Booting up and Shutting Down a Primer for Troubleshooting the Boot

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Booting up and Shutting Down a Primer for Troubleshooting the Boot Booting up and Shutting down A primer for troubleshooting In this section, we touch upon the startup and shutdown process on Linux. It is beyond the scope of this course to cover this topic in depth and we highly recommend that you read more about this topic in the official RedHat documentation or the documents listed at the end of this section. There is an abundance of information on this topic available in books and on the web. The Boot Up Process Please refer to the official RedHat documentation for details about the boot up process. http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/linux/RHL-9-Manual/ref-guide/ch-boot-init-shutdown.html Bootloaders Two common bootloaders in Linux are Lilo and grub. Bio-Linux currently uses grub. Grub installs a boot loader to the Master Boot Record. By configuring grub, you can put specific instructions in the Master Boot Record that allow you to load menus or command environments such that you could choose to start up different operating systems, pass information to the kernel, etc. The grub configuration file is at /boot/grub/grub.conf. Unless you are really into system work, you will probably not ever have to touch this file. More information on grub can be found at: http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/linux/RHL-9-Manual/ref-guide/s1-grub-whatis.html Once grub has done its job, it hands over control of the machine to the operating system. Run levels Run Level Description 0 Halt 1 Single user mode 2 Multiuser, without networking (without NFS) 3 Full multiuser mode, with networking 4 Unused 5 the same as 3, but with X11 started automatically 6 Reboot The first process run after the kernel has loaded is /sbin/init – this runs with pid 1. The default run level on your system is 5. 0 and 6 are used for shutdown and reboot of the machine respectively. /sbin/init 0 is the same as running shutdown –h now /sbin/init 6 is the same as running shutdown –r now If neither the –h or –r options are given to the shutdown command, the default it to reboot to run level 1: single user mode. This is the runlevel used when troubleshooting system problems. To boot to single user mode, you can also use the command: /sbin/init 1 This can be run using sudo or run as root. /etc/inittab init reads the file /etc/inittab to determine what to do and when to do it. The default run level for your system is defined in this file. Entries in the /etc/inittab file take the form: id:runlevels:action:process For more information on this, please refer to the Boot Process section of the The CTDP Linux Startup Manual (link at the bottom of document). The series of lines where the action is contain the script name: /etc/rc.d/rc. This script takes the argument at the end of the line, (0, 1, 2, etc.), which correspond to a run level. Commands in this file cause the execution of “kill” scripts, (those that start with the letter K in the appropriate directory) to run, and then runs the startup scripts, (those that start with the letter S). This is done for each run-level, (as can be seen by the series of commands in the /etc/inittab file). Note that the “K” and “S” scripts are in fact softlinks to the scripts themselves, which are stored in /etc/init.d/ This is important to remember if you edit scripts. The K and S scripts are executed in alphanumeric order. Thus, if you are adding scripts, you can control when in the bootup/shutdown process they are executed, by giving an appropriate soft link name in the appropriate run level directory. The kinds of things that can cause boot problems • The root partition cannot be mounted • A partition could not be automatically fsck’d • A partition has filled up completely – especially the root partition or /var if it is its own partition • The kernel was told to start up in runlevel 1 • Loading errors • Bad startup scripts • Bad /etc/fstab file What happens when the machine shuts down? When you shut the machine down cleanly, a number of things happen: • users logged in are notified the system is going down. (Hopefully you have given them advanced warning of this shutdown.) • all running processes are sent a signal telling them to terminate • all subsystems are shut down gracefully • all users still on the system are logged off • all pending disk updates are completed (sync) • the system is taken to the specified runlevel sync sync is executed during the shutdown process. It schedules the necessary disk writes so that the system can exit cleanly. What happens when the system crashes If your machine does crash, upon the next boot, a full filesystem check will be carried out using fsck. Fsck goes through the system and tries to recover any corrupt files it finds. Anything resulting from this recovery operation is placed in a directory called /lost+found. Files in this directory will not always be complete or usable; it depends on how successful the recovery was. More on fsck fsck, (filesystem check) checks the filesystem’s consistency, reports any problems it finds, and optionally repairs problems. With the exception of the root system, fsck runs on unmounted filesystems. To run fsck on the root system, you must be in single user mode. You will probably not have to run fsck manually often, but please make sure you read the documentation on this