic waters. PHCO showed high correlation with chlorophyll a in Antarctic waters indicating that living phytoplankton contributed significant part of the carbohydrates.

(g) Marine biomass (A.H. Parulekar, V.K. Dhargalkar, J.I. Goes and B.S. lngole)

A comparative study on the production of krill in relation to the distribution and abundance of con- sumer species of seabirds and mammals, revealed that annual variability in sea-ice coverage, as observed during the winter of 1985, and 1986 rather than the standing crop of krill, is a limiting factor for 38 species of seabirds and 9 species of marine mammals.

(h) Primary production (P.M.A. Bhattathiri)

Diurnal variation in chl a and primary production was measured at a station in polynya. Three observations made during 24 hours showed that the surface chl a varied from 0.53 to 0.92 mgm-2 (average 0.71 mgm- 2) and column values from 10.23 to 27.47 mgm-3 (average 18.0 mgm-3). These values are almost equal to those observed in coastal waters of continents.

The surface primary production showed a variation from 25.4 to 54.9 mgCm-3d-1(average 41.7 mgCm-3d-1). The column production varied from 650 to 914 mgCm-2d-1 (average 786 mgCm-2d-1).

71 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Studies carried out on variations in chl a and primary production between lat. 70°S and 30°S showed that between 69°S chl a concentration was low which varied between 0.015 and 0.134 mg-3 (average 0.066 mgm3) at the surface and between 1.22 and 2.90 mgm-2 (average 2.32 mgm-2) in the column. In the same area primary production varied from 0.58 to 1.8 mgCm-3d-1 (average 0.88 mgCm-3d-1) at the surface and in the column from 49 to 156 mgCm-2d-1 (average 91 mgCm-2d-1). Between 50°S and 40°S chl a values varied from 0.075 to 0.159 mgm-3 (average 0.122 mgm-3) at the surface and from 6.39 to 12.14 mgm-2 (average 9.78 0 in the column. The corresponding primary production values were between 0.84 and 1.24 mgCm-3d-1 (average 0.10 mgCm-3d-1)and 65 and 106 mgCm-2d-1 (average 84 mgCm-2d-1) at the surface and column respectively. Similarly, between 4°S and 30°S chl a at the surface varied from 0.009 to 0.052 mgm-3 (average 0.028 mgm-3) and in the column from 1 to 4.68 mgm-2 (average 2.16 mgm-2) Primary production in the same area varied from 0.46 to 1.32 mgCm-3d-1(average 0.1 mgCm 3d-1) and in the column from 94 to 149 mgCm-2d-1 (average 120 mgCm-2d-1).

72 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

4.11 MARINE ARCHAEOLOGY

(Funded by the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India)

The Seventh Marine Archaeological Expedition led by Dr. S.R. Rao, resumed in December, 1988 for exploration and excavation of the submerged city of Dwarka of Mahabharata fame in the Arabian Sea. The main objective of the expedition was to train a group of young archaeologists and technicians in marine archaeology to meet the demand for trained personnel. Another objective was to map the submerged channel of the river Gomati on the banks of which the legendary city of Dwarka was built. In the earlier Expeditions the Gomati channel was traced upto 1.25 km seaward but its total width and length upto the ancient shore line in 1500 B.C. was not known. By tracing its full length, it was thought the plan of the ancient city could be ascertained. The third objective was to generate more data for determining the net rise in sea level since the time Dwarka was founded and to collect samples which may be useful in studying palaeoclimate.

Soundings were taken at regular intervals of 50 m along both the banks and across the channel upto 1.75 km. The channel was found to be 400 m wide. On its left bank there were remains of a fort wall in 3 patches as also a bastion confirming that the ancient city of Dwarka was built on wave cut benches on both the banks of Gomati. Beyond 1.75 km seaward of Samudranarayana temple no trace of structures came to light at 17 m water depth where there was only sand. The gradient of the river bed increased from 4 m to 17 m over 1.5 km suggesting that the channel was sufficiently wide and deep to carry a heavy load of water when the rainfall was much more than at present.

Photo 14 : Submerged fort wall in intertidal zone, Bet Dwarka

73 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Photo 15 : Diver plots underwater structure. Dwarka

The structures of smaller fraction of building blocks were greatly disturbed but part of a bastion and 2 walls of larger blocks were in situ although the uppermost courses were missing. Samples of sediment have been collected from the seabed and channel by carefully excavating within the caisson These samples when analysed will throw more light on the climatic condition. The in situ position of the structures suggests that the total rise in sea level during the last 3500 years may be around 12 m.

Any jetty or pier of early historic period (1st-4th century A.D.) existed closer to Samudranarayana Temple, in view of the evidence of temple construction onshore during this period was also investigated.

At the lowest low tide - 0 2 m a rock-cut channel was exposed near Samudranarayana temple and the iron hooks embedded in the wavecut bench suggest that smaller boats used this channel for transporting cargo and men from shore to large vessels and vice versa. The seventh expedition has now established that ancient Dwarka extended 1.75 km seaward of present shore line.

The antiquities recovered included pottery, 3-holed stone anchors of the type which were in use in Cyprus and Syria in 12th-14th century B.C. and two stone sculptures of early historic period. One of them is a fragment of marble statue of Vishnu holding Sankha.

Training in diving was imparted to five archaeologists during this expedition which was sponsored by Archaeological Survey of India.

A film 'Sunken City - Dwarka' has been produced by IWs Vision India in cooperation with the Marine Archaeology Unit highlighting the techniques of target search, underwater documentation and recovery of antiquities.

74 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

4.12 DATA & INFORMATION

4.12.1 Data & Information Management (R. M. S. Bhargava)

Data acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination: (J. S. Sarupria, G. V. Reddy, K. Aravind Ghosh, T. Pankajakshan and P. D. Kunte).

(a) Data acquisition

In the current year, 59 cruises data for physical, chemical, biological and geochemical parameters and inventory level data of 18 geophysical cruises for 25,000 lkm have been acquired.

The details of the data acquired are given in the following table:

Parameter No. of No. of station/ cruises line kilometre

Station data Nansen cast 10 327 MBT 24 966 XBT 2 158 CTD 2 135 Wave 11 255 Nutrient/oxygen/phosphate 7 200 Primary production and chlorophyll a 2 26 Zooplankton 5 94 Geochemical (Sedimentology) 10 375

Underway data

Navigation 18 25000 lkm Magnetics & Bathymetry 4 7906 lkm

(b) Data processing and products (i) Inventory Report: Inventory report of 13 geophysical cruises and 6480 fixes of RV. Gaveshani for the years 1983 to 1988 (upto September), has been prepared. The report contains the inventory information (navi- gational) of geophysical data including bathymetry, magnetics, seismic and side scan sonar covering approximately 26,000 lkm. It also includes the summary map of geophysical line coverage of all the 13 cruises and also the cruisewise coverage maps.

(ii) MBT Data Report: Two volumes of Mechanical BT data reports have been prepared. These contair the data collected by R.V. Gaveshani and ORV Sagar Kanya. The first volume contains the data of 40 cruises of R.V. Gaveshani for the period 1976-86 with a coverage of 944 stations. The second volume consists the date for 10 cruises of ORV Sagar Kanya with 454 stations covered during the period 1983-1986. From BT slides photographs were taken and these photographs were digitized and data base has been created. These data have gone through the newly developed quality control procedure. The BT data reports of IIOE and MBT date reports are the major data set for the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. 75 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

INODC INOOC MBT DATA MBT BANK DATA BASE

Fig. 12 : Model of quality control programme for MBT Data

(iii) Development of quality control procedure: Taking two basic standards of temperature distribution a two level quality check has been applied for the entire MBT data from surface to bottom observation. The two basic standards are the following:

(1) The characteristic property of vertical temperature profile (decrease of temperature with depth).

(2) Watermass property (less chance for an abrupt change in values of consecutive stations of a particular cruise).

The programme developed, incorporates these two standards at two different levels, namely Level-I and Level-ll as shown in Fig.12.

Also the quality flags are tagged with the temperature data records and thereby keeping quality as a characteristic of the data. The three flags, incorporated in the data base are the following:

(1) For temperature inversion - '$'

(2) For abnormal intracruise variability in control area - '@'

(3) For abnormal intracruise variability in open ocean - ' * '

These flags are also tagged with station to indicate that the station is having either inversion or abnormal intracruise variability or both without going to depth to depth values.

76 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

(iv) System for microbiological data storage: A system based on numerical coding has been developed to store the microbiological data pertaining to microbial activities, physiological groups, bacterial activities, microbial population etc. Under this system, a two digit code for identity of a record and two digit code for identity of a field for microbiological activities have been used. The system is very flexible, so that it can accommodate any microbiological analysis for future studies like microbial populations, bacteria culture, physiological groups etc. The system also identifies the types of sample used for the analysis purpose.

(v) Seasonal gaps and coverage of oceanographic studies in EEZ: A report on the seasonal data collected by R.V. Gaveshani and ORV Sagar Kanya has been prepared. From these data set, seasonal gaps for physical, chemical and biological parameters as shown in Fig. 13 has been prepared for the future planning of the cruises. Monthly coverage study shows a maximum coverage during March and June and seasonal study shows the maximum coverage during the pre-monsoon period. In all the three seasons Andaman Sea is either partially covered or not covered. Maximum gaps are noticed along the east coast during pre-and post-monsoon and along the west coast during the monsoon period. Gaps exist for biological parameters (as shown in Fig.13) on the east coast and Andaman Sea during pre- and post-monsoon and on the west coast and Andaman Sea during the monsoon period. For physical (T & S) and chemical parameters, the study shows that significant gaps exist during the pre-monsoon period followed by Andaman and partially along the west coast during the monsoon period. BT data also shows that gaps exist on the east coast and Anda- man Sea during premonsoon and partially west coast and Andaman Sea during monsoon period.

Rg. 13 : Seasonal gaps and coverage of oceanographic studies in EEZ. 77 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

(i) Development of microcomputer based online oceanographic inventory information system for station data : Oceanographic inventory information of the data collected during RV Gaveshani and ORV Sagar Kanya cruises has been organised and structured by using popular dBASE III PLUS data base package available on DCM PS/386 microcomputer working under MS DOS environment. Using BASE command level programming language, software modules were developed additionally, to support built-in capabilities of BASE III, for developing a very user-friendly online oceanographic inventory information system.

The system developed, is capable of carrying out major functions such as (1) systematic storage and management of data, (2) selection of inventory information as per user's demand, (3) preparation of catalogues and reports.

Query handling system searches and sorts the required information depending upon user's specifications (geographic area, depth, season etc.) and stores it in a new data base. Further, the system generates a TEXT FILE with INODC Cruise Nos. and INODC Station Nos. of searched data. Using Text File, data corresponding to INODC Nos. of searched data can be easily extracted from large data files available on mainframe computer.

(ii) dBase-Ill software system for management of geophysical data/information management: The functions of this package are :

(1) Cruise and fixwise editing and viewing of data.

(2) Printing cruise catalogue and fix catalogue.

(3) Retrieving selected information. (iii) BT-QC: Quality control programme for MBT data: This package flag the spurious MBT data in two different levels. Fig. 12 gives the outline of the procedures used.

(iv) CHEMER: The programme merges the chemical data format with the header information and subsequently prints the chemical data in report form.

(v) NAVCR: This programme will enable for the preparation of catalogue for geophysical cruises.

(vi) NAVFX: For preparing geophysical fixes catalogue.

fvii) BT-PRT: For merging header, information and data level information and to print the final data report.

(viii) PLOT: For plotting geophysical line and station coverage map.

78 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

Besides these, necessary help and assistance were provided to the scientists from this Institute and other organisations for processing, programming and formatting the data.

(d) Data/Information dissemination

Twenty-two major enquiries were received for data and information from Defence, State Govts., Uni- versities and various divisions of the institute for R & D work etc. Data / information were provided· either on hard copies or computer media.

79 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

4.13 PUBLICATIONS & PUBLIC RELATIONS

Publication, Information, Public Relations & Reprography (V. Kesava Das)

The main activities undertaken are as follows: (S.J.D. Varaprasad, S.R. Bhat, S.P. Sharma and R. Thomas)

Publications brought out:

- Mahasagar (quarterly journal)

- NIO Newsletter (quarterly)

- Annual Report for 1987-88

- Collected Reprints for 1985

- Cruise Reports

- Abstracts of scientific papers/thesis/reports of the NIO staff

- Information brochures

- Sales and distribution of NIO publications

(b) Information activities:

Dissemination of scientific and technical information to the user community was provided by :

- preparation and updating of various brochures on the NIO activities/achievements, etc.

- attending to the scientific/technical enquiries from research scholars, students and others

- organising important occasions like CSIR Foundation Day and National Science Day

- preparation of material for CSIR Newsletter and Annual Report

- arranging the visits of VIPs, scientists, university students and general public

- providing input for various directories

- issue and maintenance of technical and sponsored project reports of the Institute

- preparation and supply of write-ups on specific subjects on request

- collection and maintenance of press clippings on subjects of interest

- issue of press releases and publicity through mass media like press, Doordarshan, A.I.R., etc.

80 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

- preparation of exhibition materials, organization of and participation in exhibitions

- Document - A document on 'Perspective Plan for the year 2000 A.D.' was brought out.

(i) Indian Trade Exhibition at Mauritius

NIO participated in the Indian Trade Exhibition held at Moka, Mauritius from 27 August to 4 Sep- tember, 1988 organised by the Trade Fair Authority of India. NIO's exhibits were displayed as a part of the CSIR stall where exhibits on technologies developed by other CSIR laboratories were also displayed. Our items were on aquaculture, minerals from the sea, drugs from the sea, ship model, models of mooring techniques, biodeterioration of materials, etc. Apart from these, three oceanographic instruments developed at NIO viz. Automatic Weather Station, Current Meter and Electronic Bathythermograph were also displayed. About one lakh people visited the exhibition.

(ii) Indian Science Congress Exhibition

The Institute participated in the exhibition organised by CSIR at Madurai during the 76th Session of Indian Science Congress from 6-18 January, 1989 and projected the various activities through display panels, ship model, samples of polymetallic nodules, etc. Video cassettes on exploration of polymetallic nodules and Vl Expedition to Antarctica were also screened.

(iii) Exhibition organised by Science & Technology Cell of the Government of Goa

The Institute participated in the 3 days seminar-cum-exhibition on 'The role of Science and Technol- ogy in safeguarding Goa's environment' organised by the Science & Technology Cell of the Government of Goa from 21-23 December, 1988. Various exhibits such as mangrove afforestation programme, mussel culture, seaweed resources and utilisation, etc. were displayed. Publications of the Institute relating to the Goa marine environment were also displayed.

(iv) Science & Technology Exhibition at Gauri Ganj

NIO participated in the Science & Technology Exhibition demonstration campaign organised at Gaurigang, Sultanpur District, U.P. from 4 to 15 March, 1989 by displaying the models of mining ship, mussel culture, wave rider buoy, currentmeter mooring and samples of placer minerals, polymetallic nodules, corals, seaweeds, etc.

81 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

4.14 TRAINING

4.14 TRAINING (a) Training and Manpower Development (B.N. Desai and Sumitra Vijayaraghavan) The objective of the Training Division is to develop systematically trained manpower within the Insti- tute and in other organisations to meet the future demands in the emerging areas in oceanography. This was achieved through coordination with experts within the Institute as well as with other Agencies/Institutes by conducting inhouse lectures and training courses.

The details of the activities carried out by the Training Division are summarised below:

(i) Specialised lectures with the support from external and internal experts

Expert Date Topic No. of participants attended

Prof. T.S. Nagaraj, 11.5.88 Analysis of engineering behaviour of 18 Chairman, soft and sensitive soils Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

Prof. V.C. Shah, 30.5.88 1. Genetics and birth defects Director, School of Sciences, to 2. Cell division and cycle 25 Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 31.5.88

Prof. V.P. Singh, Professor of 11.7.88 Application of entropy to hydraulic 17 Civil Engineering and Coordinator, modelling Water Resources Programme, Louisana State University, U.S.A.

