DOCSLIB.ORG

Violence in Honduras: an Analysis of the Failure in Public Security and the State’S Response to Criminality

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Violence in Honduras: an Analysis of the Failure in Public Security and the State’S Response to Criminality View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2014-06 Violence in Honduras: an analysis of the failure in þÿpublic security and the state s response to criminality Carvajal, Roger A. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/42596 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS VIOLENCE IN HONDURAS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE FAILURE IN PUBLIC SECURITY AND THE STATE’S RESPONSE TO CRIMINALITY by Roger A. Carvajal June 2014 Thesis Advisor Rodrigo Nieto-Gomez Second Reader Thomas Bruneau Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202–4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2014 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS VIOLENCE IN HONDURAS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE FAILURE IN PUBLIC SECURITY AND THE STATE’S RESPONSE TO CRIMINALITY 6. AUTHOR(S) Roger A. Carvajal 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943–5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number ____N/A____. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited A 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) The incidence of violence in Honduras currently is the highest in Honduran history. In 2014, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime reported the Honduras homicide rate, at 90.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, as the highest in the world for nations outside of war. It is the foundation of this thesis that the Honduran security collapse is due to unresolved internal factors—political, economic, and societal—as well as the influence of foreign factors and actors—the evolution of the global illicit trade. Two of the most important areas affecting public security in Honduras are the challenges posed by transnational organized crime and the relative weakness and fragility of the Honduran state to provide basic needs and security to the population. The emergence of criminal gangs and drug traffickers, and the government’s security policies, are all factors that have worsened public security. The crime environment has overwhelmed the police, military, judicial system and overcrowded the prison system with mostly juvenile petty delinquents. Moreover, with a high impunity rate of nearly 95 percent for homicides, killing in Honduras has become an activity without consequences. The latest state’s response is with re-militarization of security, highlighting the dilemma of the challenges of combatting internal violence and transnational organized crime in a weak state. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Honduras, Transnational Organized Crime, Militarization, TIGRES, Policia 15. NUMBER OF Militar, Maras, Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), Pandilla Calle Dieciocho, Juan Orlando Hernandez, Drug PAGES Trafficking, Corruption, Impunity, Fragile State, Honduran Armed Forces, Honduran National Police, 111 Death Squads, Partido Nacional de Honduras, Partido Liberal de Honduras, San Pedro Sula, Homicide 16. PRICE CODE Rates, Northern Triangle 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540–01–280–5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2–89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239–18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited VIOLENCE IN HONDURAS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE FAILURE IN PUBLIC SECURITY AND THE STATE’S RESPONSE TO CRIMINALITY Roger A. Carvajal Major, United States Army B.S., University of Illinois at Chicago, 2001 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (WESTERN HEMISPHERE) from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 2014 Author Roger A. Carvajal Approved by Rodrigo Nieto-Gomez Thesis Advisor Thomas Bruneau, Contractor Second Reader Mohammed Hafez, Ph.D. Chair, Department of National Security Affairs iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT The incidence of violence in Honduras currently is the highest in Honduran history. In 2014, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime reported the Honduras homicide rate, at 90.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, as the highest in the world for nations outside of war. It is the foundation of this thesis that the Honduran security collapse is due to unresolved internal factors—political, economic, and societal—as well as the influence of foreign factors and actors—the evolution of the global illicit trade. Two of the most important areas affecting public security in Honduras are the challenges posed by transnational organized crime and the relative weakness and fragility of the Honduran state to provide basic needs and security to the population. The emergence of criminal gangs and drug traffickers, and the government’s security policies, are all factors that have worsened public security. The crime environment has overwhelmed the police, military, judicial system and overcrowded the prison system with mostly juvenile petty delinquents. Moreover, with a high impunity rate of nearly 95 percent for homicides, killing in Honduras has become an activity without consequences. The latest state’s response is with re-militarization of security, highlighting the dilemma of the challenges of combatting internal violence and transnational organized crime in a weak state. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 A. MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTION................................................................1 B. IMPORTANCE ................................................................................................3 C. PROBLEMS AND HYPOTHESIS ................................................................5 D. LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................7 E. RESEARCH DESIGN ...................................................................................14 II. MILITARIZATION: THE STATE RESPONDS TO RISE IN VIOLENCE .....17 A. THE MILITARIZATION OF SECURITY.................................................18 B. TIGRES ..........................................................................................................19 C. PMOP ..............................................................................................................23 D. AN HISTORICAL TAKE ON THE MILITARY.......................................26 E. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................32 III. MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CRIMINAL ENVIRONMENT ......35 A. TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME ..............................................37 1. Drug Trafficking in Honduras ..........................................................44 2. Maras ..................................................................................................47 B. A WEAK AND FRAGILE STATE ..............................................................54 1. Political Corruption in Honduras.....................................................56 2. Institutional Capacity ........................................................................60 C. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................62 IV. IS HONDURAS SIMPLY EXPERIENCING A CRIME WAVE? .......................67 V. CONCLUSION ..........................................................................................................75 APPENDIX A. HANDAL PEREZ DRUG TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATION ............81 APPENDIX B. LOS CACHIROS DRUG TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATION .............83 LIST OF REFERENCES ......................................................................................................85 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST .........................................................................................93 vii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Honduras: Homicides by Department in 2012 (from Universidad Autónoma de Honduras Observatorio de la Violencia, 2012) ..........................2 Figure 2. Global homicide rate, by sex and age group, 2012 or latest year (from UNODC Homicide Statistics, 2014) ..................................................................4
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Discursos Frente a La Migración Y Teorías De
    Horacio Aarón Saavedra Archundia Superando las Fronteras del Discurso Migratorio: los Conceptos de las Teorías de las Relaciones Internacionales en la Aceptación y el Rechazo de los Indocumentados Mexicanos a partir de la Era del NAFTA Jenseits des Migrationsdiskurses: Theoriekonzepte der Internationalen Beziehungen zur Aufnahme bzw. Ablehnung der so genannten ―illegalen mexikanischen Einwanderer― im Zeitalter der NAFTA Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Sozialwissenschaften in der Fakultät für Sozial- und Verhaltenswissenscahften der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen 2008 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Fakultät für Sozial- und Verhaltenswissenschaften der Universität Tübingen Hauptberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Andreas Boeckh Mitberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürgen Burchardt Dekan: Prof. Dr. Ansgar Thiel Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 30.09.2008 Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen 1 Indice General Introducción ............................................................................................................. 4 1. Revisión histórica: antecedentes de la concepción del migrante en Estados Unidos ................................................................................................................. 19 2. Revisión teórica: paradigmas internacionales, ................................................ 46 3. Los agentes políticos de EU en la primera década de vigencia del TLCAN: las éticas del guerrero, tendero y profeta ............................................................... 78 4. Caso de estudio