important program so that you will understand how it works, and how to interpret the information it gives you, should a crash occur. Log files (sources of information!) /var/log/messages /var/log/boot.log /var/log/dmesg The /etc/nologin file If a file called /etc/nologin exists, no user can log in. Only root can be logged in at the console. This can be very useful when are troubleshooting and need the whole system to be up and functional, including networking, but don’t want users logging onto the system. If you put information into the /etc/nologin file, that information will be reported to any user trying to log in. E.g. you can let them know the system is down for maintenance and to try back later. Starting and stopping services You can start and stop many of the services running on your machine by typing the name of the appropriate startup script, followed by start or stop. If the script has been written properly, you should be able to find what options are available by just typing the name of the script. For example, typing: /etc/init.d/sshd will give you information on the options available for running this script. Login initialisation files When a user logs in, a number of initialisation files are read. These vary according to what the default shell of the user is. System wide, the files of interest are: /etc/profile /etc/zshrc /etc/bashrc Users can override the defaults set centrally, or add their own settings, using “dot” files in their account. There are a number of possibilities depending on their default shell and what they want exactly. Key files include ~/.profile ~/.login ~/.zshrc ~/.cshrc ~/.bashrc (executed by all non-login instances of bash) ~/.bash_profile (executed by a login bash session – this file is not present, bash uses .profile instead) These files are sourced at different times: .profile, .bash_login, and .login are executed when a user logs in .zshrc, .cshrc, .bashrc, etc, are executed every time a new shell is spawned. On this basis – information stored in a .login or .profile file should be that which needs to be executed at login time. This includes such things as: • setting the PATH • setting the default file protection (with umask) • setting the terminal type • setting other environmental variables The types of things you might want in a .xxxrc file include: • setting shell variables • defining aliases Note: Shell initialization files are executed before login initialisation files – e.g. first .zshrc and then .login More on this topic can be found on the web at: http://www.linuxvalley.it/encyclopedia/ldp/howto/HOWTO/mini/Path-6.html http://wwwhepix.web.cern.ch/wwwhepix/wg/scripts/www/shells/user.html Other useful commands and files chkconfig This lets you find out about, and update, runlevel information for your system’s services. In other words, this is a command line tool for maintaining the /etc/rc.d/init.d directory hierarchy. e.g. to find out about all the services that chkconfig knows about, you can run /sbin/chkconfig --list A graphical interface to chkconfig can be run by typing: serviceconf And if you are so inclined, there is also a text-based interface to chkconfig, which can be run by typing sudo /usr/sbin/ntsysv dmesg dmesg reports about the kernel booting. It shows the devices it has found and if it has been able to configure them all. A log of this output can be found at /var/log/dmesg. Information at the top of /var/log/dmesg includes the kernel version and build. /etc/motd The contents of the /etc/motd (message of the day) file appear on a user’s terminal when they first log in. This is an extremely useful way to advertise messages about impending shutdowns if people are logging into your machine using terminal sessions such as ssh. /sbin/shutdown Run with different flags, this command allows you to shut down the machine cleanly, and to reboot into designated run levels.
Recommended publications
  • It's Complicated but It's Probably Already Booting Your Computer
    FAQ SYSTEMD SYSTEMD It’s complicated but it’s probably already booting your computer. dynamically connect to your network, a runlevel of 1 for a single-user mode, GRAHAM MORRISON while syslogd pools all the system runlevel 3 for the same command messages together to create a log of prompt we described earlier, and Surely the ‘d’ in Systemd is everything important. Another daemon, runlevel 5 to launch a graphical a typo? though it lacks the ‘d’, is init – famous environment. Changing this for your No –it’s a form of Unix notation for being the first process that runs on next boot often involved editing the used to signify a daemon. your system. /etc/inittab file, and you’d soon get used to manually starting and stopping You mean like those little Isn’t init used to switch your own services simply by executing devils inhabiting Dante’s between the command-line the scripts you found. underworld? and the graphical desktop? There is a link in that Unix usage For many of us, yes. This was the You seem to be using the past of the term daemon supposedly main way of going from the tense for all this talk about the comes from Greek mythology, where desktop to a command line and back init daemon… daemons invisibly wove their magic again without trying to figure out which That’s because the and benign influence. The word is today processes to kill or start manually. aforementioned Systemd wants more commonly spelt ‘demon’, which Typing init 3 would typically close any to put init in the past.
