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Tilia Cordata Mill.) – Martin Fromm Reproduktion einer entomophilen Baumart in geringer Populationsdichte – Das Beispiel der Winterlinde (Tilia cordata Mill.) – Institut für Forstgenetik und Forstpflanzenzüchtung der Universität Göttingen Reproduktion einer entomophilen Baumart in geringer Populationsdichte – Das Beispiel der Winterlinde (Tilia cordata Mill.) – DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Fakultät für Forstwissenschaft und Waldökologie der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgelegt von Martin Fromm geboren in Hamburg Göttingen 2001 Institut für Forstgenetik und Forstpflanzenzüchtung der Universität Göttingen D7 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. H.H. Hattemer 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. F. Gruber 3. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Dr. S. Herzog Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 20. Juli 2001 meiner Familie und meinen Freunden Danksagung Erst durch die einzigartigen Rahmenbedingungen des Instituts für Forstgenetik und Forst- pflanzenzüchtung der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen war die Entstehung vorliegender Arbeit möglich. Die heterogene Zusammensetzung der Mitarbeiterschaft dieses Instituts zeig- te ein derart hohes Anpassungspotential, daß für die vielfältigen Fragen und Probleme, die im Zuge dieses Forschungsvorhabens aufgetreten sind, immer eine adäquate Antwort bzw. Lö- sung gefunden werden konnte. Ganz besonderer Dank gilt dabei dem Initiator und Leiter dieser Arbeit, Herrn Prof. Dr. H.H. Hattemer; auch für die Gewährung großer Freiräume und seiner Geduld und Gelassenheit bei der Inanspruchnahme dieser Freiräume. Unterstützung bei den Außen- und Laborarbeiten gewährten mir die Herren A. Capelle, G. Dinkel, Dr. L. Leinemann, Dr. W. Maurer, S. Krakuhn und Dr. F. Bergmann. Aus vielen Not- lagen bei der Anwendung von Hard- und Software befreiten mich Frau Dr. E. Gillet, Herr Priv. Doz. Dr. M. Ziehe und nicht zuletzt mein langjähriger Bürokollege Dr. „Excel“ H. von Werder. Ein andauerndes Interesse, verbunden mit vielen konstruktiven Vorschlägen, zeigte Herr Prof. Dr. Gregorius. Auf die Hilfe von Frau K. Bendixen, Dr. A. Dounavi und Dr. B. Vornam konnte ich mich immer verlassen - mein Dankeschön an sie und alle Angestellten, die zur familiären Atmosphäre im Institut beigetragen haben. Vielen Dank auch an Herrn Prof. Dr. E. Röhrig und an die Institute für Bioklimatologie bzw. Forsteinrichtung (im besonderen an Dr. T. Beisch) der Universität Göttingen für die Bereit- stellung von Literatur, Daten und Gerätschaften. Für die Durchsicht der Manuskripte möchte ich mich bei Marion Staron und Karin Gruber sowie bei Dr. Monika Konnert, Landesanstalt für forstl. Saat- u. Pflanzenzucht, Teisendorf für die uneingeschränkte Förderung meiner Dissertation bedanken. Finanziell unterstützt wurde diese Arbeit von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, wofür auch an dieser Stelle Dank ausgesprochen sei. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 EINLEITUNG..................................................................................................................... 1 2 STAND DER FORSCHUNG............................................................................................. 3 2.1 Systematik .................................................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Genetik........................................................................................................................................ 3 2.3 Geographische Verbreitung...................................................................................................... 4 2.4 Standortsansprüche und Wachstum........................................................................................ 5 2.5 Waldbauliche Bedeutung der Winterlinde.............................................................................. 6 2.6 Blüte und Frucht der Winterlinde ........................................................................................... 7 2.6.1 Die Blüte ................................................................................................................................ 7 2.6.1.1 Gynözeum......................................................................................................................................... 8 2.6.1.2 Pollen................................................................................................................................................ 8 2.6.1.3 Nektarproduktion............................................................................................................................ 11 2.6.2 Frucht ................................................................................................................................... 12 2.7 Blühbiologie.............................................................................................................................. 13 2.8 Die Bestäubungsökologie der Winterlinde ............................................................................ 14 2.8.1 Attraktivität der Linde.......................................................................................................... 14 2.8.2 Blütenbesucher..................................................................................................................... 17 2.8.3 Effektivität der Bestäuber .................................................................................................... 19 2.8.3.1 Honigbienen.................................................................................................................................... 19 2.8.3.2 Hummeln ........................................................................................................................................ 20 2.8.3.3 Motten............................................................................................................................................. 20 2.8.3.4 Schwebfliegen................................................................................................................................. 20 2.8.3.5 Sonstige Insekten ............................................................................................................................ 21 2.8.3.6 Wettereinfluß .................................................................................................................................. 21 2.8.3.7 Blütenkonstanz und Pollentransport ............................................................................................... 23 2.8.4 Art des Pollentransportes ..................................................................................................... 25 2.8.5 Geitonogamie oder Fremdbefruchtung? .............................................................................. 28 2.8.5.1 Attraktivität der Blütentracht .......................................................................................................... 28 2.8.5.2 Populationsdichte............................................................................................................................ 30 2.8.5.3 Nahrungssuchverhalten der Insekten ..............................................................................................31 2.8.5.4 Carry-over....................................................................................................................................... 33 2.8.6 Pollentransportweiten .......................................................................................................... 34 2.9 Selbststerilität........................................................................................................................... 36 2.9.1 Inkompatibilitätsmechanismen ............................................................................................ 39 2.9.1.1 Sporophytische Inkompatibilität..................................................................................................... 39 2.9.1.2 Gametophytische Inkompatibilität.................................................................................................. 40 2.9.2 Inzuchtdepression ................................................................................................................ 41 2.10 Reproduktionserfolg der Winterlinde ................................................................................... 44 2.11 Hybridisierung von Winter- und Sommerlinde.................................................................... 47 3 MATERIAL UND METHODEN .................................................................................... 50 3.1 Der Versuchsbestand............................................................................................................... 50 3.2 Materialgewinnung.................................................................................................................. 51 3.2.1 Gewinnung von Samenstichproben ..................................................................................... 51 3.2.2 Gewinnung von Blattmaterial .............................................................................................. 53 3.3 Untersuchtes Material ............................................................................................................. 53 3.4 Kartierung des Versuchsbestandes ........................................................................................ 54 3.5 Isoenzyme als genetische Marker........................................................................................... 58 3.6 Datenanalyse ............................................................................................................................ 63 3.6.1 Statistische Prüfung
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