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[Oceanography and Marine Biology - an Annual Review] R. N
OCEANOGRAPHY and MARINE BIOLOGY AN ANNUAL REVIEW Volume 44 7044_C000.fm Page ii Tuesday, April 25, 2006 1:51 PM OCEANOGRAPHY and MARINE BIOLOGY AN ANNUAL REVIEW Volume 44 Editors R.N. Gibson Scottish Association for Marine Science The Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory Oban, Argyll, Scotland [email protected] R.J.A. Atkinson University Marine Biology Station Millport University of London Isle of Cumbrae, Scotland [email protected] J.D.M. Gordon Scottish Association for Marine Science The Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory Oban, Argyll, Scotland [email protected] Founded by Harold Barnes Boca Raton London New York CRC is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by R.N. Gibson, R.J.A. Atkinson and J.D.M. Gordon CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-7044-2 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-7044-1 (Hardcover) International Standard Serial Number: 0078-3218 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. -
Miocene Continental Gastropods from the Southern Margin of the Swabian Alb (Baden-Württemberg, SW Germany)
N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 287/1 (2018), 17–44 Article E Stuttgart, January 2018 Miocene continental gastropods from the southern margin of the Swabian Alb (Baden-Württemberg, SW Germany) Olaf Höltke, Rodrigo B. Salvador, and Michael W. Rasser With 6 figures Abstract: The Middle Miocene silvana-beds outcropping at the southern margin of the Swabian Alb bear a wide array of terrestrial and freshwater gastropods. Especially in the surroundings of the Emerberg and Tautschbuch hills, there are records of several collection sites. In the present work, we investigated material from the historical localities from these two regions, housed in museum collec- tions, in order to provide an updated check list, synthesizing the knowledge of the region in the hopes to spur renewed interest. In total, we report 14 freshwater and 50 land snail species from the area, but not all species reported in the literature could be confirmed. Key words: Baden-Württemberg, European Land Mammal Zone MN 5, Langhian, silvana- beds, Upper Freshwater Molasse. 1. Introduction (1923-1930). Therefore, in the absence of more driven excavations for the moment, here we investigated ma- The southern margin of the Swabian Alb, especially terial from several historical localities from these two the Emerberg and Tautschbuch hills, bears a consider- regions, housed in museum collections. Our goal is to able number of continental Miocene deposits (Fig. 1). provide an updated check list of species and localities, These are built up by the silvana-beds, a lithostrati- thus synthesizing the knowledge of the region in the graphic unit of the Miocene Upper Freshwater Molasse hopes to spur renewed interest and collection efforts. -
A Radical Solution: the Phylogeny of the Nudibranch Family Fionidae
RESEARCH ARTICLE A Radical Solution: The Phylogeny of the Nudibranch Family Fionidae Kristen Cella1, Leila Carmona2*, Irina Ekimova3,4, Anton Chichvarkhin3,5, Dimitry Schepetov6, Terrence M. Gosliner1 1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, 3 Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia, 4 Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 5 A.V. Zhirmunsky Instutute of Marine Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia, 6 National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia a11111 * [email protected] Abstract Tergipedidae represents a diverse and successful group of aeolid nudibranchs, with approx- imately 200 species distributed throughout most marine ecosystems and spanning all bio- OPEN ACCESS geographical regions of the oceans. However, the systematics of this family remains poorly Citation: Cella K, Carmona L, Ekimova I, understood since no modern phylogenetic study has been undertaken to support any of the Chichvarkhin A, Schepetov D, Gosliner TM (2016) A Radical Solution: The Phylogeny of the proposed classifications. The present study is the first molecular phylogeny of Tergipedidae Nudibranch Family Fionidae. PLoS ONE 11(12): based on partial sequences of two mitochondrial (COI and 16S) genes and one nuclear e0167800. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167800 gene (H3). Maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis were con- Editor: Geerat J. Vermeij, University of California, ducted in order to elucidate the systematics of this family. Our results do not recover the tra- UNITED STATES ditional Tergipedidae as monophyletic, since it belongs to a larger clade that includes the Received: July 7, 2016 families Eubranchidae, Fionidae and Calmidae. -
Diversity of Norwegian Sea Slugs (Nudibranchia): New Species to Norwegian Coastal Waters and New Data on Distribution of Rare Species
Fauna norvegica 2013 Vol. 32: 45-52. ISSN: 1502-4873 Diversity of Norwegian sea slugs (Nudibranchia): new species to Norwegian coastal waters and new data on distribution of rare species Jussi Evertsen1 and Torkild Bakken1 Evertsen J, Bakken T. 2013. Diversity of Norwegian sea slugs (Nudibranchia): new species to Norwegian coastal waters and new data on distribution of rare species. Fauna norvegica 32: 45-52. A total of 5 nudibranch species are reported from the Norwegian coast for the first time (Doridoxa ingolfiana, Goniodoris castanea, Onchidoris sparsa, Eubranchus rupium and Proctonotus mucro- niferus). In addition 10 species that can be considered rare in Norwegian waters are presented with new information (Lophodoris danielsseni, Onchidoris depressa, Palio nothus, Tritonia griegi, Tritonia lineata, Hero formosa, Janolus cristatus, Cumanotus beaumonti, Berghia norvegica and Calma glau- coides), in some cases with considerable changes to their distribution. These new results present an update to our previous extensive investigation of the nudibranch fauna of the Norwegian coast from 2005, which now totals 87 species. An increase in several new species to the Norwegian fauna and new records of rare species, some with considerable updates, in relatively few years results mainly from sampling effort and contributions by specialists on samples from poorly sampled areas. doi: 10.5324/fn.v31i0.1576. Received: 2012-12-02. Accepted: 2012-12-20. Published on paper and online: 2013-02-13. Keywords: Nudibranchia, Gastropoda, taxonomy, biogeography 1. Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway Corresponding author: Jussi Evertsen E-mail: [email protected] IntRODUCTION the main aims. -
Contribution to the Knowledge of the Terrestrial Gastropods (Mollusca:Gastropoda) from Vrachanska Planina Mountains
Bechev, D. & Georgiev, D. (Eds.), Faunistic diversity of Vrachanski Balkan Nature Park. ZooNotes, Supplemen 3, Plovdiv University Press, Plovdiv, 2016 Contribution to the knowledge of the terrestrial gastropods (Mollusca:Gastropoda) from Vrachanska Planina Mountains IVAILO K. DEDOV, ULRICH E. SCHNEPPAT, FABIA KNECHTLE GLOGGER Abstract. Gastropods fauna from the Vrachanska Planina Mountains (= Vrachanska Planina), Northwest Bulgaria, as well it presents the up to now unpublished results of several research trips of the authors and further collectors in the region. In total 90 terrestrial gastropods species are now known from this mountain area. 78 species were published IURPWKHEHJLQQLQJRIUHVHDUFKLQWKLVDUHDXSWRUHFHQWO\VSHFLHVZHUHFRQÀUPHGZLWK QHZÀQGLQJVDQGVSHFLHVZHUHQRWIRXQGDJDLQZKLOHWKHFRXUVHVRIRXULQYHVWLJDWLRQV JDVWURSRGVSHFLHVDUHQHZO\UHFRUGHGIRUWKHUDQJH Key words: Bulgaria, Vrachanska Planina Mountains, terrestrial gastropods. Introduction )URPWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHWKFHQWXU\XQWLOSUHVHQWDXWKRUVKDYHSXEOLVKHG 40 studies concerning the Vrachanska Planina Mts. gastropods fauna. Until the present work 78 terrestrial gastopods species are known to live in this restricted northwestern area of the Stara Planina Mountains Ridge. The Vrachanska Mts. are in shape of an inverted triangle, ZLWKDERXWVLGHOHQJWKVRIDQGNPDQGDEDVHRINPRQO\ ,QWKHFRXUVHRIRXUVWXGLHVVSHFLHVZHUHFRQÀUPHGDQGVXPPDULVHGLQ7DEOH 7KHSUHVHQWZRUNLVDGGLQJQHZVSHFLHVIRUWKHUHJLRQ7KHQHZQXPEHURIVSHFLHVIRU WKH9UDFKDQVND0WVUHSUHVHQWVDERXWRIWKHWHUUHVWULDOJDVWURSRGVVSHFLHVNQRZQ IRU%XOJDULD 0LWRYDQG'HGRY -