Dr. S.R. Rao, Head of Marine 14.7.88 Relevance of marine archaeological 40 Archaeology Unit, NIO, Goa exploration to oceanography

Prof. J.R. Isaac, Computer Centre, 15.7.88 Computer- Data, information and 25 Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay knowledge

Dr. R. Sengupta, Head, COD, NIO, Goa 18.7.88 Environmental pollution aspects 50

Dr. P.K. Das, Centre for Advancement of 22.7.88 Somali currents 40 Fluids Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi

Prof. B.L. Deekshatulu, Director, National 26.7.88 Advances in digital image processing 20 Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad

Dr. V.S. Shcherbakov, Soviet Scientist 2.8.88 Data management in National Marine 24 Geology and Geophysical Data Centre of USSR

82 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

Shri T.S. Balakrishnan, Director (Retd.), 3.8.88 Integrated interpretation of marine 25 Oil & Natural Gas Commission, to geophysical data Matunga, Bombay 4.8.88

Dr. Sitakant Ganekar, Yoga Therapist, 8.9.88 Manage the tension of life through Yoga 65 Ganekar Nursing Home, Panaji, Goa

Shri Subbiah Arunachalam, Scientist, 28.9.88 Role of access to information in 26 PiD1CSIR, New Delhi scientific research -The Indian Context

Dr. T. McClimans, Head, Research 17.10.88 1. Sea water exchange in Fjords and 30 Norwegian Hydro Technical Laboratory, to Bays Norway 18.10.88 2. Regional oceanographic circulation models

Dr. R. Mahadevan, Asst. Professor 24.11.88 Application of generalised inversion 30 Indian Institute of Technology, Madras techniques to oceanography

Dr. AJ. Probert, Senior Lecturer 9.12.88 The epidemiology of schistosomiasis 40 School of Biology, University College of and the management of the North Wales, Bangor, U.K. environment for its control

Dr. A.K Ray, Consultant & Advisor, 15.12.88 1. Airsea interaction andfeedback 32 Fundamental Research Institute, Canada to mechanism 16.12.88 2. Development of boundary layer in oceanography

Sir A.S. Laughton, Retired Director, 18.1.89 1. The Oceans: our global heritage 50 Institute of Ocean Sciences, U.K. to 2. The shape of the ocean floor 19.1.89

Dr. K.T. Sridhar, Pegasus Software, 23.1.89 1. Introduction: What is Prolog 25 Consultants, Bangalore to 2. Global satisfaction and backtracking 25.1.89 3. Lists in Prolog 4. Controlling Execution 5. Built-in Predicates & Application areas 6. Logic Programming

(ii) Training Courses organised

1. Training in Photography for Scientific Publication was conducted with the support from Photography Section of the Institute from 20-24 June, 1988. In all six participants were benefitted by this training. Two days practical training was imparted in dark room work and exposing.

83 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

2. Training for NORSK Data computer users was organised with special reference to ND 570 computer system and its familiarisation with the support from scientists from MICD from 26-29 July, 1988. The lectures were supplemented with hands-on terminal session in the afternoons.

3. The importance and application of remote sensing and its relevance to oceanography was made aware through a training programme which consisted of series of lectures and practical demonstration with the support from the scientists of Physical Oceanography Division between 8-12 August, 1988. On an average 24 scientific staff were benefitted through this course.

4. Familiarisation of CD-ROM system which facilitates retrieval of bibliography in aquatic sciences was conducted from 18 August to 1 September, 1988 with the support from Library staff. Scientists from various disciplines were exposed to the capabilities of this new facility added to our Library. 140 scientists attended this course.

5. With a view to expose the scientists for the day to day usage of computers one month training course on computer usage was organised from 2 August - 27 September, 1988. The classes were conducted by the computer experts from the Institute. The participants were drawn from scientific as well as administra- tion side and over 47 were benefitted by this course.

(iii) National Training Programme on Satellite Oceanography

A Training Programme on Satellite Oceanography was organised with support from DOD/DOS from 14 - 23 November, 1988. There were 27 participants from different Research Organisations, Universities, NTs, IMD, SAC, NPOL, ORSAC and IITM. Experts were drawn from NIO, SAC, NRSA, IMD & NNRMS. There were 27 experts and the topics covered provided basic knowledge in remote sensing, the state of art and application potential of remotely sensed oceanic data for specific R&D programmes in the Indian contexts.

Photo 16

84 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

A booklet on Satellite Oceanography Lecture notes was brought out during this Training Programme and the participants were shown ORV Sagar Kanya and briefed on the onboard facilities available.

(iv) Training rendered to outside Agencies

1. At the request from the Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad, one post-graduate in computer application was deputed to NIO from 17 May to 30th June, 1988 to carry out dissertation work. His time at the NIO was spent in developing programme in GW Basic for plotting the station position along the Indian coastline and EEZ boundary and also led to the development of an application system for Purchase and Store inventory control system using dBase III Plus commands.

2. Five Naval Officers from Indian Navy were attached to the Physical Oceanography Division for training in practical aspects of Physical Oceanography from 16-26 August, 1988. They were given series of lectures and also exposed to various facilities relating to physical oceanography processing.

3. At the request of CSIR as part of CSIR Orientation Training Course for Scientist B, seven engineers were deputed to NIO between 10-14 October, 1988 for familiarisation with the ongoing programmes of the Institute. The trainees were exposed to engineering aspects which have relevance in oceanography and also visited different divisions of the Institute to acquaint themselves with the facilities available for practical work both on land as well as at sea.

4. At the request of the Academic Staff College, Dharwad, four post-graduate students were trained with the expertise available from Physical Oceanography Division in the area of wave refraction studies between 10-25 October, 1988.

5. At the request of the Karnataka Regional Engineering College, Suratkal, three M.Tech students were deputed to carry out the dissertation in the field of ocean engineering fora period of seven months (July 1988 to January 1989).

(v) The Training Division extended facilities for training NIO Scientists at the outside Agencies/Insti- tutes

Name Course Institute Duration

Dr. S.Y.S. Singbal, Scientist Plant Instrumentation and Institute for Design of Elec- 23.5.88 E.I. (COD) Automatic Control trical Instruments, Bombay to 27.5.88

Shri G. Bannerjee, Training Programme on CSIO, Chandigarh 8.6.88 Scientist B (Planning) Financial Management to 10.6.88

Shri C.M. Dias, S.O. (F&A) -do- -do- (Accounts) -do-

Shri J. Mascarenhas, -do- -do- S.P.A. (Purchase) -do-

85 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Name Course Institute Duration

Shri M.R. Gurumurthy, Disciplinary Procedures in Hotel Mandovi, Panaji 21.9.88 SPO (Purchase) Government and Industry to 23.9.88

Shri K.R. Ramamoorthy, -do- -do- -do- S.O. (Establishment) Scientist B Orientation Shri J.H. Rodrigues, CSIR, New Delhi 29.8.88 Workshop Suptd. (MICD) Training Course to 23.9.88

Dr. TJ. Jagtap, Scientist B Quantitative Image HT, Bombay 10.10.88 (BOD) Analysis in Microscopy to 13.10.88

Shri M.P. Tapaswi, Micro CDS/ISIS (Version 2) ISI, Bangalore 10.10.88 Documentation Officer to (Library) 15.10.88

Shri R.A. Sreepada, J.T.A. Management of brackish CIFE, Bombay 4.10.88 (BOD) water fish farms to 18.10.88

Dr. Elgar D'Sa, Head, Introduction to Mathema- NAL, Bangalore 24.10.88 (MICD) tical Modelling to 29.10.88

Shri Y.V.B. Sarma, Scientist B (POD) -do- -do- -do-

Shri A. Mascarenhas, Uninterruptible power Allen Bradley, Sahibabad 28.11.88 Scientist B (MICD) supply to 2.12.88 Shri V. Ramesh Babu, Scientist 'C Orientation 2.1.89 Scientist C Training Course CSIR, New Delhi to (POD) 13.1.89

Miss Sujata Sanzgiry Scientist C -do- -do- (COD) -do- RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1988-89 N.I.O.

4.15 PLANNING 4.15 PLANNING The Planning Section has a prime responsibility of collecting and disseminating information on diverse problems related to project planning. Research programmes were formulated for the year 1988-89 alongwith the project estimates. These programmes were placed before the newly constituted Research Council for its approval. As recommended by the Research Council, Peer meetings for various disciplines were organized to formulate the VIII Five Year Plan of the Institute. From the inputs received from various Peer Groups and Pro- ject Leaders a first draft report of the VIII Five Year Plan was prepared and placed before the second meeting of the Research Council for its approval.

In the beginning of the year the funds were allocated under various sub-heads to all projects and the cost accounts were maintained for these projects to monitor the expenditure.

Using the dBase III database was created to monitor the status of purchase indents. An exercise of movement of manpower for next five years and the utilization of RV Gaveshani since its commissioning were carried out.

Monthly Summary Reports were prepared and sent to the members of Research Council and CSIR. As a part of monitoring exercise, weekly meeting of the Project Coordinators/Heads of the Divisions were organized. A close liaison was maintained with the CSIR Headquarters.

87 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

5. INTERNATIONAL/BILATERAL PROGRAMMES

(a) Indo-US Project on the 'Accelerated corrosion of metals and alloys in the marine environment'

Accelerated corrosion of stainless steel 304 were carried out in pure culture of aerobic marine bacteria (Vibrio sp.) which was isolated from microfouling material developed on aluminium panels. For assessing the pitting behaviour of metal SEM studies were carried out for the metal before and after exposure to the culture medium for different durations. It was observed that the metal suffered pitting corrosion due to bacterial action on the surfaces.

(b) Indo-US project on 'Bioactive substances from the Indian Ocean'

(i) Collection, identification and chemical ecology of marine organisms

So far 223 species of flora and fauna, from intertidal and subtidal regions of Arabian Sea, Lakshad- weep Archipelago, southeast coast and Andaman Sea have been studied. Ten new species of soft corals, gorgonians and sponges have been found. Seven new distributional records for India, have been reported. Chemical and ecological studies, pertaining to feeding, defense mechanism and breeding are in progress on Aplysia benedicti, Onchidium verraculatum, Zoanthus sp. and Amphiroa purpurascens. 45 marine microbiological isolates were used for testing the bioactivity,

(ii) Collection of marine organisms

During 1988-89 more emphasis was laid on the collection of marine organisms from the subtidal regions, mostly from Lakshadweep Islands. From the subtidal zones of Kavaratti, Agatti and Bangaram islands around 40 new and repeat samples of organisms were collected. From the intertidal zones around Goa, MaI- van and Okha 6 marine organisms were collected in bulk for detailed chemical investigations.

(iii) Chemical investigations of marine organisms

Lobophytum strictum: The soft coral collected from Lakshadweep exhibited hypotensive activity. The crude extract on exhaustive chromatography yielded six monohydroxy sterols including cholesterol and gorgosterol, besides two polyhydroxy sterols having an acetate group at C-25 position. All these sterols were initially separated on silica gel columns and finally purified by reverse phase HPLC and characterised from their NMR and mass spectral studies.

From the water soluble fraction, two amine hydrochlorides, namely, diacetoneamine and triacetoneamine hydrochlorides were isolated and characterised by spectral data (NMR, Mass and elemental analysis). Triacetoneamine is a known hypotensive agent. It has been synthesized in the laboratory for further testing. The acetoneamines were prepared by passing calculated quantities of ammonia through acetone at low temperatures.

88 INTERNATIONAL BILATERAL PROGRAMMES 1988-89 N.I.O.

Acanthus illicifolius: From the active chloroform and water soluble fractions of the seeds of this mangrove plant, "Benzoxazinoids" have been isolated and their structure was established by spectroscopic techniques and correlation with known Benzoxazinoid derivatives (2-Benzoxazolinone, dihydroxy benzoxazolinone-DIBOA- and its glucoside). Benzoxazoline-2-one is prepared in the laboratory by condensation of O-amino phenol with urea in boiling pyridine for 14 hours.

Pharmacological testing of these compounds indicated that the analgesic principle of Acanthus illicifolius is Benzoxazoline-2-one and the anti-inflammatory activity is due to DIBOA and other benzoxazinoids. Glucosides seem to be inactive.

Amphiroa fragilissima: The oxytoxic activity observed in the crude methanolic extract of the coral- line red alga Amphiroa fragilissima was located in water soluble fraction and was partly due to the presence of histamine. The histamine free water soluble fraction on further purification using reverse phase sep pack; exhibited high activity (contraction of rat uterus 120 mm/at 50 μg/ml). This active fraction on TLC indicated to contain Ninhydrin positive spots and the activity may be due to simple peptides, aminao acids or amine salts. Further purification for the isolation of active compounds is currently underway.

Acantophora spicifera: The crude methanolic extract of this red alga exhibited anti-implantation activity, which was located in chloroform and water soluble fractions.

The isolation of 5o-cholestane 3,6 dione from the active chloroform fractions has been reported earlier. This steroid was tested for biological activity and has been found to be spermicidal and antibacterial against Kelbsiella pneumonia. Besides this, another novel steroid was isolated and identified as 11 hydroxy 5o-cholestane 3,6 dione on the basis of 2D NMR studies. More of this compound is being isolated for pharmacological testing.

From the same fraction, a rare dipeptide aurantiamide and its acetate has been isolated and characterized on the basis of spectral data, confirmed by synthesis and comparison with literature values. The synthesis of aurantiamide involves condensation of S-phenylalaninol (obtained by LAH reduction of S-phenyla- laninate methyl ester hydrochloride) with N-benzoyl phenyl alanine using DCC for minimizing racemization. Diaurantiamide acetate also occurs along with aurantiamide and its acetate. Its identification was established on the basis of its polarity on TLC and spectral data. The isolation of diaurantiamide acetate is the first report of this compound from the natural source, whereas there is a solitary reference on the isolation of aurantiamide and its acetate from Piper aurantiacum.

89 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

CH2Ph CH2 ph I I ph CO.NH -C-C0NH-C-CH2 OAC I I H H

Actinopyga mauratiana (Sea cucumber from Lakshadweep): The chemical investigation of sea cucumber led to the isolation of a new glycoside for which the following tentative structure has been assigned on the basis of NMR and Mass spectral studies.

R = Sugar residue

Haliclona sp. (sponge): Several brightly coloured aromatic nitrogen containing compounds have been isolated from the sponge belonging to Haliclona sp. from Gujarat coast. The characterisation of these compounds is in progress. The crude extract of this species exhibited 75% antiviral activity in in vivo tests.

(i) Studies on air-sea interaction processes in relation to monsoon dynamics

Under the Indo-USSR bilateral programme in oceanology, a project on 'Air-sea interaction processes in relation to Monsoon Dynamics' that involves a comprehensive observational and modelling studies was started in 1988. The main goals of this project are to understand the air-sea exchange processes over Arabian Sea during the pre-onset and withdrawal phase of monsoon and to assess the impact of this exchange processes on the monsoon rainfall pattern over India through the development of coupled models. It is proposed to develop an upper ocean layer thermodynamic model to understand the thermal structure variability, mathematical model of circulation of the Arabian Sea, to study the response of the ocean te monsoon winds and mathematical models of coupled ocean and atmosphere, to understand the mutual response of the system as part of this project. USSR Vessel Akademik Korolev conducted two cruises during April-June 1988 and Indian Vessel ORV Sagar Kanya conducted one cruise during August-September 1988 in the central and western Arabian Sea to study the exchange processes at various phases of the monsoon. Preliminary analysis of the data collected during the cruise on board Sagar Kanya shows the following features:

90 INTERNATIONAL /BILATERAL PROGRAMMES 1988-89 N.I.O.

(1) The net heat gain at the sea surface is very low on account of higher evaporative heat loss from the sea which is calculated to be around 180 w/m2. (2) The geostrophic flow patterns in the upper layers of the sea indicate a general clockwise circulation in the Central Arabian Sea while near the western boundary of the study area, strong eddies with anticlockwise rotation are seen. XBT observations at 93 locations were taken on board Akademik Korolev during May-June 1988. Maps of thermal structure and heat balance parameters were constructed. The preliminary results of XBT programmes show that a zonal gradient with incidence of low values towards Somalia coast was encountered in May 1988. The dominance of anti-cyclone circulation is inferred in the area. The sea surface has a net heat loss to the atmosphere due to enhanced evaporation rates from April to May.

(ii) Mathematical modelling of climatic circulation in the Indian Ocean

Studies on the mathematical modelling of climatic circulation in the Indian Ocean have been initiated.

(iii) Trans. Indian Ocean Geo-Traverses

Two Trans Indian Ocean Geo-Traverses (TIOGT) have been identified for investigations : (1) the 3,600 km long Geo-traverse between Kathiawar Coast, India and Mombasa and (2) the 7,900 km long Geo-traverse between Australia and Madagascar. The investigations on the first Geo-traverse are carried out onboard ORV Sagar Kanya while investigations on 2nd Geo-traverse are conducted onboard the Russian Research vessels.

Russian research vessel Issledovatel carried out investigations for a period of 30 days along the Geo-traverse between Australia and Madagascar in November and December 1988 and collected underway geophysical data comprising of seismo - acoustics, gravimetry, magnetics and bathymetry both in digital and analog forms. Two Indian scientists participated in this cruise. Again Russian research vessel XVII Siez Prof- soyuzov has been cruising in the Indian Ocean for collection of geophysical data since 10th March, 1989. In the first cruise two Indian scientists have participated.