    [Show full text]
  • The Linux Startup Process
    The Linux startup process Jerry Feldman <[email protected]> The Linux Expertise Center Hewlett-Packard Company Document produced via OpenOffice.org Overview ● The Linux boot process – GRUB. This is the default for X86/Linux – LILO – Other boot loaders ● The Linux Operating modes – Single-user mode – Multi-user mode. ● Run Levels – What are run levels – What are the Linux standard run levels – How Linux manages run levels 2 The Linux Boot process ● The PC boot process is a 3-stage boot process that begins with the BIOS executing a short program that is stored in the Master Boot Record (MBR) of the first physical drive. Since this stage 1 boot loader needs to fit in the MBR, it is limited to 512 bytes and is normally written in assembly language. There are a number of boot loaders that can load Linux. ● GRUB and LILO are the most commonly used ones on X86 hardware. ® ® ● EFI is used on the Intel Itanium family. 3 The GRand Unified Bootloader The GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB) is default boot loader on most distributions today. It has the capability to load a number of different operating systems. 1.The stage 1 boot resides in the MBR and contains the sector number of the stage 2 boot that is usually located in the /boot/grub directory on Linux. 2.The stage 2 boot loader presents a boot menu to the user based on /boot/grub/grub.conf or menu.lst. This contains a boot script. It is the stage2 loader actually loads the Linux kernel or 4 other OS.
    [Show full text]
  • Linux and UNIX
    Operating Systems, Fall 2008 2.10.2008 Example: Linux and UNIX 1 UNIX History First version, a strippedstripped--downdown MULTICS by Ken Thompson for a discarded PDP--7PDP 7 minicomputer in assembly language Moved to PDP--11PDP 11 and rewritten using language, C, designed for that purpose Evolved to two different, partially incompatible versions System V (AT&T, original designers) BSD (Berkeley, based on an early UNIX Version 6) Standardization by IEEE created POSIX 1003.1 Intersection (leikkaus) of the features 2 Lecture 10 1 Operating Systems, Fall 2008 2.10.2008 UNIX Popularity based on Portability C code, some device--dependentdevice dependent parts in assembly code Multiprogramming Supported interactive users (at the era of batch systems) Hierarchical file and directory structure Just one file format: sequence of bytes (Universities had the suitable machines in the beginning) UNIX philosophy: small is beautiful Combining small utility programs (called filters) pipe output of one to be an input to another Minimum number of system calls 3 4 Lecture 10 2 Operating Systems, Fall 2008 2.10.2008 UNIX History, continues MINIX (released in 1987) Designed by A. Tanenbaum for educational purpose Microkernel design Today focus also on reliability and dependability issues LINUX (released in 1991) Designed by Linus Torvalds for personal use Model from MINIX, but monolithic kernel Uses special features of gcc Free software based on GPL (Gnu Public License) 5 Linux Joint InternetInternet--basedbased Free Software Foundation & development GNU Public License Experts all over the world Free distribution of the kernel code (C & assembler )) 1991 -->> Free distribution of some HY/TKTL: "Linux was (most) system software invented here“ GNU C, Gnome, KDE, Linus Torvalds studied and Apache, Samba, … worked at the department.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuning Systemd for Embedded
    Tuning systemd for Embedded Alison Chaiken [email protected] Mar. 23, 2015 Latest version: http://she-devel.com/ELC_systemd.pdf Auxiliary files: http://she-devel.com/ELC_auxiliary.tar.bz2 Text in blue is hyperlinked. ? ? ? ? Quiz: what is the most widely used Linux init system? ? ? ? ? phenomenom.” -- Gary Hamel “ Show Action Linux itself.” -- is Linux GKH, Linux “ Valley Silicon Gates,-- Bill industry.” the technology in position “ Success self-correcting Success is a hurt Thethatever thing can only has a guaranteed No one Linux needs to keepinnovating Pirates Pirates of Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fire-lite-bg- 10.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Fire-lite-bg-10.jpg Philosophy of systemd Extract duplicate functionality from daemons and move it to systemd core or kernel. Replace /etc scripts with declarative config files. Expose newer kernel APIs to userspace via a simple interface. systemd is: ● modular; ● asynchronous and concurrent; ● described by declarative sets of properties; ● bundled with analysis tools and tests; ● features a fully language-agnostic API. One daemon to rule them all xinetd: a daemon to lazily launch internet services when activity is detected on an AF_INET socket systemd: a daemon to lazily launch any system service when activity is detected on an AF_UNIX socket (oversimplification) Complexity arising from many similar small units init.d scripts systemd units ● Unit's action and parameters: ExecStart= ● Dependencies: Before=, After=, Requires=, Conflicts= and Wants=. ● Default dependencies: – Requires= and After= on basic.target; – Conflicts= and Before= on shutdown.target. ● Types of unit files: service, socket, device, mount, scope, slice, automount, swap, target, path, timer, snapshot sysVinit runlevels ≈ systemd targets ● Targets are synchronization points.