Distribution Patterns of Pelagic Gastropods at the Cape Verde Islands Holger Ossenbrügger
Distribution patterns of pelagic gastropods at the Cape Verde Islands Holger Ossenbrügger* Semester thesis 2010 *GEOMAR | Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Marine Ecology | Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes Düsternbrooker Weg 20 | 24105 Kiel | Germany Contact: [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction . .2 1.1. Pteropods . 2 1.2. Heteropods . 3 1.3. Hydrography . 4 2. Material and Methods . 5 3. Results and Discussion . 7 3.1. Pteropods . 7 3.1.1. Species Composition . 7 3.1.2. Spatial Density Distribution near Senghor Seamount . .. 9 3.1.3. Diel Vertical Migration . 11 3.2. Heteropods . 17 3.2.1. Species Composition . .17 3.2.2. Spatial Density Distribution near Senghor Seamount . .17 3.2.3. Diel Vertical Migration . 18 4. Summary and directions for future research . 19 References . 20 Acknowledgements . 21 Attachment . .22 1. Introduction 1.1. Pteropods Pteropods belong to the phylum of the Mollusca. They are part of the class Gastropoda and located in the order Ophistobranchia. The pteropods are divided into the orders Thecosomata and Gymnosomata. They are small to medium sized animals, ranging from little more than 1mm for example in many members of the Genus Limacina to larger species such as Cymbulia peroni, which reaches a pseudoconch length of 65mm. The mostly shell bearing Thecosomata are known from about 74 recent species worldwide and are divided into five families. The Limacinidae are small gastropods with a sinistrally coiled shell; they can completely retract their body into the shell. Seven recent species of the genus Limacina are known. The Cavoliniidae is the largest of the thecosomate families with about 47 species with quite unusually formed shells. -
Nudipleura Bathydorididae Bathydoris Clavigera AY165754 2064 AY427444 1383 AF249222 445 AF249808 599
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`);D8D-S-"Q"'("%)D:":/)U&55/B.&%)&I)_"5/&%:&5&1K)"%7)</&5&1K,)</&V(&)U/%:/')\AP,) M(BC"'7S>"1%/'SD:'=)+a,)Xa333)A9%BC/%,)</'H"%K`)?>/#:/'%)4$#:'"5("%)A$#/$H,)\&BR/7)-"1);b,)>/5#CG&&5)FU,)_/':C,) >4)YbXY,)4$#:'"5("=))U&''/#G&%7/%B/)"%7)'/c$/#:#)I&')H":/'("5#)#C&$57)V/)"77'/##/7):&)!=*=)d/H"(5e)R"%&f"&'(=$S :&RK&="B=gGh) 7&33'+8+#1-.9)"#:/.8-;/#<) =-*'+)7>?)8$B5/&.7/)#/c$/%B/#)&I)G'(H/'#)$#/7)I&')"HG5(iB".&%)"%7)#/c$/%B(%1 =-*'+)7@?)<"#:'&G&7)#G/B(/#)"%7)#/c$/%B/#)$#/7)(%):C/)GCK5&1/%/.B)'/B&%#:'$B.&%)&I)/$:CK%/$'"%)B5"7/#)(%B5$7(%1) M(%1(B$5&(7/" A"$&.+)7>?)M46A\):'//#)V"#/7)&%)I&$'S1/%/)7":"#/:)T(:C&$:)&%/)&I):T&)H"g&')%$7(G5/$'"%)#$VB5"7/#e)d"h)8$7(V'"%BC(") d!"#$%&'()*+"%7),-.)/)&"h)"%7)dVh)_5/$'&V'"%BC&(7/")d0.-1('2("34$1*+"%7)5'/#$'/6*'3)"h= A"$&.+)7@?)O(H/SB"5(V'":/7)-J4DO):'//#)T(:C&$:)&%/)&I)I&$')B"5(V'".&%)G'(&'#e)d"h)i'#:)#G5(:)T(:C(%)J$&G(#:C&V'"%BC(")"%7) dVh)#G5(:#)V/:T//%)7"(%4$)1/)"%7)8/-"9'.)"%7)dBh)V/:T//%):)39)41.'6*)*)"%7):C'//)&:C/')'(%1(B$5(7#= A"$&.+)7B?)A'-"K/#):'//)V"#/7)&%)I&$'S1/%/)7":"#/:= -
Anuário Do Instituto De Geociências - UFRJ
Anuário do Instituto de Geociências - UFRJ www.anuario.igeo.ufrj.br As Famílias Veneridae, Trochidae, Akeridae e Acteonidae (Mollusca), na Formação Romualdo: Aspectos Paleoecológicos e Paleobiogeográicos no Cretáceo Inferior da Bacia do Araripe, NE do Brasil The Families Veneridae, Trochidae, Akeridae and Acteonidae (Mollusca), in the Romualdo Formation: Paleoecological and Paleobiogeographic Aspects in the Lower Cretaceous of the Araripe Basin, NE of Brazil Priscilla Albuquerque Pereira1; Rita de Cassia Tardin Cassab2 & Alcina Magnólia Franca Barreto1 1Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências, Departamento de Geologia, Laboratório de Paleontologia, Av. Hélio Acadêmico Ramos, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-533, Recife, PE, Brasil 2 