ORV Sagar Kanya carried out a cruise of 30 days from 23rd February, 1989 along the Geo-traverse between Kathiawar and Mombasa and collected gravity, magnetic and bathymetry data. Four Russian scientists participated in the cruise. A gradio-meter brought by Russian scientists was deployed in this cruise for collection of magnetic gradient data.

(d) Studies in the EEZ of Mauritius

Thermohaline circulation and watermass structure around Mauritius

Oceanographic studies of the EEZ of Mauritius show currents of speed about 35 cm/sec flowing westward in the upper 300 m. This gives rise to upwelling on the western regions of Mauritius. The presence of Antarctic intermediate waters, sub- tropical sub-surface waters, Red Sea water and Arabian Sea high salinity waters have been noticed in this region.

91 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

(e) Indo-FRG Project on the "Quaternary upwelling and climate in the Arabian Sea related to monsoon events"

Monsoon related particle fluxes to the deep Arabian Sea

Particle fluxes to the deep Arabian Sea have been collected at three locations for the third successive year using six time-series sediment traps. The samples have been analysed for total flux as well as component fluxes like carbonate, opal and lithogenic flux. In addition planktonic foraminiferal analysis has been completed for one year.

Strong seasonality has been recorded in particle fluxes at all three sites with peaks during the southwest as well as northeast monsoons. Monsoon winds appear to control particle fluxes and primary production as they show close similarity to observed wind patterns. High primary production has been related to wind induced mixed layer deepening and associated nutrient injection into the euphotic zone in the central Arabian Sea. Traps located closer to the continents also have components derived from lateral transport of material from coastal upwelling centres.

Lithogenic fluxes appear to be controlled by (i) surface circulation during the monsoons which diverts the river discharge towards the eastern part of the basin and (ii) biological process of aggregation and scavenging which micropaleontological studies have yielded 27 species of good indicator of upwelling and shows promise for studying the past intensity of the summer monsoon.

(f) UNDP-Government of India Project "Satellite data analysis for oceanographic investigation"

The project aims at establishing expertise and facilities at NIO to develop software for retrieval of oceanic parameters from satellite data and development of an underwater optical analyser - a specialised instrument for sea truth. Under this project two scientists have undergone training in satellite oceanography and image processing relevant to remote sensing studies at U.K. and two scientists in AVHRR data processing and software development for retrieval of sea surface temperature at U.S.A. for six months. Two experts from U.S.A. and U.K. visited NIO for short durations to advise on Radiometer optics.

92 ANNUAL REPORT 1988-89 N.I.O.

6. SPONSORED PROJECTS

A. Sponsored Projects

New Projects

A. Sponsored Projects New Projects 1. Feasibility studies for using seaweeds for paper making (estimated cost Rs. 3.42 lakhs) sponsored by M/s. Ballarpur Industries Ltd., New Delhi. Collection of seawsed species from different localities such as Malwan, Okha and Goa has been made. Methodology for extraction of cellulose has been standardized. 2. Studies on the nearshore circulation off Ratnagiri/Malwan coast (estimated cost Rs. 56 lakhs) sponsored by Nuclear Power Corporation, Bombay.

The aim of the project is to map the circulation pattern of the sea off Ratnagiri/Malwan to establish the mixing characteristics of the water body in relation to the temperature and density structure. The work has been started in January 1989.

3. Ecobiological characterization of the environs of the Nuclear Power Station site and bioassay tests for tolerance and lethal limits of thermal effluents (estimated cost Rs. 7.5 lakhs) sponsored by Nuclear Power Corporation, Bombay.

The objective of this work is to find out temporal and spatial variability in the ecology and biological productivity parameters and also the probable effects of thermal effluents on biota.

4. Brine shrimp Artemia culture at the sait pans in Singach, Jamnagar (estimated cost Rs. 1.56 lakhs) sponsored by M/s. Ballarpur Industries Ltd., Delhi.

This project was initiated in September, 1988 with a view to mass culturing of brine shrimp (adult biomass and cysts).

A condenser pan in the Salterns having a total area of about 90 acres was selected for this purpose. After strengthening the bunds and constructing the sluice gates, the pond was inoculated with Artemia nauplii during the first week of February 1989. Physico-chemical and limnological parameters are being monitored to achieve biomass and cyst production.

5. Present status and probable environmental impact of creating an artificial lagoon in the environs of river Sal in south Goa (estimated cost Rs. 1.61 lakhs) sponsored by M/s Leela Ventura Ltd., Bombay.

The work was completed in August, 1988 and the report was submitted to the sponsors.

6. Studies on shoreline dynamics off Agonda coast, Goa (estimated cost Rs. 78,500) sponsored by M/s Sima Group of Hotels, Bombay.

The studies pertained to examination of the nearshore environment and its suitability for water sports such as surfing, yatching, diving apart from swimming. A bathymetric survey was conducted and the nearshore wave characteristics and wave energy dissipation were studied in detail off Agonda coast, Goa.

93 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

The final report regarding the suitability and other physical parameters was submitted to the sponsors.

7. An assessment of the occurrence of marine organisms with lunar cycle off Goa waters (estimated cost Rs. 1.28 lakhs) sponsored by Council of Science, Technology and Environment, Govt. of Goa.

The objectives of this project are to study the occurrence of demersal marine organisms like, prawns, fishes, crabs, etc. in relation to lunar cycle and environmental parameters; to develop mathematical model for predicting the abundance of particular organisms in a particular season for ensuring maximum catch for fishermen; to confirm the migration of demersal animals with lunar cycle, tidal amplitude and environmental conditions.

Field observations coinciding with full moon and new moon phases have been initiated from November, 1988 and are to continue on fortnightly basis till October, 1989.

8. Directional wave measurements with WAVEC system off Karwar (estimated cost Rs. 6,94,100) sponsored by Seabird Project of Indian Navy.

The objective of the project is to collect and analyse long term directional wave data by deploying WAVEC off Karwar and estimate design parameters to assist in the design and construction of Naval harbour facilities at Karwar. The work was commenced in April '88. A detailed interim report was submitted to the sponsors in Feb. 1989.

9. Current measurements and data analysis off Karwar (estimated cost Rs. 3,72,400) sponsored by Seabird Project of the Indian Navy.

The objective of the project is to install and operate six Aanderaa self recording currentmeters and one water level recorder off Karwar in the water depths of 10 to 20 m. The current data at 4 locations and tidal data at one location have been collected for the period May-June '88. Further data at two locations will be collected. The data have been analysed and an interim report was submitted to the sponsors.

10. Collection and analysis of weather data off Karwar (estimated cost Rs. 3.44 lakhs) sponsored by Seabird Project of the Indian Navy.

The objective of the project is installation and operation of Aanderaa weather station at Belikeri, Kar- war. The weather data from April, 1988 till date was collected and analysed. An interim report was submitted to the sponsors.

11. Environmental baseline studies of the petroleum exploration licence area of the Calcutta Offshore Project (estimated cost Rs. 2.48 lakhs)

The work was undertaken at the request of ONGCs COP division to assess the current status of the environmental (physical, chemical, biological and sedimentological) parameters.This was started in the last week of March, 1988 and the report was submitted in August, 1988.

12. Examination of water quality of some springs in Goa (estimated cost Rs. 66,000) sponsored by Department of Tourism, Govt. of Goa.

The objective was to carry out chemical and mirobiological examination of waters of some selected springs in Goa to judge their water quality and to explore the feasibility to develop them into tourist spots. 94 SPONSORED PROJECTS 1988-89 N.I.O.

The field observations, collection and analysis of samples have been completed at 17 springs. The report is in the process of preparation.

13. Hydrographic survey off Thiruvottiyoor, Madras (estimated cost Rs. 6.09 lakhs) sponsored by M/s . United Breweries (UB) Petroproducts, Madras.

The objective was to collect baseline data on chemical, biological, microbiological and physical parameters near the effluent discharge site of the proposed petroproducts factory.

Out of the proposed three sets of observations in January, April and October 1989, one set of observations has already been made in January-February 1989. The chemical parameters analysed are: temperature, salinity, pH, total dissolved solids, calcium, nitrate, nitrite, total N, phosphate, silicate. Flow pattern were measured by two sets of moored currentmeter. Benthic and microbial observations were made on the beach, in the water and at the bottom.

14. Testing of AT 7 oil spill dispersant (estimated cost Rs. 20,000) sponsored by M/s J. Mehta Interna- tional Bombay.

The dispersant was tested for its stability and dispersing efficiency using different crude oils such as Bombay High crude oil, Ratna field crude oil, Heera field crude oil and Panna field crude oil. Toxicity tests of the oil dispersant and oil-dispersant mixtures were also carried out.

15. Gravity surveys on the continental shelf off Bombay coast (estimated cost Rs. 20.23 lakhs) sponsored by the Bombay Offshore Project, ONGC, Bombay.

The objective of the project was to acquire high precision gravity and bathymetric data in the Bom- bay High and adjoining areas in a 5 χ 10 km grid. During February-March 1988 about 3200 lkm of data was acquired. During October 1988 data was collected along the remaining about 3700 lkm of the grid. Preliminary study of the data indicated the presence of a very prominent free air gravity low (about -70 mgal) centered around 19°30'N and 71°10Έ which approximately coincides with the western flank of the Bomaby High structure.

16. Seabed surveys for laying of fresh water pipelines across Manori Creek Bombay (estimated cost Rs. 2 lakhs) sponsored by Metropolitan Council of Greater Bombay.

The surveys were aimed to carry out bathymetric and shallow seismic surveys in order to suggest the route for laying of pipeline. The depth in the area ranges from 0.8 m above the chart datum to 6.5 m below the chart datum. The shortest route has deeper depth and stronger currents consequently less sediments in axial part. The route, about 200 m north of ferry terminal was suggested. 17. Seabed surveys between Pirpau and Shivajinagar in Thana Creek (estimated cost Rs. 4.10 lakhs) sponsored by Coastal Surveys and Consultancy Services, Bombay.

The objective of this project is to study the seabed conditions, i.e., depth to bedrock, nature of sediments and bathymetry along the proposed gas pipeline route.

Various profiles (sectors B to D, D to E and E to G) along the alignment as well as bathymetric maps of the above sectors have already been submitted.

95 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

18. Geophysical surveys for the proposed Naval Base off Karwar, west coast of India (estimated cost Rs. 22.47 lakhs) sponsored by Seabird Project of the Indian Navy.

The objectives of this project is to carry out marine geophysical surveys comprising of echosounding, side scan sonar, shallow seismics and magnetic profiling using Miniranger position fixing system for understanding surface and subsurface geology and structural features in the project 'Seabird' area of Kar- war.

19. Studies on marine biofouling and corrosion at the Nuclear Power Station site near Ratnagiri (estimated cost Rs. 55.6 lakhs) sponsored by Nuclear Power Corporation Ltd.

In order to establish a data base on biofouling and corrosion of various materials/metals data on these aspects will be collected at the site of Nuclear Power Station near Ratnagiri. This should enable the Nuc- lear Power Corporation to take the necessary preventive measures. The work has started in March, 1989.

On-going Projects

1. Disposal of wastewater off Haldia from a petrochemical complex and environmental impact assessment (estimated cost Rs. 10.05 lakhs) sponsored by Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd., Calcutta.

Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd. which is planning a giant petrochemical complex at Haldia proposes to release the treated wastewater at a suitable location in Hooghly estuary off Haldia. The present studies in two phases were undertaken to delineate hydrodynamic characteristics, flushing rates, excursion lengths, exchange ratios dispersion potential etc. of the receiving water in order to suggest suitable mode and location of release for the treated wastewater, so that the impact on the environment will be minimum. Tidal and seasonal variability of various water quality and biological parameters were also investigated to evolve base water quality criteria for future comparisons.

Current observations were carried out at four selected locations in Hooghly estuary for two spring and two neap tides. Drogue studies were conducted four times ( 2 spring and 2 neaps) in each season. Dye studies were also undertaken in slack period in each season. Water samples were collected for studying nutrients, DO, BOD, trace metals phenolics, and petroleum hydrocarbons to establish the baseline data and to assess the impact of waste water release on the water quality and estuarine ecosystem.

B. Consultancy Projects

1. Feasibility survey for developing seafarming and mangrove afforestation in Gorai Salt Marsh, Bom- bay (estimated cost Rs. 3,375) sponsored by M/s. Spot Builders Pvt. Ltd., Bombay.

The work has been completed and report was submitted.

2. Laying of submarine pipeline at Cochin backwaters for Bharath Petroleum Corporation installations at Cochin (estimated cost Rs. 7,500)

The work has been completed.

96 SPONSORED PROJECTS 1988-89 N.I.O.

3. Feasibility of converting disused paddy fields for aquaculture on Chorao Island (estimated cost Rs.

6,000) sponsored by M/s Velhos & Filhos, Goa.

The work has been completed in December 1988.

C. Grant-in-aid projects

New Projects 1. Mapping of the mangroves along the west coast of India with the help of satellite data (estimated cost Rs. 50,000) funded by Department of Environment.

2. Survey of the breeding grounds and possibility of the larval rearing of the Horse Shoe crab under capture and culture conditions (estimated cost Rs. 3.66 lakhs) funded by Department of Ocean Development.

3. Transfer of technology of intensive polyculture in island ecosystems (estimated cost Rs. 65 lakhs) funded by Department of Ocean Development.

4. Environmental impact assessment on the mangrove ecosystem along the west coast of India (estimated cost Rs. 3.24 lakhs) funded by Department of Environment.

5. Foraminiferal variations in cores from innershelf off Karwar : a key to palaeomonsoonal variations during Holocene over Konkan coast (India) (estimated cost Rs. 0.84 lakhs) funded by the Department of Sci- ence & Technology.

On-going Projects

1. Nation-wide survey of environmental pollutants in the seas around India (estimated cost Rs. 24.45 lakhs) funded by Department of Ocean Development.

2. Self recording and transmitting tide gauges (estimated cost Rs. 3.3 lakhs) funded by Department of Science & Technology, Govt. of India.

3. Development of a Free Fall Bathythermograph (estimated cost Rs. 6.5 lakhs) funded by Department of Ocean Development.

4. Integrated data acquisition for coastal research vessel (estimated cost Rs. 20 lakhs) funded by Depart- ment of Ocean Development.

5. Wave following buoy (estimated cost Rs. 35 lakhs) funded by Department of Ocean Development.

6. Vector-averaging recording current meter (estimated cost Rs. 9.2 lakhs) funded by Department of Ocean Development.

7. Marine Fungi : role in biodeterioration, as feed for detrivores and their enzymes (estimated cost Rs. 2.06 lakhs) funded by Department of Environment.

8. Development of technology for women in the preparation of prawn (fish) feed (estimated cost Rs. 3.35 lakhsl funded by Department of Science & Technology, Govt. of India. 97 ANNUAL. REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

9. Remote sensing of oceanic parameters/features (funds received for 1988-89 Rs. 40 lakhs) funded by Department of Ocean Development.

10. Development of acoustic techniques for remote sensing of ocean acoustic tomography (funds received for 1988-89 Rs. 45 lakhs) funded by Department of Ocean Development.

11. Biochemical genetic variation in marine and estuarine population using isozymic gene frequency data (estimated cost Rs. 3.44 lakhs) funded by Department of Ocean Development.

D. Completed projects

1. Toxicological studies on marine organisms with mineral oil, oil base mud and mud cuttings sponsored by ONGC, Dehra Dun (date of completion March, 1988).

2. Ecological studies near MCF effluent outfall at Thaneerbhavi, Mangalore sponsored by M/s Manga- lore Chemical & Fertilizers Ltd., Mangalore (date of completion April, 1988).

3. Demonstration scale production of mussels and oysters by off bottom culture in Goa waters Phase Il sponsored by Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Govt. of Goa.

4. Marine study for Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Project sponsored by Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals, Bombay.

5. Disposal of dusted and scrapped salt from the tanneries into the sea sponsored by Tamil Nadu Pollu- tion Control Board.

98 ANNUAL REPORT 1988-89 N.I.O.

7. OCEANOGRAPHIC CRUISES

R.V. GAVESHANI

Cruise No. 194: Mormugao, 4.4.1988 to Mormugao, 18.4.1988.

Participants: M.V.M. Wafar (Chief Scientist), NIO-9, IISc-1, Mangalore University-1, P.R.L-1.

Area of operation: Lakshadweep Islands.

Objectives & Work done: To study nitrogen uptake in relation to primary production in different depths around Lakshadweep Islands. Studies on the effect of trace metals on photosynthesis of freshly isolated zooxanthelae of the corals and the fungi associated with the corals, coral mucus and decomposing grass leaves were also undertaken. In all ten stations were covered.

Cruise No. 195: Mormugao, 22.4.1988 to Cochin, 4.5:1988.

Participants: K.J. Peter (Chief Scientist), NIO-10, Cochin University-4.

Area of operation: South West Coast of India.