    [Show full text]
  • Overcoming Violence and Impunity: Human Rights Challenges in Honduras
    OVERCOMING VIOLENCE AND IMPUNITY: HUMAN RIGHTS CHALLENGES IN HONDURAS Report of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development Dean Allison Chair Subcommittee on International Human Rights Scott Reid Chair MARCH 2015 41st PARLIAMENT, SECOND SESSION Published under the authority of the Speaker of the House of Commons SPEAKER’S PERMISSION Reproduction of the proceedings of the House of Commons and its Committees, in whole or in part and in any medium, is hereby permitted provided that the reproduction is accurate and is not presented as official. This permission does not extend to reproduction, distribution or use for commercial purpose of financial gain. Reproduction or use outside this permission or without authorization may be treated as copyright infringement in accordance with the Copyright Act. Authorization may be obtained on written application to the Office of the Speaker of the House of Commons. Reproduction in accordance with this permission does not constitute publication under the authority of the House of Commons. The absolute privilege that applies to the proceedings of the House of Commons does not extend to these permitted reproductions. Where a reproduction includes briefs to a Standing Committee of the House of Commons, authorization for reproduction may be required from the authors in accordance with the Copyright Act. Nothing in this permission abrogates or derogates from the privileges, powers, immunities and rights of the House of Commons and its Committees. For greater certainty, this permission does not affect the prohibition against impeaching or questioning the proceedings of the House of Commons in courts or otherwise. The House of Commons retains the right and privilege to find users in contempt of Parliament if a reproduction or use is not in accordance with this permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Culture of Democracy in Honduras and in the Americas, 2014
    The Political Culture of Democracy in Honduras and in the Americas, 2014: Democratic Governance across 10 Years of the AmericasBarometer By: Orlando J. Pérez, Ph.D. Millersville University Elizabeth J. Zechmeister, Ph.D. LAPOP Director and Series Editor Vanderbilt University This study was performed with support from the Program in Democracy and Governance of the United States Agency for International Development. The opinions expressed in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the point of view of the United States Agency for International Development. January 2015 Table of Contents Table of Contents List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... vii List of Maps ............................................................................................................................................ xi List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... xi Preface .................................................................................................................................................. xiii Prologue: Background to the Study .................................................................................................... xv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. xxv Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • Cure Violence Using a Health Approach
    VIOLENCE IS CONTAGIOUS; WE CAN TREAT AND, ULTIMATELY, CURE VIOLENCE USING A HEALTH APPROACH cureviolence.org I #cureviolence REPORT ON THE CURE VIOLENCE MODEL ADAPTATION IN SAN PEDRO SULA, HONDURAS FreeImages.com/ Benjamin Earwicker FreeImages.com/ Charles Ransford, MPP R. Brent Decker, MSW, MPH Gary Slutkin, MD Cure Violence University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health Abstract: San Pedro Sula, Honduras has had the highest levels of killing of any city around the world for several years. Violence in San Pedro is multi-faceted and has become normalized by those forced to live with it. The Cure Violence model to stopping violence is an epidemic control model that reduces violence by changing norms and behaviors and has been proven effective in the community setting. In 2012, Cure Violence conducted an extensive assessment of the violence in several potential program zones in San Pedro Sula and in April 2013 began implementing an adapted version of the model. In 2014, the first three zones implementing the model experienced a 73% reduction in shootings and killings compared to the same 9-month period in 2013. In the first 5 months of 2015, five program zones experienced an 88% reduction in shootings and killing, including one site that went 17 months without any shootings. November 2016 Violence in Honduras The Americas are the most violent region in the world with an average homicide rate of 28.5 per 100,000 and an estimated 165,617 killing in 2012.1 In total, the Americas account for roughly 36% of global homicides.2 Within this most violent region, violence is most severe in the Northern Triangle of Latin Amer- ica, an area that includes El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras.