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Geociências, Departamento de Geologia, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 274, 21910-900, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, s/n, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brasil E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Recebido em: 18/07/2018 Aprovado em: 21/09/2018 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2018_3_137_152 Resumo Moluscos fósseis na Bacia Sedimentar do Araripe são relatados desde a década de 1960, com biválvios presentes nas forma- ções Crato, Romualdo e gastrópodos, restritos a Formação Romualdo. A identiicação e descrição desses moluscos tem auxiliado na reconstituição paleoambiental da Formação Romualdo (Aptiano-Albiano) e na interpretação da rota de incursão marinha que aponta para inluência do mar de Tétis na bacia. Este trabalho, descreve e ilustra fósseis coletados nas localidades de Zé Gomes, Cedro/ Tabuleiro e Santo Antônio município de Exu, Pernambuco, pontuando a paleoecologia e a distribuição paleogeográica dos gêneros, além de observar as ainidades faunísticas entre as formaçõe Romualdo e Riachuelo. -
293 – Les Noms Scientifiques Français Des Mollusques Continentaux De
LES NOMS SCIENTIFIQUES FRANÇAIS DES MOLLUSQUES CONTINENTAUX DE FRANCE : processus d’ÉtABLISSEMENT d’une LISTE DE RÉFÉRENCE Benoît FONTAINE 1, Jean-Michel BICHAIN 2, Xavier CUCHERAT 3, Olivier GAR G OMINY 4 & Vincent PRIÉ 5 SUMMARY. — French scientific names of continental molluscs of France: process for establishing a list of reference. — In the biodiversity crisis context and with the increasing general awareness on this issue, conservation of small and poorly-known species is hampered by the fact they only have latine names. In order to communicate for biodiversity conservation, having French names is an advantage which is lacking in terrestrial and freshwater molluscs from France. To remedy this problem, we propose a list of French scientific names for this group, i.e. all species and subspecies known from France. We have listed existing names in legal documents, in usage and in the 18th and 19th centuries scientific literature. The resulting list being incomplete, we had to create new French names, following a series of recommendations adapted from similar works dealing with other taxonomic groups. We conclude by dealing with the issue of the legitimacy and validity of such names. The list of French scientific names is given as an appendix and is downloadable from internet. RÉSUMÉ. — Dans le contexte de la crise de la biodiversité et de la prise de conscience par le grand public des enjeux environnementaux, la conservation des espèces petites et méconnues est handicapée par le fait que ces espèces ne peuvent être désignées que par leur nom latin. Dans une optique de communication pour la préservation de la biodiversité, disposer de nom français est un atout qui fait défaut pour les mol- lusques terrestres et d’eau douce de France. -
Phylogenetic Analysis of Thecosomata Blainville, 1824
Phylogenetic Analysis of Thecosomata Blainville, 1824 (Holoplanktonic Opisthobranchia) Using Morphological and Molecular Data Emmanuel Corse, Jeannine Rampal, Corinne Cuoc, Nicolas Pech, Yvan Perez, André Gilles To cite this version: Emmanuel Corse, Jeannine Rampal, Corinne Cuoc, Nicolas Pech, Yvan Perez, et al.. Phylogenetic Analysis of Thecosomata Blainville, 1824 (Holoplanktonic Opisthobranchia) Using Morphological and Molecular Data. PLoS ONE, Public Library of Science, 2013, 8 (4), pp.59439 - 59439. 10.1371/jour- nal.pone.0059439. hal-01771570 HAL Id: hal-01771570 https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01771570 Submitted on 19 Apr 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Phylogenetic Analysis of Thecosomata Blainville, 1824 (Holoplanktonic Opisthobranchia) Using Morphological and Molecular Data Emmanuel Corse*, Jeannine Rampal, Corinne Cuoc, Nicolas Pech, Yvan Perez., Andre´ Gilles. IMBE (UMR CNRS 7263, IRD 237) Evolution Ge´nome Environnement, Aix-Marseille Universite´, Marseille, France Abstract Thecosomata is a marine zooplankton group, which played an important role in the carbonate cycle in oceans due to their shell composition. So far, there is important discrepancy between the previous morphological-based taxonomies, and subsequently the evolutionary history of Thecosomata. -