Objectives & Work done: To collect biological, physical, meteorological and chemical oceanographic data related to plankton and fish eggs and larval abundance and environmental pollution of the EEZ of the south west coast of India.

Cruise No. 196: Cochin, 6.5.1988 to Cochin, 18.5.1988.

Participants: C.B. Lalithambika Devi (Chief Scientist), NIO-4, NPOL-10, Mangalore University-2, Cochin Uni- versity-1, Indian Navy-2.

Area of operation: Off Cochin.

Objectives & Work done: To study the synoptic variability of hydrographic and propagation conditions during transition period of the monsoon in the area off Cochin. This cruise was planned under the NPOL sponsored project.

Cruise No. 197: Bombay, 4.7.1988 to Bombay, 8.7.1988.

Participants: Dr. Balasubramanyam (Chief Scientist), NPOL-10.

Area of operation: Off Bombay.

Objectives & Work done: To study the synoptic variability of hydrographic and propagation condition during south west monsoon period in Arabian Sea off Bombay. This is also a cruise planned for NPOL.

Cruise No. 198: Mormugao, 11.7.1988 to Mormugao, 18.7.1988.

Participants: N.B. Bhosale (Chief Scientist), NIO-5, Goa University-10. 99 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Area of operation: Between Malvan & Bhatkal.

Objectives & Work done: To collect data on microfouling, productivity, nutrients and plankton. The data were collected from twenty stations and the vessel covered 834 lkm between Malvan and Bhatkal.

Cruise No. 199: Visakhapatnam, 2.8.1988 to Visakhapatnam, 19.8.1988.

Participants: V.S. Rama Raju (Chief Scientist), NIO (R.C. Waltair) - 7, Andhra University-2.

Area of operation: Northern Bay of Bengal.

Objectives & Work done: To collect data on physical, chemical and surface meteorological parameters in the northern Bay of Bengal to study the coastal upwelling phenomenon. Six sections perpendicular to the shelf were worked between Visakhapatnam and Calcutta.

Cruise IVIo. 200: Visakhapatnam, 23.8.1988 to Visakhapatnam, 7.9.1988.

Participants: V.S. Rama Raju (Chief Scientist), NIO (R.C. Waltair)-6, Andhra University-3, PRL-2.

Area of operation: Bay of Bengal between Visakhapatnam and Madras.

Objectives & Work done: To study coastal upwelling by collecting data on physical, chemical and biological parameters. The data were collected from 32 stations along five perpendicular transects to the shelf covering the area between Visakhapatnam and Madras. In addition, scientists from Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad conducted experiments at 15 stations (shallow and deep) to know the distribution of radium and tritium in the Bay of Bengal.

Cruise No. 201: Visakhapatnam, 10.9.1988 to Visakhapatnam, 14.9.1988.

Participants: M.M. Malleswara Rao (Chief Scientist), NIO-1, Andhra University-18.

Area of operation: Bay of Bengal.

Objectives & Work done; This was a cruise exclusively for the work of Andhra University.

Cruise No. 202: Visakhapatnam, 26.9.1988 to Madras, 8.10.1988.

Participants: Y.K. Somayajulu (Chief Scientist), NIO-6.

Area of operation: Central Bay of Bengal.

Objectives & Work done: This cruise was organised as a part of the grant-in-aid project on ocean acoustic tomography (funded by DOD) to obtain baseline data on temperature and salinity profiles in the central Bay of Bengal. The ship covered a distance of 3125 lkm and occupied 21 stations. The vertical profiles of temperature was collected using MICOM STD.

Cruise No. 203: Madras, 11.10.1988 to Cochin, 26.10.1988.

100 OCEANOGRAPHIC CRUISES 1988-89 N.I.O.

Participants: LV. Gangadhara Rao (Chief Scientist), NIO-8, Remote Sensing Agency, Orissa-2.

Area of operation: Off the East Coast.

Objectives & Work done: To carry out sea truth measurements off the east coast of India concurrence with the flights of remote sensing air craft fitted with synthetic aperture radar. Data were collected on sea surface temperature, salinity, waves, sediment load and surface meteorological parameters. The ship covered a distance of 2800 lkm and occupied 15 stations.

Cruise No. 204: Cochin, 27.10.1988 to Cochin, 9.11.1988.

Participants: P. Haridas (Chief Scientist), NIO-9, Cochin University-2.

Area of operation: Off Cochin.

Objectives & Work done: To study the biological productivity of the waters off Cochin.

Cruise No. 205: Cochin, 15.11.1988 to Cochin, 29.11.1988.

Participants: K. Nandakumar (Chief Scientist), NIO-2, NPOL-10, IIGM, Bombay-4, Indian Navy-2.

Area of operation: Off Cochin.

Objectives & Work done: To study the synoptic variability of hydrographic and acoustic propagation conditions during transition period of the monsoon.

Cruise No. 206: Cochin, 4.12.1988 to Goa, 21.12.1988.

Participants: M.V.M. Wafar (Chief Scientist), NIO-18, PRL-2, University of Poona-1.

Area of operation: Arabian Sea.

Objectives & Work done: To study the hydrography, nutrients, biological productivity, coral fauna and marine algae of the submerged banks of the Arabian Sea. Measurements of physical, chemical and biological properties at ten stations over the banks and 9 stations outside the banks, dredging for fauna and flora on the banks and experimental studies on nitrogen recycling by coral zooxanthellae symbiosis were carried out.

Cruise No. 207: Mormugao, 28.12.1988 to Mormugao, 5.1.1989.

Participants: A.L. Paropkari (Chief Scientist), NIO-4, Mangalore University-15.

Area of operation: Between Mormugao and Kasaragod.

Objectives & Work done: To collect sediment samples from continental shelf/slope off Mormugao and Kasaragod for geological investigations of the Department of Marine Geology of Mangalore University. Sedi- ment samples were also collected for the NIO investigations. Sampling was done along almost 12V2 transects across the shelf. In all 62 sediment samples were collected. The ship cruised about 1836 lkm.

101 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Cruise No. 208: Mormugao, 10.1.1989 to Mormugao, 20.1.1989.

Participants: S.S. Sawant (Chief Scientist), Karnataka University-19.

Area of operation: Karwar waters.

Objectives & Work done: The cruise was planned at the request of Marine Biology Centre, Karnataka Univer- sity, Karwar for collection of hydrobiological data from Karwar waters and providing training to university students. Sampling was done in 8 transects across the shelf comprising of 25 stations of which 23 were in shelf waters and 2 in deeper waters off Mangalore. Sediment samples were collected for studying qualitative and quantitative aspects of benthic fauna.

Cruise No. 209: Visakhapatnam, 1.3.1989 to Visakhapatnam, 12.3.1989.

Participants: K.S.R. Murthy (Chief Scientist), NIO-12, Andhra University-2.

Area of operation: East-coast of India between Paradip and Chilka Lake.

Objectives & Work done: The cruise was undertaken to collect continuous bathymetric, magnetic and seismic profiler data to study the quaternary geology of the sediments and to delineate structural features from magnetic anomalies. Bathymetric, magnetic and seismic profiler data were collected from 14 profiles. The profiler data has recorded several sedimentary layers of Mahanadi river and magnetic anomalies over the continental shelf and slope.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY council of Scientific and Industrial Research RV. Govashanl cruise tracks Cruise No. 194 to 210 4-4-1988 to 3-4- 1989

BAY

O F A R B A B I Λ Ν

B ENGA L s ε ?

ANDAMAN IS.

Fig. 14 : RV. Gaveshani Cruise Tracks. 102 OCEANOGRAPHIC CRUISES 1988-89 N.I.O.

Cruise No. 210: Visakhapatnam, 15.3.1989 to Visakhapatnam, 3.4.1989.

Participants: Dr.T.C.S. Rao (Chief Scientist), NIO -11, Andhra University - 3.

Area of operation: East coast of India between Chilka Lake and Kakinada.

Objectives & Work done: To study the quaternary geoloyy of the sediments and the crustal structures by collecting bathymetric, magnetic and seismic profiler data. Data were collected from 34 profiles and have revealed certain interesting features such as diapheric structures, the palaeo beaches and the gas seepages. The magnetic data has recorded high amplitude anomalies over the continental shelf of Baruva coast.

ORV SAGAR KANYA

Cruise No. 40: Mormugao, 19.3.1988 to Visakhapatnam, 16.4.1988.

Participants: CS. Murty (Chief Scientist), NIO-16, NGRI-2, NPL-2, Andhra University-1, Berhampur Univer- sity-1, Institute of Ship Building Tech., Goa-1.

Area of operation: Central Bay of Bengal.

Objectives & Work done: For acoustic tomographic surveys in the central Bay of Bengal for collection of baseline information on oceanographic parameters such as temperature, salinity, sound, speed, etc. In all forty stations were covered.

Cruise No. 41. Visakhapatnam, 24.4.1988 to Madras, 16.5.1988.

Participants: S.R. Sreekumaran Nair (Chief Scientist), NIO-15, IMD-6, Goa University-2, Andhra University-1, SAC,Ahmedabad-1.

Area of operation: Andaman Islands.

Objectives & Work done: The cruise was planned for hydrocasts, productivity studies, seaweed and coral collections, diving operations, shore studies on mangroves and intertidal fauna of selected Andaman Islands. The vessel covered around 30 stations during the cruise.

Cruise No. 42: Madras, 20.5.1988 to Mormugao, 25.6.1988.

Participants: T.C.S. Rao (Chief Scientist), NIO-22, NGRI-6, PRL-1, CMC, Madras-1.

Area of operation: Bay of Bengal.

Objectives & Work done:To delineate the crustal structure and evolution of Bay of Bengal and 9O0E ridge. During the cruise 2 stations for coring and a distance of 7500 lkm were covered.

Cruise No. 43: Mormugao, 2.8.1988 to Mormugao, 14.9.1988.

Participants: D.P. Rao (Chief Scientist), NIO-10, IMD-5, Indian Navy-1, IITM, Pune-1, CMC-1, Russian scientists-3.

103 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Area of operation: Western & Central Arabian Sea.

Objectives & Work done: To study the response of the ocean and exchange of fluxes under Indo-USSR bilateral programme on "Monsoon Dynamics". During the cruise, 105 hydrographic stations were occupied which included 23 ultrasonic current meter observations and 71 radio sonde observations.

Cruise No. 44: Mormugao, 22.9.1988 to Mormugao, 1.10.1988.

Participants: Ch. Madhusudan Rao (Chief Scientist), NIO-23.

Area of operation: Arabian Sea.

Objectives & Work done: The cruise was organised for collection of core samples in the slope region and to dredge phosphorite bearing limestones. Collected interstitial waters from 3 cores in the slope region. The results indicate high nutrients in the interstitial waters on either side of oxygen minimum zone.

Cruise No. 45: Mormugao, 4.10.1988 to Mormugao, 26.10.1988.

Participants: G.C. Bhattacharya (Chief Scientist), NIO-15, ONGC-1, CMC-1.

Area of operation: West of Bombay High.

Objectives & Work done: To carry out gravity and bathymetric surveys in the west of Bombay High and adjacent areas. The studies revealed a prominent free air anomaly low centered around 19°30'N & 71°10Έ.

Cruise No. 46: Mormugao, 2.11.1988 to Mormugao, 19.11.1988.

Participants: M.V.S. Gupta (Chief Scientist), NIO-17, FRG-5.

Area of operation: Arabian Sea.

Objectives & Work done: This was an Indo-FRG cruise in the Arabian Sea for the deployment and retrieval of sediment traps in three different mooring stations.

Cruise No.47: Mormugao, 28.11.1988 to Mormugao, 23.12.1988.

Participants: S.W.A. Naqvi (Chief Scientist), NIO-14, PRL-4.

Area of operation: Arabian Sea.

Objectives & Work done: To study the chemistry of the Arabian Sea with special reference to denitrification, nitrogen oxide, metals and radio nuclides.

Cruise No. 48: Bombay, 29.12.1988 to Bombay, 14.1.1989.

Participants: Mrs. Vijayalakshmi R. Nair (Chief Scientist), NIO- 22, JNU-2.

Area of operation: Bombay High.

104 OCEANOGRAPHIC CRUISES 1988-89 N.I.O.

Objectives & Work done: To study the status of pollution around Bombay High. Zooplankton samples were collected from different stations for studies on biochemical and metal accumulation and for biomass and species composition. Water and sediment samples were collected for studies on antibacterial and +heterot- rophic activities and to determine the nutrients and metals concentrations in the sea water. Benthos and primary productivity studies were also done during this cruise.

maldev

Fig. 15 : OR. V. Sagar Kanya Cruise Tracks.

Cruise No. 49. Bombay, 20.1.1989 to Mormugao, 4.2.1989.

Participants: L.V.G. Rao (Chief Scientist), NIO-13, SAC-6, IMD-6, NPOL-1, GSI-2, Indian Navy-2.

Area of operation: Gulf of Cambay and Gulf of Kutch.

Objectives & Work done: To carry out sea truth measurements required for remote sensing studies, especially for validation of satellite imagery and software development for retrieval of oceanic parameters from remotely sensed data from the satellites like NOAA, INSAT, IRS, LANDSAT and GEOSAT. Altogether 13 stations including one in Gulf of Cambay, one in Gulf of Kutch and 7 along 69°E meridian were occupied and physical, chemical and biological oceanographic and meteorological data were collected. During the cruise, observations were carried out near Kalpeni island and sea grass and sand samples were also collected from the island shores. A total distance of about 3800 Ikm were covered during the cruise.

105 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Cruise No. 50: Mormugao, 23.2.1989 to Mormugao, 19.3.1989.

Participants: G.C. Bhattacharya (Chief Scientist), NIO-13, USSR Scientists-4, CMC Engineer-1.

Area of operation: Northern Arabian Sea and Continental margin of Eastern Africa.

Objectives & Work done: For acquisition of underway bathymetric, magnetic and gravity data along the selected traverses across the northern Arabian Sea from Indian continental margin to the continental margin of eastern Africa. During the cruise about 6500 lkm of underway data was collected. This cruise was planned as a part of the Trans Indian Ocean Geotraverse Project (TIOG). The USSR scientists collected about 5500 lkm of magnetic gradient data using gradiometer.

106 ANNUAL REPORT 1988-89 N.I.O.

8. INFRASTRUCTURE

(a) Library

(i) Collections

As on today Additions during financial year 1988-89

Books 18625 656

Technical Reports 5150 290

Journals by subscription 210 2

On exchange/gift 82

(ii) Users

Institute staff 548

Outsiders 967

Photocopies / books / Periodicals loaned to other Institutes 74

Photocopies/books/ periodicals received on loan from other institutes 142 Resource sharing between NIO and Goa University Library continued.

(iii) Following activities are continued

Computerized processing of journals subscription renewals.

Computerized literature search facility in NIO library "Oceanline" (inhouse system).

(iv) Library Services

During 1988, library published :

"Current Awareness Services Series" (1) New Arrivals - Books (Monthly) (2) -do- Technical Reports (Monthly)

Computerised literature search facility was initiated, with International Database (ASFA) using CD-ROM. Database is available from 1982. Search on this database could be made by keywords (even in title, abstract), author, Institute, area etc. Facility is being extended to institutional as well as non-institutional staff too. 107 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

(b) Workshop

The workshop contributed significantly to the various projects of the Institute. It completed various jobs ranging from fabrication of sophisticated instrument bodies to furniture requirements.

The major jobs included deep water instrument casings, front panels for equipments and mechanical hardware for inwater instrumentation. The mechanical fabrication of tidegauge assemblies for twelve currentmeters, the complete mechanical structure for three weather stations, the metal casing and the acrylic battery casing for the bathythermograph, a sediment squeezer, a laser table, holder for underwater camera and tables for optical rail were executed. The workshop also fabricated purely mechanical marine equipment such as a winch, van veen grabs and grapples.

The workshop has also contributed its services towards the new computer centre building such as the false flooring, handrail for the staircase, painting of false ceiling, A/C frames, electrical fittings, etc.

It has produced a large number of wooden cases for instruments, tables, shelves, stands, etc. besides carrying out the routine jobs of auto repairs, glass blowing and electroplating.

Printing and binding facilities were provided to the Institute's R & D work as well as for administrative work. Various jobs valued at Rs.98,000/- (approx.) were executed by this group during the year.

(d) Photography

The Photography Section has supported the R & D work of the Institute by undertaking about 520 jobs during the year costing about Rs.67,000/-. This includes copying, microfilming, photomicrographs, slide making and lamination.

(e) Drawing

The Drawing Section has completed about 418 jobs worth Rs.40,000/- (approx.) during the year.

Facilities added during the year

Computer Centre

A new computer system supplied jointly by M/s. Geco-Norway, Norsk Data-Norway, and ECIL-India was installed during July 1988. After undergoing rigid acceptance tests, the system is now under routine institutional use. The new area of seismic data processing can now be handled in-house. The new system is currently being inter-linked with the existing ND-520 system. A block diagram of the configuration of the new ND-570 system is given in Fig. 16. The main software items purchased with the system is given in the inset table of Fig. 16.