    [Show full text]
  • Deportation, Circular Migration and Organized Crime Honduras Case Study
    Deportation, Circular Migration and Organized Crime Honduras Case Study by Geoff Burt, Michael Lawrence, Mark Sedra, James Bosworth, Philippe Couton, Robert Muggah and Hannah Stone RESEARCH REPORT: 2016–R006 RESEARCH DIVISION www.publicsafety.gc.ca Abstract This research report examines the impact of criminal deportation to Honduras on public safety in Canada. It focuses on two forms of transnational organized crime that provide potential, though distinct, connections between the two countries: the youth gangs known as the maras, and the more sophisticated transnational organized crime networks that oversee the hemispheric drug trade. In neither case does the evidence reveal direct links between criminal activity in Honduras and criminality in Canada. While criminal deportees from Canada may join local mara factions, they are unlikely to be recruited by the transnational networks that move drugs from South America into Canada. The relatively small numbers of criminal deportees from Canada, and the difficulty of returning once deported, further impede the development of such threats. As a result, the direct threat to Canadian public safety posed by offenders who have been deported to Honduras is minimal. The report additionally examines the pervasive violence and weak institutional context to which deportees return. The security and justice sectors of the Honduran government are clearly overwhelmed by the violent criminality afflicting the country, and suffer from serious corruption and dysfunction. Given the lack of targeted reintegration programs for criminal returnees, deportation from Canada and the United States likely exacerbates the country’s insecurity. The report concludes with a number of possible policy recommendations by which Canada can reduce the harm that criminal deportation poses to Honduras, and strengthen state institutions so that they can prevent the presently insignificant threats posed to Canada by Honduran crime from growing in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Trafficking's Impacts on the Indigenous Populations
    DRUG TRAFFICKING’S IMPACTS ON THE INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS OF LA MOSQUITIA, HONDURAS HONORS THESIS Presented to the Honors College of Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation in the Honors College by Megan A. Euceda San Marcos, Texas May 2018 DRUG TRAFFICKING’S IMPACTS ON THE INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS OF LA MOSQUITIA, HONDURAS by Megan A. Euceda Thesis Supervisor: ___________________________ Jennifer A. Devine, Ph.D. Department of Geography Approved: ___________________________ Heather C. Galloway, Ph.D. Dean, Honors College COPYRIGHT By Megan A. Euceda 2018 iii FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94-553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from this material are allowed with proper acknowledgement. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Megan A. Euceda, authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purposes only. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Me gustaría agradecer a mi profesora Dr. Devine por mantenerme motivada a lo largo del semestre. Ella no dudó en aceptar el papel de asesor para este tesis cuando llegué a ella a mediados de enero con poco tiempo de aviso y con un tema difícil. Ha sido un placer trabajar bajo su dirección. Junto con Dr. Devine, también quisiera agradecer al equipo de LITCA por permitirme usar sus investigaciones no publicada. Ha sido un honor utilizar los recursos que tanto han trabajado para producir.
    [Show full text]
  • Honduras: Journalism in the Shadow of Impunity
    JOURNALISM IN THE SHADOW OF IMPUNITY “When we allow impunity for human rights violations, we see the crimes of the past translated into the crimes of the future.” Bertha Oliva, Co-ordinator of the Committee of Relatives of the Detained and Disappeared in Honduras contents List of Acronyms 4 Introduction 6 Executive Summary 7 Key findings 8 Recommendations 9 i. a violent reality 11 This publication is the result of a IN FOCUS: Political background 13 joint research project by the International Human Rights Program (IHRP) ii. violence against journalists 15 at the University of Toronto, IN FOCUS: A coup or a “crisis”? 16 Faculty of Law; PEN Canada, the Canadian Centre of PEN International; A. Types of violence against journalists 17 and PEN International. i) Verbal threats and intimidation 17 author: Kaitlin Owens ii) Physical attacks 18 editors: Carmen Cheung, Brendan de Caires, iii) Murders 19 Tamsin Mitchell, Tasleem Thawar IN FOCUS: Self-censorship in action 20 translation: Bruno Mattiussi B. Possible motives for journalist murders 21 PEN International promotes literature and freedom of i) Violence related to political reportage 21 expression and is governed by the PEN Charter and the principles it embodies—unhampered transmission of ii) Organized crime and narcotrafficking 21 thought within each nation and between all nations. iii) State involvement 22 Founded in London in 1921, PEN International connects IN FOCUS: Deadly assignments 23 an international community of writers. It is a forum where writers meet freely to discuss their work. It is also iii. impunity for crimes against journalists 25 a voice speaking out for writers silenced in their own countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Lavoz Delpueblo Toolkit
