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Università Degli Studi Di Roma UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA "TOR VERGATA" FACOLTA' DI MEDICINA E CHIRURGIA DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN SCIENZE DELLO SPORT XXI CICLO DEL CORSO DI DOTTORATO MATCH ANALYSIS IN TEAM SPORTS DOTTORANDO: Bruno RUSCELLO A.A. 2008/2009 Tutor: Professor Attilio SACRIPANTI Coordinatore: Professor Antonio LOMBARDO A mio padre ii Acknowledgments: I wish to thank many people. This work would not have been possible without their precious help. First of all my deepest gratitude and respect to Professor Attilio Sacripanti who superbly supervised my efforts as a Ph.D. Candidate all the way through these three working years. His knowledge, experience, humanity and brilliant sense of humour were an incomparable help to me, in every circumstances. Thank You, Professor. Thanks to the Italian Hockey Federation and its President Luca Di Mauro, who supported and encouraged me in all these years. Then all my friends, my colleagues, my players: really thank you for your kindness and patience. I wish to thank Gianluca Iaccarino, the brilliant statistician who shared with me the deep love for Hockey and Match Analysis since the early 1990s. I wish to thank Andrea Ciuffarella for the precious contribution given to the study of football, reported in this thesis. Many thanks to Valentina Camomilla Ph.D., Domenico Cherubini Ph.D., and Professor Aurelio Cappozzo, of “Foro Italico” University of Rome, Department of Human Movement and Sport Sciences. I also had the privilege of visiting many Universities abroad and the honour to talk to many scholars and professors, about the topic of this thesis. Indeed many suggestions of this thesis were born during these fantastic talks. My gratitude to professor Baca and professor Tschan of the Wien Sport Institute, (Universität Wien); professor Katia Wittmann of the Deutsche Sporthochschule in Köln, Germany; professor Tejera and professor Represas of “Laboratorio de Biomecanica Deportiva”, INEF, Buenos Aires, Argentina; professor Nesper, Ball State University, Indiana, USA; professor Bell, professor Lynne Beecroft and professor Veronica Planella of University of Victoria (Canada) and professor Malina, of the University of Texas, USA. Many important suggestions were also provided by some Hockey Top Coaches I had the honour to talk with: professor Horst Wein, (Spain), whose sport pedagogy system has gained a world-wide diffusion in Football and in Hockey; Maurits Hendriks (Holland), the brilliant gold medallist in all the top world competitions, including the Olympics, Terry Walsh (Australia), Ayaz Mahmood (Pakistan), Avtar Singh Sohal (India) and many others, met all over the world, during these years. Finally my family, who truly supported me as a “mature” student in these years iii Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 – Introduction ............................................................................ 3 1.1. Thesis Focus ................................................................................. 4 1.2. Thesis Outline............................................................................... 5 Chapter 2 - Introduction to the Match Analysis Processes ..................... 10 2.1. Definition of Match Analysis........................................................... 14 2.1.1. Notational Analysis..........................................................................16 2.1.2. Motion Analysis ...............................................................................20 2.2. Origins........................................................................................... 24 2.3. Area of applicability ....................................................................... 27 2.3.1. Motion Analysis and the Technical-Tactical Skills ..........................32 2.4. Conclusions................................................................................... 38 2.5. References .................................................................................... 39 Chapter 3 – Sports Classifications............................................................. 44 3.1. Dal Monte’s Sports Classification .................................................. 44 3.2. Manno’s Sports Classification ....................................................... 47 3.3. D’Jakov and Farfel’s Sports Classification .................................... 48 3.4. Verchoshanskij’s Sports Classification.......................................... 51 3.5. Other Sports Classification............................................................ 55 3.6. A biomechanical Sports Classification........................................... 59 3.7. References.................................................................................... 62 Chapter 4 – Conditioning, Training and Coaching (CTC) Processes and Controls ...................................................................................................... 65 4.1. A general definition and historical perspective .............................. 65 4.2. Sport Training definitions............................................................... 65 4.3. Training Control............................................................................. 70 4.4. Training Process Analysis: a sociological perspective .................. 71 4.5. Training Process Analysis: a pedagogical perspective ................. 72 4.6. References.................................................................................... 74 Chapter 5 – Analysing the CTC Processes: an interdisciplinary approach ...................................................................................................... 76 5.1. Introduction to the Physiological Domain ...................................... 78 5.1.1. Some historical perspective ...........................................................79 5.1.2. Sport and Physiology .....................................................................84 5.2. Introduction to the Psychological Domain ..................................... 87 5.2.1. Attentive Styles ..............................................................................87 5.2.2. Exploratory Strategies....................................................................88 5.2.3 Decision Making processes. ..........................................................89 5.3. Introduction to the Physical Domain.............................................. 95 5.3.1. Mathematical Modelling and the Scientific Method.......................96 5.3.2. Introduction to Cybernetics ...........................................................103 5.3.3. Introduction to Information Theory ...............................................110 5.3.4. Introduction to Games Theory .....................................................114 5.3.5. Introduction to Chaos Theory.......................................................122 5.3.6. Introduction to Catastrophe Theory .............................................125 5.4. References .................................................................................... 126 Chapter 6 – Match Analysis Procedures.................................................... 131 iv 6.1. Research and Observation: Applied Methodologies ..................... 132 6.2. Technical Issues in Match Analysis............................................... 139 6.3. A Comparative Analysis of current commercial software .............. 143 6.4. Advanced Biomechanical Analysis in Situational Sports............... 146 6.4.1. Motion Equations and Consequent Trajectories............................146 6.4.2. A unified Theory of situational dual sport with contact ..................146 6.4.3. Experimental demonstration of the antecedent assumption..........148 6.4.4. A Unified Theory of situational Team Sports with contact .............148 6.4.5. Experimental demonstration of the Brownian nature of the motion ........................................................................151 6.4.6. A Unified Theory of Team Interaction .............................................153 6.5. References.................................................................................... 155 Chapter 7 – A first level CTC Process – Fitness Conditioning and Skill Training................................................................................ 157 7.1. From physics to physiology: defining Performance Indicators ...... 160 7.2. Physiological demands in outdoor Team Sports (Football, Rugby, Field Hockey) .................................................................... 161 7.2.1. A case study: Fitness Performance Indicators in Field Hockey ..............................................................................161 7.2.2. A case study: a 3D kinematics analysis of the field Hockey pushing while in a stationary position ...........................177 7.3. References .................................................................................... 181 Chapter 8 – A second level CTC Process –The local strategies and the Competition Invariants................................................................ 184 8.1. Local Strategies: definition ............................................................ 186 8.2. Competition Invariants: definition .................................................. 188 8.3. The skills and the local strategies.................................................. 191 8.3.1. The “Closed Skills”.......................................................................192 8.3.2. The “Semi-closed Skills” ..............................................................192
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