    [Show full text]
  • Oracle Solaris Guide for Linux Users
    Oracle Solaris Guide for Linux Users December 2016 (Edition 1.0) Fujitsu Limited Copyright 2014-2016 FUJITSU LIMITED Contents Preface 1. Starting and Stopping the OS Environment 2. Package Management 3. User Management 4. Network Management 5. Service Management 6. File System and Storage Management 7. Monitoring 8. Virtual Environment 1/72 Copyright 2014-2016 FUJITSU LIMITED Preface 1/2 Purpose This document explains how to use Oracle Solaris to users who have experience operating systems in a Linux environment. Audience People who have basic knowledge of Linux People who are planning to operate an Oracle Solaris system Positioning of documents Review Design Build Operate Oracle Solaris Guide for Linux Users Oracle Solaris Command Reference (This document) for Linux Users 2/72 Copyright 2014-2016 FUJITSU LIMITED Preface 2/2 Notes Oracle Solaris may be described as "Solaris" in this document. Oracle VM Server for SPARC may be described as "Oracle VM" in this document. The commands, etc. explained in this document are based on the following environments: - Linux: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.5, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.1 - Solaris: Oracle Solaris 11.3, ESF 5.1 The mark on the right appears on slides about Solaris functions. Solaris Fujitsu M10 is sold as SPARC M10 Systems by Fujitsu in Japan. Fujitsu M10 and SPARC M10 Systems are identical products. 3/72 Copyright 2014-2016 FUJITSU LIMITED For a Linux Administrator Who Will be Operating Solaris... You may be thinking there will be no big difference because Solaris can be operated with the same command base as Linux..
    [Show full text]
  • Knowing Knoppix/Print Version - Wikibooks, Open Books for an Open World
    Knowing Knoppix/Print version - Wikibooks, open books for an open world Knowing Knoppix/Print version Knowing Knoppix The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Knowing_Knoppix Permission is granted to copy, distribute, and/or modify this document under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. Contents 1 Introducing Knoppix 1.1 Introducing Knoppix 1.1.1 What is Knoppix? 1.1.1.1 Linux that runs from CD 1.1.1.2 Can be installed on a Hard Disk or a USB key 1.1.1.3 How it works 1.1.1.4 Safe to run 1.1.1.5 Personal 1.1.1.6 Free 1.1.2 What you can do with Knoppix 1.1.2.1 Learn Linux 1.1.2.2 Rescue and test 1.1.2.3 Use and explore 1.1.2.4 Network 1.1.3 Where Knoppix comes from 1.1.4 Knoppix is Free Software 1.1.5 Limitations 1.1.5.1 No warranty 1.1.5.2 CD means slow 1.1.5.3 Not everything works 1 von 71 Knowing Knoppix/Print version - Wikibooks, open books for an open world 1.1.5.4 RAM intensive 1.1.6 What is included in Knoppix? 1.1.7 What is Linux? 1.1.7.1 A little history 1.1.7.1.1 How GNU grew 1.1.7.1.2 It's a GNU world! 2 Knoppix for the first time 2.1 Knoppix for the first time 2.1.1 Overview 2.1.2 Hardware requirements 2.1.3 Starting Knoppix 2.1.3.1 The first stage 2.1.3.2 The second stage 2.1.4 The first stage 2.1.4.1 Getting to the boot prompt 2.1.4.2 Help at the boot prompt 2.1.4.2.1 Quick help 2.1.5 The second stage 2.1.5.1 Starting Knoppix proper 2.1.5.2 Which keyboard/language? 2.1.5.3 Automatic hardware detection
    [Show full text]
  • Systemd.Unit=<Target>