    LA VOZ DEL PUEBLO TOOLKIT ADDRESSING HUMAN RIGHTS IN HONDURAS Directed by Rev. Jeremy Zipple, S.J., executive editor of America Films, La Voz Del Pueblo is a collaborative effort of America Media, Ignatian Solidarity Network, and the meet the director Jesuit Conference of Canada and the United States. Jeremy Zipple, S.J., is Executive Editor of America Films. In this position, he oversees film and video about the toolkit content production for America’s various platforms and is forging productions partnerships with other This toolkit is intended to accompany the La Voz broadcast and media outlets. Jeremy Del Pueblo documentary to promote further learn- is a veteran documentary produc- er, whose films have appeared on ing, discussion, and action. You may find the doc- PBS, National Geographic Televi- umentary online at: igsol.net/lavoz sion, Discovery, TLC, and other networks. From 2007-2012, he was The website also features: a staff producer at National Geo- • Biographies of featured staff members from Radio Progreso graphic Television in Washington, • Instructions for ordering “Human Rights in Central America” where he developed, directed, wrote, advocacy postcards and produced documentaries on a • A gallery of photos from the documentary broad range of topics, from biblical • Social media materials to share and promote the documentary archeology in the Near East to a rat with your network plague in northeast India to ancient Mayan civilization in the Yucatan. As For questions or feedback related to La Voz Del Pueblo and/or the a Jesuit, Jeremy has had assignments accompanying toolkit, please contact: [email protected] at Cristo Rey Jesuit High School in Houston, in a prison in Worcester, Massachusetts, and teaching film at Loyola University New Orleans.
    [Show full text]
  • Management Strategies in Disturbances and with Gangs/Disruptive Groups APR ,::; F992 L
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. u.s. Department of Justice National Institute of Corrections Management Strategies in Disturbances and with Gangs/Disruptive Groups APR ,::; f992 l Management Strategies in Disturbances and with Gangs/Disruptive Groups October 1991 136184 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this 9 J : 'lIM' II> material has been granted by, • IN Pub11C Dcmam Ie u. S. Department of Justice to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside 01 the NCJRS system requires permission of the.sl ASt owner. ---- ---- ------1 PREFACE Prison disturbances range from minor incidents that disrupt institution routine to major disturbances that involve a large proportion of inmates and threaten security and safety. Realizing that proactive management strategies and informed readiness can reduce the potential damage of prison disturbances, many departments of corrections are seriously addressing the need both to prevent and to plan for managing such disturbances. Administrators are also looking for better ways to avert the potentially violent activities and serious problems caused by prison gangs and organized groups. In response to the need for improved, current information on how corrections departments might prepare themselves to deal with the problems of both gangs and disturbances, the NIC Prisons Division and the NIC National Academy of Corrections sponsored special issue seminars entitled "Management Strategies in Disturbances and with Gangs/Disruptive Groups" in Boulder, Colorado, and in Baltimore, Maryland.
    [Show full text]
  • Risks and Opportunities for Central American and Caribbean Youth
    -0- Youth, Peace and Security in the Americas: Risks and Opportunities for Central American and Caribbean Youth A contribution to the Progress Study on Youth, Peace and Security mandated by Security Council Resolution 2250 (2015) Betilde Muñoz-Pogossian & Mariette Vidal Department of Social Inclusion/Secretariat for Access to Rights and Equity General Secretariat of the Organization of American States (GS/OAS) 0 -1- Introduction Latin America and the Caribbean is a region characterized by a long democratic tradition, however, due to the prevalence of violence and the resultant insecurity, the degree to which many of the region’s citizens may enjoy the benefits of living in democratic societies is severely jeopardized. This region confronts high levels of citizen insecurity as well as many of the issues that also confront countries in conflict, including weak Rule of Law, security institutions that are incapable or unwilling to respect human rights, the proliferation of small arms and high levels of all types of violence, among other issues. Indeed, fifteen countries, with the highest murder rates in the world are in the Americas (Keng Kuek Ser 2016). A recent study by the Inter- American Development Bank (IDB) entitled The Costs of Crime and Violence: New Evidence, New Revelations in Latin America and the Caribbean argues that “crime and violence are at near crisis levels in Latin America and the Caribbean.” According to the study, Latin America and the Caribbean, as a region, accounts for 9% of the world’s population but approximately one- third of the world’s homicide victims are from the region, making it the most violent region outside of war zones.