CLECOM-Liste Österreich (Austria)
CLECOM-Liste Österreich (Austria), mit Änderungen CLECOM-Liste Österreich (Austria) Phylum Mollusca C UVIER 1795 Classis Gastropoda C UVIER 1795 Subclassis Orthogastropoda P ONDER & L INDBERG 1995 Superordo Neritaemorphi K OKEN 1896 Ordo Neritopsina C OX & K NIGHT 1960 Superfamilia Neritoidea L AMARCK 1809 Familia Neritidae L AMARCK 1809 Subfamilia Neritinae L AMARCK 1809 Genus Theodoxus M ONTFORT 1810 Subgenus Theodoxus M ONTFORT 1810 Theodoxus ( Theodoxus ) fluviatilis fluviatilis (L INNAEUS 1758) Theodoxus ( Theodoxus ) transversalis (C. P FEIFFER 1828) Theodoxus ( Theodoxus ) danubialis danubialis (C. P FEIFFER 1828) Theodoxus ( Theodoxus ) danubialis stragulatus (C. P FEIFFER 1828) Theodoxus ( Theodoxus ) prevostianus (C. P FEIFFER 1828) Superordo Caenogastropoda C OX 1960 Ordo Architaenioglossa H ALLER 1890 Superfamilia Cyclophoroidea J. E. G RAY 1847 Familia Cochlostomatidae K OBELT 1902 Genus Cochlostoma J AN 1830 Subgenus Cochlostoma J AN 1830 Cochlostoma ( Cochlostoma ) septemspirale septemspirale (R AZOUMOWSKY 1789) Cochlostoma ( Cochlostoma ) septemspirale heydenianum (C LESSIN 1879) Cochlostoma ( Cochlostoma ) henricae henricae (S TROBEL 1851) - 1 / 36 - CLECOM-Liste Österreich (Austria), mit Änderungen Cochlostoma ( Cochlostoma ) henricae huettneri (A. J. W AGNER 1897) Subgenus Turritus W ESTERLUND 1883 Cochlostoma ( Turritus ) tergestinum (W ESTERLUND 1878) Cochlostoma ( Turritus ) waldemari (A. J. W AGNER 1897) Cochlostoma ( Turritus ) nanum (W ESTERLUND 1879) Cochlostoma ( Turritus ) anomphale B OECKEL 1939 Cochlostoma ( Turritus ) gracile stussineri (A. J. W AGNER 1897) Familia Aciculidae J. E. G RAY 1850 Genus Acicula W. H ARTMANN 1821 Acicula lineata lineata (DRAPARNAUD 1801) Acicula lineolata banki B OETERS , E. G ITTENBERGER & S UBAI 1993 Genus Platyla M OQUIN -TANDON 1856 Platyla polita polita (W. H ARTMANN 1840) Platyla gracilis (C LESSIN 1877) Genus Renea G. -
THE LISTING of PHILIPPINE MARINE MOLLUSKS Guido T
August 2017 Guido T. Poppe A LISTING OF PHILIPPINE MARINE MOLLUSKS - V1.00 THE LISTING OF PHILIPPINE MARINE MOLLUSKS Guido T. Poppe INTRODUCTION The publication of Philippine Marine Mollusks, Volumes 1 to 4 has been a revelation to the conchological community. Apart from being the delight of collectors, the PMM started a new way of layout and publishing - followed today by many authors. Internet technology has allowed more than 50 experts worldwide to work on the collection that forms the base of the 4 PMM books. This expertise, together with modern means of identification has allowed a quality in determinations which is unique in books covering a geographical area. Our Volume 1 was published only 9 years ago: in 2008. Since that time “a lot” has changed. Finally, after almost two decades, the digital world has been embraced by the scientific community, and a new generation of young scientists appeared, well acquainted with text processors, internet communication and digital photographic skills. Museums all over the planet start putting the holotypes online – a still ongoing process – which saves taxonomists from huge confusion and “guessing” about how animals look like. Initiatives as Biodiversity Heritage Library made accessible huge libraries to many thousands of biologists who, without that, were not able to publish properly. The process of all these technological revolutions is ongoing and improves taxonomy and nomenclature in a way which is unprecedented. All this caused an acceleration in the nomenclatural field: both in quantity and in quality of expertise and fieldwork. The above changes are not without huge problematics. Many studies are carried out on the wide diversity of these problems and even books are written on the subject.