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Studies on Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Sediment Environment Along the Coastal Waters in Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Malaysia K

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Studies on Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Sediment Environment Along the Coastal Waters in Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Malaysia K Studies on physico-chemical characteristics and sediment environment along the coastal waters in Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Malaysia K. C. A. Jalal,1∗ H. N. Noor Faizul,1 B. Y. Kamaruzzaman,1 S. Shahbudin,1 M. Z. Alam,2 and Jaswir Irwandi2 1Department of Biotechnology and Institute of Oceanography and Maritime Studies, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Jalan Istana Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang 2Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kulliiyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang ∗Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected] Field observations on physico-chemical characteristics of water and sediment quality were carried out from March, 2005 to Dec, 2005 at 4 different stations (Station1–MainJettyPulauTuba, Station 2 – Pulau Tuba Jetty number 2, Station 3 – Simpan Tiga Mangrove Area and Station 4 – Kuah Jetty) along the coastal waters iin Pulau Tuba, Langkawi. The physico-chemical parameters such as temperature (27.43–28.88◦C), DO (3.79–6.49 mg/l), pH (7.72–8.20), salinity (33.10–33.96 ppt), TDS (32.27–32.77) g l−1) and specific conductivity (49.83-51.63 mS cm−1) did not show much variation among the stations. While nitrate, nitrite and phosphate were found among the stations, their concentrations varied and ranged from 2.04–26.93 µgNl−1, 0.86–4.03 µgNl−1 and 0.27–1.33 µgPl−1, respectively. Although the textures of the bottom sediment were limited to sand, silt and clay, most of the stations were dominated by black clay with the highest amount (82.97%) being found at station 4. The amount of organic carbon in the sediment ranged from 1.92 – 3.0%, while the highest amount of Fe (366.90 µgg−1 was also found in station 4. Mn (39.75 µgg−1) and Pb (3.15 µgg−1) were found in stations 3 and 1 respectively. The results showed that there are no significant differences (P > 0.05) among the physico-chemical profiles of the different stations; while the heavy metals and nutrients showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among the stations. Station 4 was the most man induced polluted area due to being the dumping zone of waste materials throughout the year. Nevertheless, all the sampling areas should be given utmost importance for continuous monitoring of nutrients and heavy metals, which could be alarming for the habitat of the aquatic organisms in the near future. Keywords: pollution, physico-chemical parameters Introduction embayments, estuaries, and wetland areas, often benefit from flows of nutrients from the land and/or Coastal waters in general, and in particu- also from ocean upwelling which brings nutrient- lar, shelf areas, semi-enclosed and enclosed seas, rich water to the surface. Thus they tend to have 350 Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 12(4):350–357, 2009. Copyright C 2009 AEHMS. ISSN: 1463-4988 print / 1539-4077 online DOI: 10.1080/14634980903347464 Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/aehm/article-pdf/12/4/350/886442/350jalal.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Jalal et al. / Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 12 (2009) 350–357 351 Figure 1. Map Showing Four Samping Stations at Pulau Tuba Langkawi (Station 1–6◦ 15 25.2 N, 99◦ 51 26.1 E, Main Jetty Pulau Tuba, Station 2–6◦ 13 7.2 N, 99◦ 49 30.2 E, Pulau Tuba Aquaculture Area, Station 3–6◦ 15 1.5 N, 99◦49 25.7,Simpan Tiga Mangrove area and Station 4–6◦ 18’ 19.8 N, 99◦ 50 53.1 E, Kuah Jetty). particularly high and low biological productivity the retention of the water-borne heavy metals (Siti due to fluctuation of physico-chemical parameters. Raha, 2007). Forstner¨ (2002), points out that soils and sediments The Langkawi Archipelago (6◦ 18 N, 099◦ 47 are repositories for physical and biological debris, E) is located in the Andaman Sea, 30 km west of and sinks for a wide variety of chemicals. The con- the northern end of Peninsular Malaysia at the bor- cern associated with the chemicals adsorbed to sed- der between Malaysia and Thailand (Figure 1). The iments and soils is that many commercial species archipelago consists of 104 islands during the low and food-chain organisms spend a major portion of tide and 99 islands during the high tide. The largest their life cycle living in or on aquatic sediments and most exploited island is Langkawi Island (478, or contaminated soil. This provides a pathway for 5km2). The bedrock of the islands is a mixture these chemicals to be consumed by higher aquatic of limestone and sandstone, and the vegetation of or terrestrial life and wildlife, including humans. the islands is dominated by rainforest. Due to the McLusky and Elliot (2004) reported that heavy met- rapid increase in