108 INFRASTRUCTURE 1988-89 N.I.O.

Fig. 16 New Norsk Data 570 Computer System

A synopsis of the usage is given below :

ND-520 ND-570

CPU time used 406.3 25.45 Terminal time 465305 Pages printed 119095 17753 The new computer building is in the last phase of completion, and the system has been shifted into the new building (Photo 17). The re-installation and commissioning is targetted for completion by the end of the year 1988-89.

Data and Information

The following micro computer systems were procured under the grant-in-aid project "Oceanog- raphic data and information management" funded by the Department of Ocean Development:

109 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

(1) DCM PS/386 Microcomputer Two (2) 2 MB RAM Two (3) 1.2 MB Floppy Drive Two (4) 40 MB Hard Disc Drive Two (5) Colour VDU One (6) Monochrome VDU One (7) 11" χ 8" Digitizer One (8) A3/A4, Colour Plotter One (9) Epson Dot Matrix Printer Two (10) Line-Drive-Receiver Pair One

Software

(1) MS DOS 3.21 (2) GW Basic (3) Kurta software for digitizer.

Photo 17 :· New Computer Building

Biological Oceanography

A computer aided HEWLETT PACKARD Microbial identification system.

Marine Corrosion & Material Research

High Performance Liquid Chromatoqraphy (Beckman) acquired.

110 ANNUAL REPORT 1988-89 N.I.O.

Physical Oceanography

(1) A mini laboratory with a few scientific equipments (Dynamic signal analyser, multi-function synth- esizer, 8- & 4- channel instrumentation tape recorder, power supply, digital oscilloscope, colour plotter, etc.) and a HCL Personal Computer with facilities for plotting was set up during October 1988.

(2) Redesigned and fabricated an acoustic noise recorder in collaboration with the Electronics Division of BARC, Bombay.

(3) A Desk-top computer HCL Busybee AT Plus.

Chemical Oceanography

Acquired one GBC 902 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer having the following units : flame atomic absorption unit, graphite furnace atomiser, printer and processor.

Geological Oceanography

(1) The Institute has acquired basic NORSEIS software package from GECO, A.S. Norway to process multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection data collected by the Institute. The package was installed on ND-570 computer at the Institute during June 1988. Around 250 line km of MCS data, collected by the Institute in the Bay of Bengal, were taken for processing using above package. The processing of around 150 lkm data have been completed and final processed section is generated for interpretation.

(2) Phillips X-Ray diffractometer.

(3) A LYOVAC GT3 lyophilizer from Leybold-Heraeus, West Germany was procured and installed.

(4) Compensated Ultrasonic Timer Technique.

A building was constructed to store the bulk seabed samples as well the underway data. The analytical instruments viz., x-ray fluorescence spectrometer and x-ray diffractometer were acquired from the funds of the Department of Ocean Development.

Regional Centre, Wartair

(1) UV - Spectrophotometer.

(2) HCL Xerox copier.

Regional Centre, Bombay

Shimadzu UV-Visible Recording Spectrophotometer Model UV-160.

Regional Centre, Cochin (1) Salinometer (2) Aandera Recording Current Meter (3) Hard Disk Drive 40 MB (4) Dot Matrik Printer 111 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Photo 18 : PMN Building

(5) Ospos Wave Recorder (6) Micrometer Theodolite (7) Incubation Chamber (8) Metlar Balance (9) Elgi Air Compressor 3 HP

Civil Engineering

The following civil work were completed during the year:

A new building for housing the computers ND 520 and ND 570.

The construction of 80 scientists apartments .

A new building for the installation of Institute's transformers.

A scooter shed with a capacity of 66 scooters.

Compound wall around the staff quarters.

Infrastructure services provided to outside organisations

Analytical facilities to (a) Bhavans College, University of Bombay, (b) Department of Chemistry, Uni- versity of Bombay, (c) Institute of Science, Bombay, (d) Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd., Bombay, (e) Ciba Geigy, Goa, (f) Hotel Cidade-de-Goa, Goa.

112 ANNUAL REPORT 1988 89 N.I.O.

9. VISITORS 1. The members of the Scientific Advisory Council to the Prime Minister visited the Institute and held discussions

2. A Soviet delegation consisting of Acad. Yanshin, Prof. O.A. Boatikov and Dr. AP. Bendick

3. Prof. Y.P. Neprochnov, Dr. L.R. Merklin and Dr. V.V. Sedov visited the Institute and delivered talks on marine geophysical aspects

4. Shri T. Borden, American Consular Officer, Bombay

5. A team of three Soviet Scientists, Dr. Vassily Lykossov, Dr. V. Zaleshy and Dr. Veniamin Perov visited the Institute and delivered talks on "Numerical simulation and mathematical modelling"

6. Hon. Smt. Kumud Ben Joshi, Governor of Andhra Pradesh

7. Prof. V. C. Shah, Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad visited the Institute and gave talks on "Genetics and human birth defects" and "Cell division and cell cycle"

8. Prof. TS. Nagaraj, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore visited and delivered a lecture on "Analysis of engineering behaviour of soft and sensitive marine soils"

9. H.E. Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo, the Governor General of Mauritius along with Lady Ringadoo

Photo 19 : H E. Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo (extreme left). Governor General of Mauritius with Lady Ringadoo at NIO. Also seen is Dr. J.S. Sastry. Dy. Director. NIO (extreme right).

10. Dr. Forry Vis from DELFT Hydraulics, Netherlands

11. Smt. Cokila Iyer, Indian High Commissioner in Seychelles

12. Shri Arne Palmkvist, Counsellor for Science and Technology, Sweedish Embassy, New Delhi

13. Dr. Yogesh Agarwal, Senior Research Scientist, Flow Research Corporation, Seattle, Washington

113 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

14. Shri J. Wheaton, Director, Chelsea Instruments, London

15. Prof. J.C. Valhotra, Dy. Director, Academy of Moscow, USSR

16. Dr. T. S. Balakrishna, Director (Retired) (Geophysics) ONGC, Bombay, visited and delivered series of lectures on marine geophysics

17. Dr. V. S. Shcherbakov, General Director (Southsea- Geology), USSR Ministry of Geology visited twice in connection with the Indo-USSR Programme in Oceanography

18. Dr. V.P. Popov, Chief of Expeditions (Southsea - Geology), USSR Ministry of Geology visited in connection with the Indo-Soviet working group on the cooperation in oceanology

19. Shri P. Mahapatra, General Manager and Shri R. Nath, Deputy General Manager (ONGC) India

20. Sir Anthony Langhton, Director (Retired), Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, U.K.

21. Shri T.R. Varadarajan, Managing Director, Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation, Bombay

22. Shri Sorat Raut, Minister of State for Science, Orissa

23. Hon. Madu Murlidar DuIIo, Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Resources of Mauritius

24. Dr. A.E. Greene, Director de Recherche, CNRS, Grenoble University, Grenoble, France visited the Institute and held discussions with the scientific group involved in the project 'Bioactive substances from sea'

25. Smt. Birgit Haake, Visiting Scientist, University of Hamburg, FRG visited the Institute under the Indo-FRG collaborative project.

At Regional Centre, Bombay

26. Shri Hans Fischer, President, Hydro-Bios, Apparatebau GmbH, Kiel, West Germany

27. Dr. AJ. Ellis, Director General, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Zealand

At Regional Centre, Cochin

28. Sir Anthony and Lady Langhton, Forrner Director, Institute of Oceanographic Science, Wormley, Sur- rey, U.K.

29. Dr. M. R. Preston, Oceanographic Laboratories, Earth Science Department, Liverpool University, Liverpool, U.K.

30. Prof. Dr. JJ. Zijlstra, Director, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, The Netherlands

31. Dr. Jan H. Stel, Director, Koningin, Sopheistraat, The Netherlands

32. Dr. Zj CE. van Weering, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, The Netherlands 114. ANNUAL REPORT 1988-89 N.I.O.

10. AWARDS, HONOURS AND MEMBERSHIPS

Dr. B.N. Desai Fellow, National Academy of Sciences Member, Board of Studies in Applied Biology, Bombay University Member, Society for Offshore Engineering & Underwater Technology of India, Bombay (Ex. Comm.) Member, Indian Fisheries Association, Bombay (Ex. Comm.) Member, Board of Studies in Environmental Pollution, Bombay University Member, Research Advisory Council and the Dept. of Environment, Govt. of India. Indian Delegate to International Oceanographic Commission Paris Chairman, Managing Committee of CTAF, CSIR, New Delhi Member, Award Committee on Antarctic Expedition Member, Marine Research Development Fund, New Delhi Invited Member, Ocean Science and Technology Board, New Delhi National Project Director, UNDP Project on "Satellite Data Analysis for Oceanographic Investiga- tions" Member, Scientific Advisory Committee, IIT, Delhi Vice President, Society of Biosciences, Muzaffarnagar, UP Member, Planning Board, Govt. of Goa Member, State Council of Technical Education for the State of Goa Member, Ecodevelopment Council, Govt. of Goa Vice President, Indian Association of Limnology and Oceanography, New Delhi Member, Award Committee on Antarctic Vigyan Award and Antarctic Veerta Award Member, Independent Antarctic Study Group Member, Board of Studies in Marine Living Resources, Andhra University Life Fellow, Ultrasonic Society of India, New Delhi Member, Working Group of Fisheries for the formulation of the Eighth Five Year Plan Member, National Committee on Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research Member, Academic Council, Cochin University of Science & Technology, Cochin Member, Review Committee on IITM, Pune Fellow, Indian Geophysical Union, Hyderabad

Dr. J.S. Sastry Member, Working Group 47, Mixed Layer of the Indian Ocean Studies Member, SCOR Working Group on Equatorial Upwelling Member, Board of Studies, Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, University of Andhra and Cochin Chairman, Indian National Committee on SCOR President, Indian Society for Physical Sciences of the Ocean

Dr. D.P. Rao Member, Indian Society for Physical Sciences of the Ocean Ph.D. Adjudicator of Andhra University

115 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Shri CK. Gopinathan Member, Solar Energy Society of India Member, American Geophysical Union Member, Indian Society for Physical Sciences of the Oceans

Shri G. Narayana Swamy Secretary, Managing Committee, Indian Society for Physical Sciences of the Ocean

Dr. S.R. Shetye Fellow, Indian Geophysical Union Member, Working Group C-MMACS (CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simu- lation, Bangalore) Member-Secretary, Task Team for Studies on Sea Level Rise due to Greenhouse Effect, Ministry of Environment & Forests, New Delhi Member, Board of Studies of Mathematics, Goa University

Dr. N. Bahulayan Member, Indian Science Congress Association Member, Indian Society for Physical Sciences of the Ocean Member, Board of Examiners for evaluation of Ph.D. Thesis, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin

Dr. MK. Antony External Examiner for evaluation of M.F.Sc. thesis of University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore

Dr. R. Sen Gupta Chairman, Technical Committee of the Goa State Pollution Control Board.

Dr. M. Dileep Kumar Won the CSIR Young Scientist Award in Earth Sciences for 1987-88 for his work on chemical modelling on marine systems with regard to the controlling of concentrations of elements in seawater.

Dr. D. Gopala Rao Elected Life Member of the Geological Society of India, Bangalore Life Member, Association of Exploration Geophysicists, Hyderabad Fellow, Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists, Goa

Shri G.C. Bhattacharya Elected Life Member of the Geological Society of India, Bangalore Life Member Association of Exploration Geophysicists, Hyderabad Fellow, Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists, Goa

116 AWARDS. HONOURS & MEMBERSHIPS 1988-89 N.I.O.

Shri L.V. Subba Raju Fellow, Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists, Goa

Shri M.V. Ramana Elected Life Member of the Geological Society of India, Bangalore Life Member, Association of Exploration Geophysicists, Hyderabad Fellow, Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists, Goa

Shri V. Subrahmanyam Elected Life Member of the Geological Society of India, Bangalore Life Member, Association of Exploration Geophysicists, Hyderabad Fellow, Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists, Goa

Shri A.K. Chaubey Elected Life Member of the Geological Society of India, Bangalore Life Member, Association of Exploration Geophysicists, Hyderabad Fellow, Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists, Goa

Shri K. Sree Krishna Elected Life Member of the Geological Society of India, Bangalore Life Member, Association of Exploration Geophysicists, Hyderabad Fellow, Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists, Goa

Shri M.C. Pathak Fellow, Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists, Goa Fellow, Indian Association for Limnology and Oceanography, New Delhi Associate Member, Institution of Marine Technologists, Bombay

Shri K.L. Kotnala Fellow, Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists, Goa

Dr. Rajiv Nigam Elected Life Member, Paleontological Society of India, Lucknow Elected Fellow, Indian Association for Limnology and Oceanography, New Delhi Joint Secretary, Task Force on Sea Level Changes, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of India, New Delhi

Shri M. Sudhakar Member, Mining, Geological and Metallurgical Society of India Fellow of Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists, Goa Fellow of Geological Society of India, Bangalore

117 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Shri S.M. Gupta Fellow, Paleontologicai Society of India, Lucknow Member, Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists, Goa Member, International Association of Radiolarian Workers (INTERRAD), West Germany

Shri B. Nagendernath Member, Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists, Goa

Dr. R. Mukhopadhyay Member, International Marine Minerals Society, USA Member, Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists, Goa

Shri Sridhar D. Iyer Fellow, Geological Society of India, Bangalore

Shri K.A. Kamesh Raju Fellow, Geological Society of India, Bangalore Member, Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists, Goa Member, Association of Exploration Geophysicists, Hyderabad

Shri T. Ram Prasad Fellow, Geological Society of India, Bangalore Member, Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists, Goa Member, Association of Exploration Geophysicists, Hyderabad

Shri R.K. Sharma Member, Indian Society of Engineering Geologists, Kanpur

Dr. S.M. Karisiddiah Fellow, Geological Society of India, Bangalore Member, Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists, Goa

Dr. A.H. Parulekar Chairman, Evaluation Committee for Marine Parks and Sanctuaries, Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India Member, Task Force on Marine Fisheries, Dept. of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Govt. of India Member, Steering Group on Antarctic Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Member, Task Force on Living Resources and Antarctic Fisheries under Indo-US Collaboration, Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India Member, Council of Science, Technology and Environment, Govt. of Goa Member, Board of Studies in Marine Biotechnology, Goa University Coordinator, VIII Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica, Dept. of Ocean Development, Govt. of India.

118 AWARDS, HONOURS & MEMBERSHIPS 1988-89 N.I.O.

Dr. A.G. Untawale Member, International Society for Ecology Member, State Level Mangrove Committee, Goa Government Member, State Level Mangrove Committee, Karnataka Govt Member, State Level Mangrove Committee, Maharashtra Govt.