    systemd, the modern Linux service and resource manager Alison Chaiken Sept. 8, 2015 mentor.com/automo tive Android is a trademark of Google Inc. Use of this trademark is subject to Google Permissions. Linux is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the U.S. and other countries. Qt is a registered trade mark of Digia Plc and/or its subsidiaries. All other trademarks mentioned in this document are trademarks of their respective owners. Philosophy of systemd ● Extract duplicate functionality from daemons and move it to systemd core or kernel. ● Replace /etc scripts with declarative config files. ● Expose newer kernel APIs to userspace via a simple interface. 2 2 systemd is: ● modular; ● asynchronous and concurrent; ● described by declarative sets of properties; ● bundled with analysis tools and tests; ● supplied with a fully language-agnostic API. 3 3 init.d scripts systemd unit properties ● Unit's action and parameters: ExecStart= ● Dependencies: Before=, After=, Requires=, Conflicts= and Wants=. ● Default dependencies: – Requires= and After= on basic.target; – Conflicts= and Before= on shutdown.target. ● Types of unit files: service, socket, device, mount, scope, slice, automount, swap, target, path, timer, snapshot 4 4 Example: Automotive Message Broker From /lib/systemd/system/ambd.service: # ambd systemd service unit file [Unit] Description=Automotive Message Broker After=syslog.target [Service] Type=dbus BusName=org.automotive.message.broker ExecStart=/usr/bin/ambd [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target 5 5 Example: Make the gdp-hmi-controller only start when weston is ready From: Jonathan Maw <[email protected]> [ . ] --- /dev/null +++ b/recipes-demo-hmi/genivi-demo-platform-hmi/gdp-hmi- launcher2/StartLauncher.path +[Unit] +Description=GENIVI Start Launcher when weston is ready +Requires=weston.service +After=weston.service +[Path] +PathExists=/var/run/user/0/wayland-0 6 6 sysVinit runlevels ≈ systemd targets ● Targets are synchronization points.
    [Show full text]
  • Systemd:Systemd: Thethe Newnew Initinit Systemsystem Forfor Linuxlinux
    systemd:systemd: thethe newnew initinit systemsystem forfor LinuxLinux GlennGlenn HolmerHolmer MilwaukeeMilwaukee LinuxLinux UsersUsers GroupGroup JuneJune 14,14, 20142014 History init, the father of processes ✔ BIOS loads bootloader from hard drive ✔ bootloader loads GRUB ✔ GRUB loads kernel ✔ kernel mounts filesystems and loads drivers ✔ kernel starts first process (init) sysvinit startup ✔ init looks for default runlevel and runs its scripts to start the appropriate services ✔ each runlevel has a directory /etc/rcN.d/ with start and stop symlinks to scripts in /etc/init.d init systems traditional: sysvinit (Linux) alternate: OpenRC (Gentoo), upstart (Ubuntu) other OS: BSD, SMF (Solaris), launchd (Mac) What's wrong with sysvinit? synchronous everything started at boot time can't control double-forked child processes What's better about systemd? asynchronous services started only when needed (via socket) services run in cgroups Why is systemd controversial? “do one thing and do it well” (feature creep) depends on dbus/kdbus Linux-specific (because of cgroups) binary log file (the journal) http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/the-biggest-myths.html Why is systemd controversial? “do one thing and do it well” (feature creep) depends on dbus/kdbus Linux-specific (because of cgroups) binary log file (the journal) http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/the-biggest-myths.html personality conflicts... systemd adoption Ubuntu: upstart 2006 (native init 2009) Fedora: upstart 2008, systemd 2011 RHEL: RHEL 7 (just released) uses systemd SUSE: upstart option 2010, systemd 2011 SLES: SLES 12 (Q3) will use systemd Debian: systemd 2014, Ubuntu will follow Mechanics Why is sysvinit synchronous? services wait for their dependencies (which open a socket when ready) Why not open the socket on startup? services with dependencies can start at once socket buffer holds messages until ready Why is sysvinit slow? shell scripts! (shell loaded over and over) multiple invocations of grep, awk, sed..