    [Show full text]
  • Latinidad En Encuentro
    Latinidad en encuentro : experiencias migratorias en los Estados Unidos Titulo Albo Díaz, Ana Niria - Compilador/a o Editor/a; Aja Díaz, Antonio - Compilador/a o Autor(es) Editor/a; La Habana Lugar Fondo Editorial Casa de las Américas Editorial/Editor 2014 Fecha Cuadernos Casa no. 49 Colección Literatura; Migración; Latinos; Artes visuales; América Latina; Estados Unidos; Temas Libro Tipo de documento "http://biblioteca.clacso.org/Cuba/casa/20200419105329/Latinidad-en-encuentro.pdf" URL Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Derivadas CC BY-NC-ND Licencia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.es Segui buscando en la Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales de CLACSO http://biblioteca.clacso.org Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais (CLACSO) Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) www.clacso.org Fondo Editorial Casa de las Américas Fondo Editorial Casa de las Américas LATINIDAD EN ENCUENTRO.indd 2 12/03/2014 14:04:07 Fondo Editorial Casa de las Américas LATINIDAD EN ENCUENTRO.indd 3 12/03/2014 14:04:07 Fondo Editorial Casa de las Américas LATINIDAD EN ENCUENTRO.indd 5 12/03/2014 14:04:08 Edición: Yariley Hernández Diseño: Ricardo Rafael Villares Ilustración de cubierta: Nelson Ponce Realización computarizada: Marlen López Martínez Alberto Rodríguez Todos los derechos reservados © Sobre la presente edición: Fondo Editorial Casa de las Américas, 2014 ISBN 978-959-260-413-1 Fondo Editorial Casa de las Américas FONDO EDITORIAL CASA DE LAS AMÉRICAS casa 3ra y G, El Vedado, La Habana [email protected] www.casa.cult.cu. LATINIDAD EN ENCUENTRO.indd 6 12/03/2014 14:04:08 Introducción Las oleadas crecientes de personas que llegan a los Estados Unidos a través de los caminos, que ahora no conducen a Roma sino a otro imperio, no escapan al entramado de experiencias transnacionales que estos desplazamientos conllevan.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Criminal Law: the Eedn , Not for Revised Constitutional Theory Or New Congressional Statutes, but the Exercise of Responsible Prosecutive Discretion G
    Hastings Law Journal Volume 46 | Issue 4 Article 10 1-1995 Federal Criminal Law: The eedN , Not for Revised Constitutional Theory or New Congressional Statutes, But the Exercise of Responsible Prosecutive Discretion G. Robert Blakey Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation G. Robert Blakey, Federal Criminal Law: The Need, Not for Revised Constitutional Theory or New Congressional Statutes, But the Exercise of Responsible Prosecutive Discretion, 46 Hastings L.J. 1175 (1995). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol46/iss4/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Federal Criminal Law: The Need, Not for Revised Constitutional Theory or New Congressional Statutes, But the Exercise of Responsible Prosecutive Discretion by G. ROBERT BLAKEY* The safety of the people is the Supreme law.** Introduction Justice Frankfurter put it well: "In law.., the right answer usu- ally depends on putting the right question."' My basic point is that major aspects of systems of legal justice deal with antisocial behavior. That an aspect of these systems may be categorized as "criminal," "civil," "state," "federal," or "international," is relevant principally to a question of legal theory or governmental organization, which is fun- damentally secondary to the character of the behavior itself.2 In short, we have to look at the behavior first-and only then ask ques- * William J.
    [Show full text]