Dr. V.P. Devassy Member, Indian Association for Limnology and Oceanography Ph.D. Adjudicator, Cochin University of Science and Technology Ph.D. Adjudicator, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore

Dr. D. Chandramohan Member, Interdisciplinary Committee, World Cultural Council, Monterrey, Mexico. Member, Board of Studies in Marine Biotechnology/Microbiology, Goa and Jabalpur Universities

Dr. M. Madhupratap Founder Member, World Association of Copepodologists, London Founder Member, Foundation : Stitching International Conferences on Pelagic Biogeography, Amsterdam Member, Plankton Society of Japan, Tokyo

Dr. Joseph P. Royan Member, World Aquaculture Society, USA

Dr. V.K. Dhargalkar Member, Technical Committee for 1st 3 day international match between Newzealand v/s Tamil Nadu, held at Panjim from 19-21 November, 1988 Coordinator, Antarctic Study Centre of DOD

Dr. B.U.Nayak Fellow, Institution of Engineers, India Member, ACRD for Coastal Erosion and Tidal Hydraulics, Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi Member, National Society of Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power Member, Indian Geotechnical Society Member, Technical Subcommittee on Coastal Erosion, Government of Karnataka Member, Technical Advisory Committee for Flood Control, Drainage and Anti-sea Erosion Measures, Govt. of Goa Daman and Diu Member, Adhoc Panel for Ocean Engineering Structures, Indian Standards Institution, New Delhi

Dr. P. Chandramohan Member, Institution of Engineers, India

Dr. E. Desa Member, Working Group on Meteorology, constituted by Planning Commission

119 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Shri M.R. Nayak Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Coastal Research, USA

Dr. A.B. Wagh Member, Society of Bio-sciences Member, Affiliation Enquiry Committee, Goa University Member, Board of Studies for Naval Academy, INS Mandovi, Goa University Member, Board of Studies in Zoology, Goa University Member, Expert Group on Water Transport in India (Scientific Advisory Committee to the Prime Minister)

Dr. S. G. Dalal Member, Society of R&D Managers of India Member, Network of Tropical Fisheries Scientists, Philippines Member, Society of Planning, Research & Development, New Delhi

Shri J.S. Sarupria National Co-ordinator of IODE/IOC for International Oceanographic Data Exchange Member of IODE/IOC (UNESCO) Task Team on RNODCs and Climate Data Services Member of Computer Society of India

Shri P.D. Kunte Life Member of International Aerospace Survey and Earth Science, the Netherlands

Dr. M.D. Zingde Member-Secretary, Expert Committee for Oceanographic Survey, Island Development Author- ity, Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi Expert, Marine Research Development Fund, Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi Member, Advisor Committee in the preparation of Syllabus on Vocational Education in Fisheries for VIII to X standards in Lakshadweep, Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi Life Member, Society of Biosciences, Muzaffarnagar Member, Management Committee of CSIR Transit Accommodation Facility, Bombay Member, Working Group on Ports - Formulation of 8th Five Year Plan

Dr.(Smt.) Vijayalakshmi R. Nair Member, The Oceanography Society, Washington, USA Editor, Journal of the Indian Fisheries Association, Bombay

Dr. A.N.Kadam Member, Indian Association for Water Pollution Control, Nagpur Member, Indian Society of Analytical Scientists, Bombay

120 AWARDS. HONOURS & MEMBERSHIPS 1988-89 N.I.O.

Dr. U.K. Gopalan Member, Kerala State Fisheries Advisory Board Member, Bombay Natural History Society Member, Task Force on Fisheries, Kerala State Planning Board Vice President, Friends of Trees, Cochin Chapter

Dr. (Smt.) CB. Lalithambika Devi Life Member, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines Life Member, Agri-Horticultural Society Member, Theosophical Society

Dr. K.K.C. Nair Member, The Kerala Academy of Biology

Dr. V.T. Paulinose Life Member of the Asian Fisheries Society

Shri N. Prabhakaran Member, Indian Science Congress Association

Smt. P.P. Meenakshi Kunjamma Life Member of Marine Biological Association of India Member of the World Association of Copepodologists

Dr.(Smt.) Ranu Gupta Member, Indian Science Congress Association

Smt. Rosamma Stephen Member, World Association of Copepodologists

Dr. V.N. Sankaranarayanan Member of the Advisory Committee on Oceanography of the State Committee of Encyc- lopaedia

Dr. T.C.S. Rao

Member, Advisory Committee, Centre for Ocean Sciences, Andhra University Member, Advisory Committee, Centre for Marine Archaeological Studies

Dr. V.V. Sarma Has been recognised as Research Guide by Andhra University

121 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Dr. K.S.R. Murthy Member, Indian Geophysical Union Member, Association of Exploration Geophysicists Member, Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists

Shri A.S. Subrahmanyam Member, Indian Geophysical Union Member, Association of Exploration Geophysicists Member, Indian Association of Marine Geoscientists

Awards of Ph.D./Others

Name Title of the Thesis University Guide(s) Year

Ph.D.

S.P. Fondekar Studies on petroleum hydro- Bombay Dr. R. Sen Gupta 1988 carbons in the marine environ- University ment around India

Jayasree Ghosh Eco-biology and chemistry of Andhra Dr. R. Sen Gupta & 1988 Holothuria leucospilota Dr. P.V. Bava- (Brandt) from the Central west narayana coast of India K.K.C. Nair Studies on the Hyperiid Amphi- Kerala Dr. S.Z. Qasim 1988 pods of the Indian Ocean University

CB. LalithambikaDevi Studies on the flat fish larvae of Kerala Dr. N. Balakrishnan 1988 the Indian Ocean University Nair

M.V.S. Guptha Calcareous nannoplankton from Andhra Dr. H.N.Siddiquie& 1988 the quaternary sediment of the University Prof. M. Subba Rao Western Indian Ocean

Les formations volcano-sediment Perpignan 1988 A. Mascarenhas aries de Ia marge de Ia Guade University loupe (Petites Amtilles): Etudes mineralogique et geochimique

Studies on zooplankton with Karnataka Dr.A.B.Wagh K.L Bhat special reference to biofoul- University 1988 ing from the offshore region of Arabian Sea

Studies on biofouling in the off- Bombay Dr.A.B.Wagh V.P. Venugopal shore waters of Arabian Sea University 1988 122 AWARDS, HONOURS & MEMBERSHIPS 1988-89 N.I.O.

Name Title of the Thesis University Guide(s) Year

P. Jauhari Environment of formation of Kumaun Prof. KS. Valdiya & 1988 polymetallic nodules from the University Dr. H.N.Siddiquie Indian Ocean

R. Mukhopadhyay Morphological and geochemical Calcutta Dr. A.K.Ghosh 1988 studies of polymetallic nodules University from four sectors in the central Indian Ocean Basin between 11°S and 16° S latitudes

P.Chandramohan Longshore sediment transport HT Madras Dr. B.U. Nayak & 1988 model with particular reference Dr. V.S. Raju to Indian coast

MSc.

The suitability of tropical marine Newcastle Dr.Barbara 1988 Amal Jayakumar bivalvels and corals as indicators upon Tyne E. Brown of heavy metals University

Nearshore circulation at some Bombay 1988 V. Krishna Kumar selected places of the coast of University Goa

Cochin Dr. P.G. Kurup 1988 Abraham Pylee University M.A.

Swarnakumari Pillai Mysore 1988 University

K.E. Thampi Kerala 1988 University ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

11. DEPUTATIONS

Name Venue Duration Purpose

1. Dr. B.N. Desai Pakistan 27 June to First Session of the IOC 7JuIy, 1988 Regional Committee for Central Indian Ocean

-do- Federal Republic of 26 August to Indo-FRG Workshop on Germany 2 Sept., 1988 Marine Research and Marine Technology -do- 26 Sept. to To participate in the Indo- FRG Working Group Meet- -do- 5 Oct., 1988 ing on Marine Sciences

-do- 24 to 25 To discuss on the proposed U.K. Sept., 1988 Oceanographic Resource Assessment of the Common- wealth Caribbean States

2. Shri Eurico J. D'sa Federal Republic of June 1987 to DAAD German Fellowship Germany Nov., 1988

3. Shri Amal Jayakumar U.K. Sept., 1987 to For M.Sc. course in Tropical Sept., 1988 Coastal Management at the University of Newcastle- upon-Tyne, U.K.

4. Shri T. Suresh Norway 21 Jan. to Hardware training on ND 30 May, 1988 570 Computer System

5. Dr. U. Goswami Japan April to Investigations on Chro- Sept., 1988 mosomal engineering in marine bivalve molluscs

6. Shri V. Ramaswamy Federal Republic of 1to31 For analysis of sediment trap Germany May, 1988 material collected during joint Indo-FRG cruises

7. Shri M.R. Ramesh Kumar & U.K. 16 May to Training Course in 'Satellite Shri K. Santanam 14 Nov., 1988 Oceanography'

8. Dr. S.R. Shetye Moscow 23 to 27 To attend Indo-Soviet May, 1988 seminar on Computing Mechanics and Mathe- matical Modelling

124 DEPUTATIONS 1988-89 N.I.O.

Name Venue Duration Purpose

9. Dr. K. Govindan Finland & Sweden 29 May to To undergo training in 4 Oct., 1988 Liquid Scintillation Counter (LKB)

To visit Swedish Environ- mental Research Institute (IVLI

10. Shri T. Pankajakshan Bangladesh 11 to 26 Training course on satellite June, 1988

11. Shri V. Ramesh Babu & Singapore 12 to 17 June To attend 46th Cruise of Shri V.V. Gopalakrishna 1988 USSR Research ship Akademik Korolev

12. Shri V. Kesava Das Mauritius 26 Aug. to To participate in the 7 Sept., 1988 Indian Trade Exhibition

U.S.S.R. 7 July to 5 INDO-USSR integrated 13. Dr. T.C.S. Rao August, 1988 long-term programme of co-operation in Science & Technology

Federal Republic of 19 to 26 To attend First Conference 14. Shri. Shyam M. Gupta Germany July, 1988 of International Radiolarian Paleontologists Association

Australia 8 to 12 To participate in the 6th 15. Dr. M.V.M. Wafar August, 1988 International coral reef symposium

16. Dr. R. Sengupta Mexico and U.S.A. 19 Aug. to To attend Joint Oceano- 2 Sept., 1988 graphic Assembly of the SCOR and to discuss Indo-US Collaborative Project at Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken

17. Dr. S.S.C. Shenoi & U.S.A. 29 Aug., 1988 Training on 'AVHRR data Shri A.M. Almeida to processing and software 28 Feb., 1989 development'

18. Shri V. Purnachandra Rao U.K. 5 to 12 To attend Xl Conference Sept., 1988 of International Geological Correlation Program - Project-156, Phosphorites

125 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Name Venue Duration Purpose

Shri. V. Purnachandra Rao France 12 to 19 As visiting Scientist to work Sept., 1988 on phosphorites in the University of Rouen

19. Dr. D. Chandramohan U.S.A. 12 to 15 Training on software appli- Sept., 1988 cations of computerised microbial identification system

20. Shri R.R. Nair Federal Republic of 15 Sept. to Under the Indo-FRG Pro- Germany 15 Oct., 1988 ject on Marine Geology of Germany and Oceanography

21. Dr. S.R. Shetye & Dr. M.D. Zingde Federal Republic 26 Sept. to Indo-FRG Workshop on of Germany 4 Oct., 1988 Marine Research and Technology

22. Shri P. Vethamony Italy 26 Sept. to To attend the course on 28 Oct., 1988 Ocean Waves and Tides'

23. Dr.A.B.Wagh Federal Republic of 26 Sept., to Indo-FRG Workshop on Germany Marine Research and Technology 4 Oct., 1988 24. Shri B. Vijay Kumar U.K. M.Sc. Course in the sea use and marine policy October, 1988 25. Shri G.S. Michael & Shri D. Sundar France Training on 'TOVS data processing and software 6 Oct., 1988 to development' 5 April, 1989 26. Dr. S.R. Rao October 1988 To deliver Lectures on (1) Marine Archaeology in India at Institute of U.S.A. Archaeology, Los Angeles, (2) Indus Civilization and Script at State University of New York

27. Shri L.V. Subba Raju & 1 Nov. to To participate in the cruise Shri M.V. Ramana 8 Dec, 1988 of Russian Research Vessel R/V Issledovatel under Singapore Indo-Collaborative Programme

126 DEPUTATIONS 1988-89 N.I.O.

Name Venue Duration Purpose

28 Shri P.S.N. Murty & Dr. D. Gopala U.S.S.R. 1 to 15 Discussions on cruise plans Rao Dec, 1988 with Soviet Experts working for the project TIOG

29 Smt. Analia Mesquita Australia 5 to 16 To attend a workshop on Dec,1988 the Analysis of Heavy Metals in Marine Samples - Valida- tion and Quality Assurance

30 Dr. D.V. Borole Federal Republic of 18 Jan., 1989 To work on stable isotopes at Germany 18 Jan., 1990 the Alfred Wegner Institute

31 Shri G.V. Reddy U.S.A. 22 to 26 To participate and present Jan., 1989 a paper entitled "Present Status of Oceanographic Studies and Characteristics of the EEZ of India" at the International Conference on the EEZ Resources: Technology Assessment

32 Shri A.D. Gouveia Canada 23 Jan. to Training on 'CZCS data 22 JuIy, 1989 processing and software development'

33 Shri S.S. Bhat The Netherlands 19 to 23 To participate and present March, 1989 a paper at the 8th Inter- national Conference on Off- shore Mechanics & Arctic Engineering

127 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

12. WORKSHOPS/SEMINARS/SYMPOSIA ORGANISED AT NIO

(a) Pan-Indian Terminology Workshop

NIO hosted a workshop on Pan-Indian Terminology of Oceanographic terms from 9 to 15 June, 1988 under the auspices of the Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology (CSTT), Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. The workshop was inaugurated on 9th June by Prof. Suraj Bhan Singh, Chairman, CSTT and the function was presided over by Dr. J.S. Sastry, Dy. Director of NIO. Six scientists from NIO and 12 experts from different linguistic regions participated in the workshop.

The CSTT has in the first instance identified 1000 oceanographic terms and the experts have discussed and deliberated to evolve more than 300 Pan-Indian terms in oceanography which are acceptable in most of the Indian languages. However, the terms which have gained international currency are also being accepted as such.

The concluding session, presided over by Dr. B.N. Desai, Director, NIO, finalised and recommended the Pan-Indian equivalents of oceanographic terms. These would be published in a booklet form and distributed for extensive use.

(b) Workshop on Piant Sciences

The Third Group Monitoring Workshop on DST Funded Projects in Plant Sciences was held at NIO, Goa from 27 to 29 September, 1988. The objective of the workshop was to assess the overall impact of DST's research support and to monitor progress of each project on Plant Sciences. Besides six DST representatives and ten experts, 39 scientists participated in the workshop. The deliberations were held in six technical sessions. There were 18 oral presentations and 9 presentations by posters and three talks were delivered by special invitees. Twenty five projects in the fields of tissue culture, plant physiology & biochemistry, microbiology, algology, mycology & plant pathology and anatomy & cytology were discussed.

Dr. R. Sen Gupta, Deputy Director, NIO inaugurated the Workshop.

The new ocean regime established by the united Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, has assigned much of the world ocean to the Exclusive Economic Zone of maritime nations where they have jurisdiction over the exploration and exploitation of the resources. India's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers an area about 2 million sq. km. In India, oceanographic research gained momentum in 1960s when the International Indian Ocean Expedition was launched. Since then, the oceanographic studies have led to the understanding of some of the complexities of the seas around India. However, the studies in the EEZ have been identified as the Thrust Area in Oceanography since 1987.

In order to have an integrated national approach towards R & D efforts in the EEZ of India, a National Workshop on Oceanography of EEZ was organised at NIO, Goa during 25-26 October, 1988 with the following objectives :

128 WORKSHOPS/SEMINARS/SYMPOSIA ORGANISED AT NIO 1988-89 N.I.O.

Critical evaluation (and potential application) oi the data so far collected and methodology adopted in the past study of the EEZ of India

Identification of bottlenecks in EEZ research

Identification of thrust areas and setting short-term and long-term goals

Selecting the strategies for future study of the EEZ

Assessment of the resources expected from our EEZ

Photo 20 : Dr S.Z. Qasim delivering the inaugural address

The Workshop was inaugurated by Dr. S.Z. Qasim, Secretary, Department of Ocean Development, Govt. of India. It was conducted in four sessions and there were about 70 participants. In the concluding session, the following recommendations were adopted :

(1) A programme on detailed studies on the estuarine and nearshore dynamics need to be included

(2) A multidisciplinary programme on the coastal zone management to be evolved

(3) There should be a multidisciplinary approach in the studies on biological processes

(4) It is necessary to augment modelling efforts

(5) There should be more calibration and inter-calibration exercises in standardising measurements of various products

(6) There is a need to regulate the human activities and exploitation of resources in the coastal zone 129 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

(7) New techniques like remote sensing, acoustic tomography, etc. should be adopted to understand space-time variability of oceanic features

(d) Workshop on Sea Level Rise Due to Greenhouse Effect: Implications for India

A Workshop on Sea Level Rise Due to Greenhouse Effect : Implications for India was organised at NIO on October 27, 1988 at the request of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. The objectives of this workshop were : (1) to examine the implications of the sea level rise and (2) to prepare research plan to address issues related to the sea level rise.

The workshop was attended by 70 participants comprising of scientists, engineers, academics and representatives of ministries and government departments. During the deliberations, the results of ongoing research on sea level and the research proposals were discussed. In the concluding session issues related to the formulation of a research plan were discussed and it was recommended to carry out studies to :

(1) Assess the implications of the sea level rise to the coastal region and to the islands of India

(2) Collect high quality data to monitor our environment

(3) Improve our understanding of what happened when the sea level rose in the past

Dr. S.Z. Qasim delivering the inaugural address. Seated on the dias are (from left) Dr B.N. Desai, Director, Shri K. Madhava Sharma, Jt. Secretary, Dept of Environment, Govt. of India and Dr. J.S. Sastry, Dy. Director, NIO. In order to decide on the specific actions that need to be taken concerning the above and to monitor the future activities, the workshop also recommended setting up a "Task Force" of representatives of con- cerned institutions around the country. Further, it was strongly recommended that India should actively par- 130 WORKSHOPS/SEMINARS/SYMPOSIA ORGANISED AT NIO 1988 89 N.I.O.

ticipate in the global research programmes, such as the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) which are meant to address the issues of concern to the problem of the greenhouse effect.