    [Show full text]
  • Oracle Solaris 10 811 Installation Guide Live Upgrade and Upgrade
    Oracle® Solaris 10 8/11 Installation Guide: Live Upgrade and Upgrade Planning Part No: E23801 January 2012 E23801–02 Copyright © 2011, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing. If this is software or related documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS. Programs, software, databases, and related documentation and technical data delivered to U.S. Government customers are "commercial computer software" or "commercial technical data" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, the use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation shall be subject to the restrictions and license terms setforth in the applicable Government contract, and, to the extent applicable by the terms of the Government contract, the additional rights set forth in FAR 52.227-19, Commercial Computer Software License (December 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Oracle Solaris 10 811 Installation Guide Custom Jumpstart And
    Oracle® Solaris 10 8/11 Installation Guide: Custom JumpStart and Advanced Installations Part No: E23802 January 2012 E23802–02 Copyright © 2011, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing. If this is software or related documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS. Programs, software, databases, and related documentation and technical data delivered to U.S. Government customers are "commercial computer software" or "commercial technical data" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, the use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation shall be subject to the restrictions and license terms setforth in the applicable Government contract, and, to the extent applicable by the terms of the Government contract, the additional rights set forth in FAR 52.227-19, Commercial Computer Software License (December 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Petalinux Tools Documentation: Reference Guide
    PetaLinux Tools Documentation Reference Guide UG1144 (v2018.3) December 5, 2018 Revision History The following table shows the revision history for this document. Section Revision Summary 12/05/2018 Version 2018.3 General updates • Made changes to PetaLinux project directory structure. Installation Requirements • Added new section Quick Installation of Packages Customizing the Project • Added new section Configuring INITRD BOOT • Added new section Configuring JFFS2 BOOT Migration • Added new section FSBL/PMUFW Patching Mechanism Advanced Configurations • Added new section FPGA Manager Configuration and Usage for Zynq Ultrascale+ Customizing the Rootfs • Added new section Creating and Adding Custom Libraries 06/06/2018 Version 2018.2 CR updates • Removed DSA warning and recommendations throughout the book. 04/18/2018 Version 2018.1 General updates • Merged the contents of PetaLinux Tools Documentation: Workflow Tutorial (UG1156) and made it obsolete • Removed Appendix - Obsolete Features • Organized the content in the document Yocto Features • Added a new section SDK Generation • Added a new section Machine Support • Added a new section SOC Variant Support • Added a new section Image Features Configuring and Building • Added a new section Build Optimization Migration • Added a new Appendix Reference Guide Send Feedback 2 UG1144 (v2018.3) December 5, 2018 www.xilinx.com Table of Contents Revision History . 2 Chapter 1: Overview Introduction . 7 Chapter 2: Setting Up Your Environment Installation Requirements. 10 Installation Steps . 13 PetaLinux Working Environment Setup . 15 Design Flow Overview . 18 Chapter 3: Creating a Project PetaLinux BSP Installation. 19 Creating Hardware Platform with Vivado . 21 Exporting Hardware Platform to PetaLinux Project . 23 Creating a New PetaLinux Project. 23 Chapter 4: Configuring and Building Version Control .
    [Show full text]
  • Systemd in SUSE® Linux Enterprise 12
    White Paper Server systemd in SUSE® Linux Enterprise 12 A kinder, gentler introduction from SUSE Table of Contents page Abstract. .2 Introduction. .2 Basic systemd Concepts. 3 Very Quick and Dirty Overview of Useful Commands. 5 Basic Operations with systemd. 5 Backward Compatible Support for init Scripts. 10 systemd Can Do More. 11 Useful Tips and Tricks. 12 Appendix A. 14 Appendix B. 15 Appendix C. 15 Appendix D. 15 Server White Paper systemd in SUSE Linux Enterprise 12 Abstract Introduced with SUSE® Linux Enterprise 12, systemd is the new system startup and service manager for Linux, replacing the old System V init (SysV init). Now you can forget everything you ever knew about how Linux systems start up and manage services. systemd is different, and you need to understand how to work with it. Because.of.this,.it.has.quite.a.learning.curve,.especially.because.it. Introduction introduces.a.number.of.new.concepts.and.commands ..However,. The .move.to.systemd.has.been.very.controversial.in.the.broader. once .you.get.over.that.initial.hump,.you.will.find.systemd.a.pow- Linux .community ..Critics.have.questioned.why.a.replacement. erful.and.flexible.tool . for .SysV.init.is.needed.in.the.first.place,.the.design.of.systemd. and.its.implementation ..While.this.paper.won’t.delve.into.all.that. According.to.the.developers,.systemd.“provides.aggressive.paral- background,.it.will.talk.about.a.couple.of.points . lelization.capabilities,.uses.socket.and.D-Bus.activation1. for.start- ing .services,.offers.on-demand.starting.of.daemons,.keeps.track. Why Replace SysV init? of .processes.using.Linux.cgroups,.supports.snapshotting.and.
    [Show full text]