population density, tourism and in- als are one of the most serious pollutants in the nat- dustrialization, the coastal water of Langkawi has ural environment due to their toxicity, persistence become increasingly polluted, especially during the and bio accumulation problems. The impact of an- last decade. There are several forms of environmen- thropogenic perturbation is most strongly felt by tal pollution, such as the increase in the number of estuarine and coastal environments adjacent to ur- recreational boats used to ferry tourists around the ban areas. As metals are discharged into the turbid outer islands for water sports and sightseeing, which waters of estuaries they may become rapidly bound causes an increasing threat of oil and petrol pollu- onto the surface of the fine sedimentary particles. tion. Such leakages from motorboats can increase As these particles settle on to the intertidal mudflats, levels of toxicity in the water, with detrimental ef- the metals are gradually buried. As such, mangrove fects on aquatic plants and other marine life. The sediments have a large capacity to retain heavy met- main jetty of Langkawi has been a focus of concern als from tidal water, storm water run-off, and often for the whole area as a rapid increase in oil pollu- act as sinks for heavy metals and nutrients. The man- tion has begun to be observed on the surface of the grove sediments are anaerobic and reduced, rich in water. From this point of view, it is a subject of high sulphide and organic matter content, thus favoring priority regarding the environmental protection of Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/aehm/article-pdf/12/4/350/886442/350jalal.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 352 Jalal et al. / Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 12 (2009) 350–357 Langkawi to boost ecotourism. Many natural and The ‘Jetty Kuah’ is one of the busiest water- anthropogenic fluxes that determine the ecological ways with respect to commercial shipping. The town state of the coastal water Langkawi have been recog- doesn’t have central sewage processing, and thus nised. They are given as follows: outflow from the city and suburbs is discharged di- rectly into the sea near ‘Jetty Kuah’. According to (a) Loads originating from domestic wastewater USEPA (2001), sediments serve as a reservoir for produced by a population of approximately pollutants and therefore a potential source of pollu- 45,000. tants to the water column, organisms, and ultimately human consumers of those organisms. These pollu- (b) Loads brought by streams and the Klim River tants can arise from a number of sources, including of Langkawi. municipal and industrial discharges, urban and agri- (c) Loads brought by the precipitation on the urban cultural runoff, atmospheric deposition and port op- area. erations. Based on above perspectives, our aim was (d) Loads originating from the chemical com- to study the physical, chemical, biological and geo- pounds used in agriculture such as, pesti- logical processes along the coastal waters of ‘Pulau cides, natural and artificial fertilizers which are Tuba’ to know its existing environmental status for washed out from the surface and carried by the the sustainable development of fisheries resources. drainage waters of agriculture activities in the basin of the bay. Materials and methods (e) Pollutant loads originating from port activities and maritime traffic. Physico-chemical parameters analysis (f) Loads up-fluxing from bottom sediments into A study was conducted on physico-chemical the water column. characteristics of water and sediment quality from (g) Material transferred from/the main jetty to the April, 2005 to Dec, 2005 once a month at four dif- open sea. ferent stations along the coastal waters Pulau Tuba, Langkawi (Station 1 – Main Jetty Pulau Tuba, Sta- Heavy metals are a major anthropogenic contam- tion 2 – Pulau Tuba aquaculture area, Station 3 – inant of estuarine and coastal waters. Their inputs Simpan Tiga Mangrove area and Station 4 – Kuah include: urban run-off, industrial effluents, mining Jetty) (Figure 1). The sampling began at 0900 hour operations and atmospheric depositions, and may be and ended about 1400 hours. The physico-chemical in particulate or dissolved forms. Although many parameters such as temperature, salinity, TDS (To- are essential biological elements, all have the poten- tal Dissolved Solids), TSS (Total Suspended Solids) tial to be toxic to organisms above certain thresh- and the conductivity of both surface and bottom of old concentrations, and for the protection of aquatic the sea water were carried out by Hydrolab, DSA 5. biota it is important that these limits not be ex- pH was measured using a pH meter, and nitrate, ni- ceeded in aquatic environments. Hence, the physico- trite and phosphate were determined by the method chemical parameters and the sediment distribution described by Parsons et al. (1992). Sediment char- are two important factors needed to know the eco- acteristics were determined by the method adopted logical patterns and complex dynamic hydrodynam- by Folk (1974).
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