(e) Seminar on Management of Aquatic Ecosystems

A three day (9-11 December, 1988) seminar on the Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, under the auspices of Society of Biosciences, India, was organised at NIO, Goa. Dr. B.N. Desai, Director, NIO and Vice-President, Society of Biosciences, India, delivered a welcome address while Dr. V.V.R. Varadachari, Emeritus Scientist (CSIRl & Former Director, NIO, inaugurated the seminar. Dr. V.P. Agarwal, Secretary-Gen- eral, Society of Biosciences, India, presented the reports and also announced the awards for young scientist and best scientific paper.

Dr. B.N. Desai welcoming the gatnering.

Dr. AJ. Probert, from University of North Wales, U.K. delivered a special talk on the "Ecology and Pathogenicity of Giardia Infection". Plenary lectures were delivered by Dr. Ram Prakash on "Factors involved in the toxicity of xenobiotics", Shri Dinesh Garg on "Changes in the population of phyto, zooplankton and physico-chemical factors in relation to pollution"; Dr. P. Murlimohan on "Role of neurotransmitters in the estivating snail, PiIa gibbosa" and Dr. R. Sen Gupta on "Status and problems of marine environment of India". A few papers covering various aspects of ecology, systematics, toxicology and pollution, were presented and discussed.

(f) Indo-USSR Joint Working Group on Oceanology

The second meeting of the Indo-USSR Joint Working Group on Oceanology was held at MIO, Goa from 23-27 January, 1989 to review the progress of implementation of all the five projects identified for co-operation during 1987-88 and also to finalise fresh work plans for the year 1989-90. The seven member USSR

131 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

delegation was led by Dr. B.J. Imerikov, Head of the Department of the Problems of World Oceans, USSR State Committee for Science & Technology. The Indian delegation comprising project leaders and senior scientists associated with various projects was led by Dr. B.N. Desai, Director, NIO.

Dr. Desai gave a brief review of the progress of implementation of various projects during 1987-88. Both the sides presented the details of work carried out by them on various projects during 1987-88 and the proposed work for 1989-90. The projects discussed were : (1) Air-sea interaction processes in relation to monsoon dynamics, (2) Space-time variability of equatorial currents, (3) Trans-Indian Ocean geotraverse, (4) Analysis of ecosystem and fundamental research in the equatorial Indian Ocean and (5) The study of Geology and metallogeny of ridges of Indian Ocean with submersibles. In the end the delegates finalised the joint work plans for 1989-90 in respect of all the five projects and the Aide-Memoire was signed by the respective heads of delegations.

(g) Indo-US Symposium on Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms

An Indo-US Symposium on Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms was held at Fort Aguada, Goa during 23-27 February, 1989. This symposium was a part of the Indo-US collaborative project on Bioac- tive Substances from the Indian Ocean and organised by CSIR, DST, Marathawada University, Office of Naval Research, USA and American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS), Washington. The symposium was inaugurated by Dr. S.Z. Qasim, former Secretary, Department of Ocean Development, Govt. of India, New Delhi. Chief Guest for the symposium was Dr. Charles Chambers, Director, American Institute of Biological Sci- ences, Washington. Eighty two scientists from India, United States and Japan participated of which 38 were from United States of America. Twenty eight research papers and invited articles were presented in the symposium. The areas covered were the pharmacological and pharmaceutical properties of some of the marine flora and fauna found in the Indian Ocean. The American contributions mainly dealt with sophisticated methodologies and advanced laboratory studies.

The Symposium was hosted by NIO with funding from Dept. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India for Indian participants and from AIBS, Washington for foreign participants.

Photo 23 : Dr. SZ. Qasim delivering the inaugural address.

132 ANNUAL REPORT 1988-89 N.I.O.

13. PUBLICATIONS

Achuthankutty, C.T., 1988. Biology of Banana prawn Penaeus merguiensis De Man from Goa waters. J. Aquar., 2(1): 1-10.

Achuthankutty, C.T., 1988. Nursery life of the marine prawn Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers) in the Mandovi estuary, along the Goa coast. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17(4):313-316.

Banakar, V.K. and D.V. Borole, 1989. Growth rate and chemical composition of Mn nodule from the EEZ of Seychelles. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 33:253-258.

Banakar, V.K. and M. Sudhakar, 1988. Ferromanganese oxide growth on shark teeth from Central Indian Ocean Basin. Indian J. mar. Sci, 17:265-269.

Bhalla, S.M. and R. Nigam, 1988. Cluster analysis of the forammiferal fauna from the beaches of the east and west coast of India with reference to foramgeographical provinces of the Indian Ocean. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 32(6):516-521.

Bhat, S.S.A., S. Mandal and B.U. Nayak, 1989. Monsoon wave groups off north-west coast of India. Proc. Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, ASME, 11:605-611.

Bhosle, N.B. and V.M. Dhople, 1988. Distribution of some biochemical compounds in the sediments of the Bay of Bengal. Chemical Geology, 67:341 -352.

Bhosle, N.B., V.M. Dhople and A.B. Wagh, 1988. Particulate organic carbon in the central Arabian Sea. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.), 97:35-47.

Bhosle, N.B., K. Nandakumar and K. Venkat, 1989. Particulate carbohydrates in the Bay of Bengal. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18:71-72.

Bhosle, N.B. and A.B. Wagh, 1989. Particulate carbohydrates in the Arabian Sea. Oceanol. Acta, 12:57-63.

Borole, D.V. , G. Rajagopalan and B.L.K. Somayajulu, 1988. Clay accumulation rates on the monsoon dominated western continental shelf and slope region of India. Mar. Geol., 83 (M-341): 1 -7.

Chakraborty, B., 1988. Coaxial circular array: Studies related to sidelobe suppressed beam patterns for underwater transducer application. Proc. IEEE, 76:1374-1376.

Chandramohan, P., B.U. Nayak and V.S. Raju. 1988. Application of longshore transport equations to the Andhra coast - east coast of India. Coastal Engg., 12:285-297.

Chatterjee, A., R. Vijayakumar and A.H. Parulekar, 1988. Growth and morphometric characteristics in the Horse-shoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Latrelle) from Canning (West Bengal), India. Pakis- tan J. Sci. lnd. Res., 31.352-353.

Chauhan, O.S. and F. Almeida, 1988. Geophysical methods as a tool to explore submerged marine archaeological sites. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.) S.R. Rao, 3-4.

133 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Desa, E., M.R. Nayak and R.G.P. Desai, 1988. Microprocessor design aspects for coastal oceanographic instrumentation. Jour. Coastal Res., 4(3):499-507.

Desai, B.N. and V. Kesava Das, 1988. Oceanography of the EEZ of lnida. In: 40 years of CSIR Research —An Over View (Series II), CSIR, New Delhi, 23-52.

Desai, B.N., R.M.S. Bhargava, J.S. Sarupria and G.V. Reddy, 1989. Present status of oceanographic studies and characteristics of EEZ of India. Proc. EEZ Resources: Technology Assessment Conference. Jan. '89. IOTC, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4:36-51.

De Sousa, S.N. and R. Sen Gupta, 1988. Distribution and behaviour of fluoride in Mandovi and Zuari Estuaries, central west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17:195-201.

Devassy, V.P., 1989. Red tide discoloration and its impact on Fisheries. Red Tides : Biology, Environmental Science and Toxicology (Eds.) J. Okaichi, D.M. Anderson and T. Nemoto, Elsevier, New York, 57-60.

Devassy, V.P. and J.I. Goes, 1988. Phytoplankton community structure and succession in a tropical estuarine complex (central west coast of India). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 27:671-685.

Dhargalkar, V.K., H.R. Burton and J.M. Kirkwood, 1988. Animal association with the dominant species of shallow water macrophytes along the coast of Vestfold hill, Antarctica. Hydrobiologia, 165:141-150.

Dinesh Kumar, P.K. and J.S. Sastry, 1988. Sound-speed prediction as a function of temperature at discrete depths in the Bay of Bengal. Def. Sci. Jour., 38:321-326.

Diwan, S.G., K. Ashok Kumar and R.G. Prabhu Desai, 1989. Microprocessor based direct read out system for Aanderaa Currentmeter. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18:43-45.

Fernandes, A.A., A.D. Gouveia and R. Nagarajan, 1988. Determination of wave direction from linear and poly- gonal array. Ocean Engineering, 15(4):345-357.

Fondekar, S.P., 1988. MT. Lajpatrai blowout studies at Bombay Harbour. Mahasagar, 21(4):235-237.

Gajbhiye, S.N., L. Krishnakumari, K. Govindan, S.A.H. Abidi and Vijayalakshmi R. Nair, 1988. Studies on selected biological parameters off Mithapur (Gujarat). J. Indian Fish. Assoc, 18:459-473.

George, M.D., 1988. Distribution of labile and non-labile forms of Cd, Pb and Cu in Lakshadweep Lagoon waters. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17:111-113.

Gomes, H. and A. Pant, 1988. Extracellular products of photosynthesis in a tropical environment. Proc. Indian natn. Sci. Acad., B 53:481 -485.

Gopalakrishna, V.V., Y. Sadhuram and V. Ramesh Babu, 1988. Variability of mixed layer depth in the north Indian Ocean during 1977 & 1979 monsoon seasons. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17:258-264.

Gopalakrishna, V.V., Y. Sadhuram, V. Ramesh Babu and M.V. Rao, 1988. Variability of wind stress and currents at selected locations over the north Indian Ocean during 1977 and 1979 summer monsoon seasons. Mausam, 39(2): 159-166.

134 PUBLICATIONS 1988-89 N.I.O.

Gopalakrishnan, T.C., CB. Lalithambika Devi, P.N. Aravindakshan, K.K.C. Nair, T. Balasubramanian and M. Krishnankutty, 1988. Phytoplankton and zooplankton of some paddy-cum-prawn culture fields around Cochin. Mahasagar, 21(2):85-94.

Gopinathan, C.K., 1988. Surface temperature of the equatorial Pacific Ocean and the Indian Rainfall. Curr. Sci., 57(21): 1163-1165.

Gujar, A.R., B. Nagendernath and R. Banerjee, 1988. Marine minerals - the Indian perspective. Mar. Mining, 7(1):317- 350.

Hashimi, N.H. and R.R. Nair, 1988. Dynamic tidal barrier of Gulf of Kutch and its relevance to the submergence of the Ancient Dwarka. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.)S.R. Rao, 56-57. lngole, B.S., 1988. Growth, maturation and survival in laboratory reared Rhabdocoelid turbellarian Macros- tomum orthostylum (Braun 1885). Hydrobiologia, 169(2):233-239.

Iyer, S.D. and S.M. Karisiddaiah, 1988. Morphology and petrography from pumice from the Central Indian Ocean Basin, lnd. J. mar. Sci., 17:333-334.

Jauhari, P., 1989. Variability of Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Co in manganese nodules of CIOB. Mar. Geol., 86:237-242.

Jiyalal Ram, M., S.N. Gajbhiye and B.N. Desai, 1988. Phytoplankton distribution in the coastal waters off Por- bandar (Saurashtra). J. Indian Fish. Assoc, 18:357-367.

Joshi, L.U. and M.D. Zingde,1988. Uranium series disequilibrium in the coastal surface sediments and sea water of the Arabian Sea. J. Radioanal & Nucl. chem. Art., 120(2):275-280.

Kadam, A.N., 1988. Some studies on tar pellets at Veraval coast (Gujarat). Mahasagar, 21(3):173-177.

Kadam, A.N., 1988. Interaction of used crankcase oil with water under laboratory simulated conditions. IAWPC Tech., Annual-XV, 29-32.

Karisiddaiah, S.M., M. Veerayya and M.V.S. Guptha, 1988. Texture, carbonate content and component composition of Mauritius beach sands, Indian Ocean. Jour. Coastal Res., 4(3):465-474.

Karisiddaiah, S.M., 1988. Petrology of offshore basalts of Bombay Harbour area, west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17:208-213.

Kodagali, V.N., 1988. Influence of regional and local topography on distribution of polymetallic nodules in Central Indian Ocean. Geo Marine Letters, 8:173-178.

Kodagali, V.N., 1989. Morphometric studies on a part of Central Indian Ocean. Jour. Geol. Soc. lnd., 33:547-555.

Krishna Kumari L. and Vijayalakshmi R. Nair, 1988. Biomass, organic carbon and calorific content of zooplankton from the Arabian Sea off central west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17:78-80.

135 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Krishna Kumari L. and Vijayalakshmi R. Nair, 1988. Seasonal variations in the biochemical composition of the clam Tellina angulata from Bombay. J. Indian Fish. Assoc, 18: 449-458.

Kunte, P.D., 1988. Lithological studies of western foothills of Himalaya from remotely sensed data : a computer image analysis approach. Photonirvachak, Indian Soc. Remote Sensing Jour., 16(20):59-66.

Lodh, N.M., S.N. Gajbhiye and Vijayalakshmi R. Nair, 1988. Unusual congregations of salps off the central west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17:128-130.

Menezes, M.R. and N. Tarriguchi, 1988. Interspecific genetic divergence in sciaenids from Japan and its adjacent waters. Japan J. lchthyol., 35:40-46.

Menon, H.B., V. Ramesh Babu and J.S. Sastry, 1988. Apparent relationship between thermal regime in Antarctic waters and Indian summer monsoon. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17:87-90.

Mukhopadhyay, R. and B. Nagendernath, 1988. Influence of seamount topography on the local facies variation in ferro-manganese deposits in the Indian Ocean. Deep Sea Res., 35:1413-1436.

Mukhopadhyay, R. and G. Banerjee, 1989. Underwater geomorphology as a function of the variations in ferromanganese nodule characters in the Indian Ocean. Curr. Sci., 58(3): 115-119.

Muraleedharan, P.M. and Basil Mathew, 1988. Water characteristics and transport of the Antarctic circum- polar current in the Indian Ocean. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 97:183-191.

Nagender Nath, B. and A.V. Mudholkar, 1989. Early diagenetic processes affecting nutrients in the pore waters of Central Indian Ocean cores. Mar. Geol., 80:57-65.

Nair, R.R. and N.H. Hashimi, 1988. Absence of terraces on a submerged carbonate bank and its implication to holocene sea level transgression on the western continental margin of India. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.) S.R. Rao, 83-86.

Nair, Vijayalakshmi R., K. Govindan, S.N. Gajbhiye, N.M. Lodh and M. Annie, 1987. Biological observations off Sutrapada, Veraval (Gujarat). Advances in Aquatic Biology and Fisheries (Dr. N.B. Nair's Felicitation Volume), 225-238.

Nair, Vijayalakshmi, P.. and C. Sankarankutty, 1988. Chaetognaths of the Potengi estuary (Natal, Northeast Brazil). Atlantica, Rio Grande, 10(1):5-20.

Nandakumar, K., N.B. Bhosle and A.B. Wagh, 1988. Distribution of particulate carbohydrates in the eastern Arabian Sea along 15"N. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17:238-239.

Nandakumar, K., K.L. Bhat and A.B. Wagh, 1988. Biochemical and calorific content of zooplankton from northern part of Central Arabian Sea. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17:48-50.

Narasimha Rao, T.V. and B. Prabhakara Rao, 1989. Alongshore velocity field off Visakhapatnam, east coast of India during premonsoon season. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18:46-49.

136 PUBLICATIONS 1988-89 N.I.O.

Narayana Swamy, G., 1988. Training for marine resources utilisation. In : Island Development - Technology Options (Eds.) S.N. Dwivedi & P. Chaturvedi. Indian Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, New Delhi, 191-194.

Nayak, B.U., 1988. Role of ocean technology in marine archaeological explorations - perspectives and prospects. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.) S.R. Rao, 157-163

Nayak, M.R., 1988. On the instrumented monitoring of undersea vehicles. Proc. Undersea Defence (USD '88), San Diego, USA, 85-88.

Nayak, M.R., 1988. On the knowledge-based expert system for marine instruments. Proc. Oceans '88, Balti- more, M.D. (USA), 81-183.

Nigam. R., 1988. Fluctuating monsoonal precipitation as revealed by foraminiferal variations in shelf regime off Karwar (India). Curr. Sci., 57(9):480-491.

Nigam, R., 1988. Reproductive behaviour of benthic foraminifera : a key to paleoclimate. Proc. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad., 54(3):574-583.

Nigam, R., 1988. Influence of estuaries on shelf foraminiferal species. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17:214-216.

Nigam, R., 1989. Benthic foraminifers from shelf region between Bombay-Ratnagiri: distribution-ecology and environemental significance. Proc. Sem. Tertiary & Recent Sediment along west coast between Bombay and Ratnagiri, Poona, 1-4.

Nigam, R., 1988. Wat the large rectangular structure at Lothal (Harappan settlement) a 'Dockyard' or an 'Irri- gation tank'? Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.) S.R. Rao, 20-21.

Nigam, R. and R.R. Nair, 1989. Cyclicity in monsoons. Bull. of Sci., 5(1):42-45.

Parulekar, A.H., 1988. Bioecology of the Gulf of Kutch. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.) S.R. Rao, 127-132.

Parulekar, AH., 1988. Biotechnology in the exploitation of marine living resources of India. Proc. natn. sem. environ, issues : problems and solutions, 11-17.

Pathak, S.C. and A.H. Parulekar, 1988. Training of insects in the Arabian Sea. Mahasagar, 21(2):117-120.

Pathak, M.C., K.L. Kotnala and N. Prabhakaran, 1988. Effects of bridge piers on a tropical estuary in Goa, India. Jour. Coastal Res., 4(3):475-481.

Pathak, M.C., K.L. Kotnala, N. Prabhakaran and KM. Shivakholundu, 1988. Disastrous effects of transgressing sea over coastal area - a case study of Dwarka and Beyt Dwarka. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.) S.R. Rao, 58-64.

137 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Pattan, J.N., 1988. Internal microfeatures of manganese nodules from the central Indian Ocean. Mar. Geol., 81:215-226.

Paulinose, V.T., Vijayalakshmi R. Nair and S.C. Goswami, 1988. Studies on planktonic decapoda and stomatopoda (Crustacea) from the western Bay of Bengal. Mahasagar, 21(3):135-143.

Raghukumar, Chandralata and D. Chandramohan, 1988. Changes in the marine green alga Chaetomorpha media on infection by a fungal pathogen. Bot. Mar., 31:311-315.

Raghukumar, Chandralata and V. Lande, 1988. Shell disease of rock oyster Crassostrea cucullata Born, caused by a fungus from Goa. Dis. aqua. Org., 4:77-81.

Raghukumar, S., 1988. Schizochytrium octosporum sp. nov. and other thraustochytrids from the North Sea. Trans. British Mycol. Soc, 90:273-258.

Raghukumar, S., 1988. Detection of the thraustochytrid protist Ulkenia visurgensis in a hydroid, using immunofluorescence. Mar. Biol., 97:253-258.

Raghukumar, S., 1988. Schizochytrium mangrovei sp. nov. : a thraustochytrid from mangroves in India. Trans. British Mycol. Soc, 90:627-631.

Raghukumar, S., A. Zainal and E.B.G. Jones, 1988. Cirrenalia basiminuta a new lignicolous marine Deuteromy- cete from the tropics. Mycotaxon, 31:163-170.

Rajamanickam, G.V., M.V. Ramana and A.R. Gujar, 1988. Use of shallow seismic survey in the exploration of nearshore placers off Maharashtra, India. Proc. 20th Offshore Technology, Conf., Halston Texas, 475-487.

Rajamanickam, G.V. and L.V. Subba Raju, 1988. Application of high resolution shallow seismic investigations for marine archaeological sites. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.) S.R. Rao, 43-45.

Rajan, K., 1988. Seafaring activities of Tamil Nadu coast. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeotogy for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.) S.R. Rao, 22-24.

Rajan, K., 1988. Port of Periapattinam. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Coun- tries (Ed.)S.R. Rao, 107-108.

Ramaiah, N. and D. Chandramohan, 1988. Distribution of luminous bacteria and bacterial luminescence in the equatorial region of the Indian Ocean. Microbiologica, 11:243-254.

Ramana, M.V., 1988. The relationship of magnetic anomalies with heavy mineral placers and basement configurations Mirya Bay, central west coast of India. Mar. Mining, 7(1): 181-197.

138 PUBLICATIONS 1988-89 N.I.O.

Ramesh Babu, V., V.V. Gopalakrishna and J.S. Sastry, 1988. Short term variability of summer monsoons heat budget at the upper central equatorial Indian Ocean. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18: 66-70.

Ramesh Kumar, M.R., R.M. Pandya, K.M. Mathur, R.J.K. Charyulu and L.V. Gangadhara Rao, 1988. Sea surface temperature mapping using thermal infrared scanner. Mahasagar, 21 (2):67-74.

Rao, Gopala D., 1988. A shallow seismic reflection study of the Gulf of Kutch, northwest India-observations on its structural evolution. Mar. Geol., 82:277-283.

Rao, Purnachandra V. and B. Nagendernath, 1988. Nature, distribution and origin of clay minerals in the grain size fractions of sediments samples from manganese nodules field in the CIOB. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17:202-207.

Rao, Purnachandra V. and R.R. Nair, 1988. Microbial origin of the phosphorites of the western continental shelf of India. Mar. Geol., 84:105-110.

Rao, Purnachandra V., 1988. Paleoclimatic significance of gypsum pseudomorphs from the inner continental shelf sediments off Nizampatnam Bay. J. Geol. Soc. India, 32 : 426-429.

Rao, P.S. and Ch. M Rao, 1988. Pyritised ooids from the Arabian Sea Basin. Deep Sea Res., 35(A):1215-1221.

Rao, P.S. and J.N. Pattan, 1989. Ferromanganese oxides from Mid Indian Ridge, seamounts and abyssal plains from the Indian Ocean. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18:11-15.

Rao, S.R., 1988. Excavation of submerged ports - Dwarka a case study. Proc. 7s? Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.) S.R. Rao, 47-53.

Rao, S.R., 1988. Problems of target search technique in shallow water for marine archaeological studies. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.) S.R. Rao, 71-72.

Rao, S.R. and P. Gudigar, 1988. Underwater cultural heritage of Indian Ocean Islands. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.) S.R. Rao, 153-155.

Rao, T.C.S., 1988. Geophysical techniques to locate pre-historic sites and artifacts on the continental shelf. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.) S.R. Rao, 73-77.

Raveendran, T.V. and A.B. Wagh, 1988. Studies on wood boring organisms in coastal and offshore waters of the western Indian coast : A comparative account. In : Marine Bio-deterioration - Advances Techniques Applicable to Indian Ocean (Ed.) Thompson, M.F., R. Sarojini & R. Nagabushanam, 575-586.

Reddy, G.V. and J.S. Sastry, 1988. Aeolian sand transport and its effects on the stability of Miramar-Caran- zalem Beach. Mahasagar, 21(3)25-133.

Royan, Joseph P., A. Zemmouri, P. Sorgeloos and Ph. Legerr., 1988. Nutritional evaluation of Artemia nauplii for the culture of marine crustacean Mysidopsis bahia (M). Indian J. mar. Sci., 17:228-230.

139 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Sadhuram, Y., P. Vethamony, A. Suryanarayana, G. Narayana Swamy and J.S. Sastry, 1988. Heat energy exchange over a large water body under stable atmospheric conditions. Boundary Layer Meteorol- ogy, 44(1-2):171-180.

Santhakumari, V., 1988. A new record of Cridocodon leopoldi Bovillon (Anthromedusae, Hydrozoa) from Indian Ocean with a note on its variation. Bull. Dept. Mar. Sci. Univ., Cochin, 14(1):

Sanzgiry, S., A. Mesquita and T.W. Kureishy, 1988. Total mercury in water, sediments and animals along the Indian Coast. Mar. Poll. Bull., 19(7):339-343.

Saran, A.K. and S.J.D. Varaprasad, 1988. Marine archaeological information centers through optical fiber communication network. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.) S.R.Rao, 35-42.

Sarkar, A. and R. Sen Gupta, 1988. DDT residues in sediments from the Bay of Bengal. Bull. Env. Contamin. & Toxicol., 41:664-669.

Sarma, M.S.S. and LV. Gangadhara Rao, 1988. Spectra of currents and temperature off Godavari (east coast of India). Mahasagar, 22:29-36.

Sarma V.V., T.V. Narasimha Rao, V.S. Rama Raju, R. Vijayakumar and C. Suguna, 1988. Interrelationships and distribution of hydrochemical parameters in coastal waters off Visakhapatnam, east coast of India. Mahasagar, 21 (4): 197-207.

Sawant, S.S., N.B. Bhosle and A.B. Wagh, 1989. Fluxes of inorganic and organic particulate material in the Arabian Sea off Bombay. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18:21-23.

Saxena, D., P.A. Lokabharathi and D. Chandramohan, 1988. Sulphate reducing bacteria from mangrove swamps of Goa-central west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17:153-157.

Selvakumar, R.A., S.C. Goswami and Usha Goswami, 1987. Tidal and diel influence on zooplankton occurr-' ence in the Mandovi estuary, Goa. J. Indian Fish. Assoc, 16 & 17:39-49.

Sen Gupta, R. and S.Y.S. Singbal,1988. Marine pollution of the Indian Ocean - problems, prospects and perspectives. J. Indian Fish. Assoc, 18:333-356

Sen Gupta, R., S. Naik and V.V.R. Varadachari, 1988. Environmental pollution in coastal waters of India. In: Ecotoxicology and Climate (Eds.) P. Bourdeau, J.A. Haines, W. Klein & C.R.K. Murti; SCOPE 38, John Wiley, U.K., 235-246.

Sen Gupta, R. and S.Z. Qasim, 1988. The Indian Ocean - an environmental overview. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Workshop Report, 37:9-41.

Shailaja, M.S., 1988. The influence of dissolved petroleum hydrocarbon residues on natural phytoplankton biomass. Mar. Env. Res., 24:315-329.

Shanta Nair, K. Tsukumoto and U. Simidu, 1988. Bacterial flora of healthy and abnormal chaetognaths. Nip- pon Suisan Gakkaishi, 54:491-496.

140 PUBLICATIONS 1988-89 N.I.O.

Shenoi, S.C., M.K. Antony and D. Sundar, 1988. Nature of the observed oscillatory flows in the shelf waters of the western continental shelf of India. J. Coastal Res., 4(4):617-626.

Shetye, S.R. and S.C. Shenoi, 1988. The seasonal cycle of surface circulation in the coastal North Indian Ocean. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth & Planet. Sci), 97(1):53-62.

Shetye, S.R. and G.S. Michael, 1988. Satellite tracked drifting buoy observations in the south equatorial current in the Indian Ocean. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth & Planet. Sci), 97:149-157.

Siddiquie, H.N. and P.S. Rao, 1988. Exploration for polymetallic nodules in Indian Ocean. Ocean Develop. & lntematl. Law, 9:323-335.

Siddiquie, H.N., D. Gopala Rao and M.V. Ramana, 1988. Geology and structure of the Astrid Ridge of Dron- ning Maud Land, Antarctica. Paleoceanography, 3(5):394-401.

Sirvoiker, P. and A.H. Parulekar, 1988. Gastropod fauna of the Dwarka Beyt in the Gulf of Kutchchh. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.) S.R. Rao, 136-140.

Somasundar, K. and S.W.A. Naqvi, 1988. On the renewal of denitrifying layer in the Arabian Sea. Oceanologica Acta, 11 (2): 167-172.

Soundalgekar, V.M. and T.V. Ramana Murty, 1988. MHD Unsteady laminar boundary layer stagnation point flow and heat transfer. Heat and Technol., 6(1-2):

Sathyendranath, Subha and Trevor Platt, 1988. The spectral irradiance field at the surface and in the interior of the ocean. A model for application in Oceanography and remote sensing. Jour. Geophys. Res., 93(C8):9270-9280.

Subba Raju, L.V. and V. Subrahmanyam, 1988. Marine magnetic anomalies over the Direction Bank off Bom- bay, western continental shelf of India. Jour. Assoc. Expl. Geophys., IX(4):173-180.

Sudhakar, M., 1988. Relation between the grade and abundance of manganese nodules. Curr. Sci., 57(12):662-663.

Sudhakar, M., 1989. Grade distributions in the manganese nodules of Central Indian Ocean Basin. Curr. Sci., 58:244-247.

Sumitra-Vijayaraghavan, L. Krishna Kumari and Joseph P. Royan, 1988. Food conversion by Penaeus mono- don (Fabricius) fed on decapsulated cysts of Anemia. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17:172-173.

Sumitra-Vijayaraghavan, 1987. Cultivation of live food organisms - status and scope in India. Advances in Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 239-249.

Sumitra-Vijayaraghavan, N. Ramaiah and D. Chandramohan, 1988. Effect of iodophor treatment on the hatch- ing of Artemia cysts. Curr. Sci., 57:278-280.

Sumitra-Vijayaraghavan and L. Krishna Kumari, 1989. Primary production in the south eastern Arabian Sea during southwest monsoon. Indian J.mar. Sci., 18:30-32.

141 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. 1988-89

Untawale, A.G. and Vijaya Ambiye, 1988. Flora of Beyt Shankhodra in the Gulf of Kutch. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.) S.R. Rao., 139-141.

Untawale, A.G., Sayeeda Wafar and C.R.K. Reddy, 1988. Management of coastal vegetation for integrated development. In: Island Development - Technology Options (Eds.) S.N. Dwivedi and Pradeep Chaturvedi, IAAS Publications, 59-63.

Untawale, A.G. and Sayeeda Wafar, 1989. Distribution of mangroves along Gulf of Kuchchh. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.) S.R. Rao, 135-138.

Untawale, A.G., T.G. Jagtap and Sayeeda Wafar, 1989. Mangrove research in Goa - Status report. Proc. Indo-US Workshop on Wetlands, Mangroves & Biosphere Reserves, 100-143.

Valsangkar, A.B., G.V. Rajamanickam, S.M. Karisiddaiah and H.N. Siddiquie, 1988. Morphological and inter- layer geochemical studies on manganese nodules from the southwestern Carlsberg Ridge. Mar. Geol., 84:81-94.

Varaprasad, S.J.D. and S.R. Rao, 1988. Rise in sea level - a case study of some ancient port towns in the Gulf of Cambay. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. Marine Archaeology for the Indian Ocean Countries (Ed.) S.R. Rao, 89-91.

Varkey, M.J. and J.S. Sastry, 1988. Reference depth for geostrophic computation - a new method. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17(2):91-93.

Varkey, M.J., 1988. Phase spectral composition of wind generated ocean surface waves. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17(3): 181-188.

Varkey, M.J., 1988. Effect of phase coupling on surface amplitude distribution of wind waves. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17(3):189-194.

Varshney, P.K., K. Govindan, U.D. Gaikwad and B.N. Desai, 1988. Macrobenthos off Versova (Bombay), west coast of India in relation to environmental conditions. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17(3):222-227.

Veerayya, M., and T. Pankajakshan, 1988. Variability in wave refraction and resultant nearshore current patterns : exposed versus sheltered beaches along north Karnataka, west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci, 17:102-110.

Vijayakumar, R. and V.V. Sarma, 1988. Zooplankton studies in Visakhapatnam Harbour and nearshore waters, east coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17:75-77.

Vora, K.H. and O.S. Chauhan, 1988. Surficial geology of the environs of the Kutch Tidal Power Project, India. Proc. lnternatl. Symp. Tidal Power Develop., 29-33.

Wafar, M.V.M., 1988. Coral reef ecosytems of Indian islands. In: Island Development - Technology Options (Eds.) S.N. Dwivedi and Pradeep Chaturvedi, IAAS Publication, 47-54.

Wafar, M.V.M., P. Le Corre and J.L. Birrien, 1988. Physico- chemical and biological cycles in a tide-dominated, nitrogen-polluted temperate estuary. J. Indian Fish. Assoc, 18:425-440.

142 PUBLICATIONS 1988-89 N.I.O.

Wagh, A.B., S.S. Sawant, V.P. Venugopal, T.V. Raveendran and K.L Bhat, 1988. A device to study biofouling and corrosion from fixed offshore installations. Corros. Prevent. & Control., 35(5):134-137.

Wagh, A.B. and T.V. Raveendran, 1987. An account on marine wood boring organisms of offshore waters of Bombay High. Advances in Aquatic Biology and Fisheries (Dr. N.B. Nair Felicitation Volume), 405-412.

Wagle, B.G., A.R. Gujar, V. Subrahmanyam and P.G. Mislankar, 1988. Seabed surveys of Mormugao Harbour, central west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17(1 ):59-62.

Wahidulla, S., S.Y. Kamat, S.K. Panikkar and R.B. Bates, 1988. A novel diterpenoid 15-R -Acetoxy-Spata-13, 17-diene from the brown alga Stoechospermum marginatum. Planta Medica, 54:270.

Wahidulla, S., L. D'Souza and S.Y. Kamat, 1988. Chemical examination of brown alga Stoechospermum marginatum (C. Agardh). Curr. Sci., 57:779-80.

Zingde, M.D., M.A. Rokade, P. Sharma, A.V. Mandalia and B.N. Desai, 1988. Pollution assessment and flushing characteristics of Mindhola River estuary. Threat, Hab., 225-239.

Zingde, M.D. and A.V. Mandalia, 1988. Study of fluoride in polluted and unpolluted estuarine environments. Estur. coast, shelf Sci.. 27:707-712.

Zingde, M.D., M.A. Rokade and A.V. Mandalia, 1988. Heavy metals in Mindhola River, estuary, India. Mar. Pol- lut. Bull, 19 (10): 538-540.