GENE REGULATION Differences between prokaryotes & eukaryotes
Gene function Description of Prokaryotic Chromosome and E.coli
Review Differences between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Four differences Eukaryotic Chromosomes Form Length in single human chromosome Length in single diploid cell Proteins beside histones Proportion of DNA that codes for protein in
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
humans Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
Terms
operator
regulator
inducer The lac operon - Background
E.coli behavior presence of lactose and absence of lactose behavior of mutants outcome of mutants The Lac operon
Regulates production of b-galactosidase
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/lacoperon.html The trp operon
Regulates the production of the enzyme for tryptophan synthesis
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp13/1302002.html General Summary
During transcription, RNA remains briefly bound to the DNA template Structural genes coding for polypeptides with related functions often occur in sequence Two kinds of regulatory control positive & negative General Summary
Regulatory efficiency is increased because mRNA is translated into protein immediately and broken down rapidly. 75 different operons comprising 260 structural genes in E.coli Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes
some regulation occurs because as little as one % of DNA is expressed Gene Expression and Differentiation Characteristic proteins are produced at different stages of differentiation producing cells with their own characteristic structure and function. Therefore not all genes are expressed at the same time As differentiation proceeds, some genes are permanently “turned” off. Example - different types of hemoglobin are produced during development and in adults. DNA is expressed at a precise time and sequence in time. Gene Expression and Differentiation
DNA segments only produced at a certain time Differentiation in multicellular organisms depends on inactivation of certain genes and activation of others. Methods of Regulation: relating to “only part of the genome is expressed”
Selective control of genes is needed for differentiation - how? Condensation: folding of chromatin to create chromosome euchromatin vs. heterochromatin heterochromatin remains tightly condensed during interphase but euchromatin becomes less condensed Methods of Regulation: relating to “only part of the genome is expressed”
Condensation: transcription can only occur at euchromatin it is less condensed and accessible to RNA polymerase Examples centromere, Barr bodies Chromosomes puffs associated with rapid transcription. RNA Interference:
Chromosome puffs - rapid sites of transcription Methods of Regulation: by specific binding proteins
Two opposing functions: some turn the gene on; others turn it off the gene responds to the sum of all the site for binding may be 100’s or 1000’s base pairs away from the promotor Methods of Regulation: non- coding sequences and duplication
simple sequence DNA
what
where
chromosome caps
what
where
sequence
length Methods of Regulation: non- coding sequences and duplication
Intermediate sequence DNA
what
where
example - Gene Families
what
example - Globin family
evolution of globin family of genes
pseudogenes Methods of Regulation: non- coding sequences and duplication
Single-copy DNA define % which is single copy % which actually codes Methods of Regulation: non-coding sequences
Introns:
Exons:
Introns are transcribed but not present in mRNA
why
range of introns
ovalbumin
chickens Methods of Regulation: non-coding sequences
Introns recombination frequency Introns/Recombination & Globin family Control of gene expression can occur at any step in pathway to a functional protein
Background of transcription in eukaryotes: RNA polymerase binds to promoter 3’->5’ DNA strand is template transcribes mRNA, tRNA, rRNA not grouped in operons Methods of Regulation: non-coding sequences
Background of transcription in eukaryotes: transcription and translation are separated in time and space Cap is added in eukaryotes processing must occur Methods of Regulation: non-coding sequences mRNA processing: what precision - prevents “frame-shift mutation” some instances found in which identical mRNA transcripts are processed in more than one way introns become exons & vice-versa creates different functional polypeptides from identical RNA molecules Methods of Regulation: non-coding sequences
mRNA processing Other Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Since many genes interact with one another, more elements than a single promoter and operator are required for expression of a set of genes. Other Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Controlling Transcription:
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp14/1402002.html
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/007337797x/student_view0/chapter13/ animation_quiz_-_control_of_gene_expression_in_eukaryotes.html
Transcription is controlled by proteins called transcription factors.
Two types of transcription factors:
those that are responsible for binding RNA polymerase to a promoter.
regulatory proteins that can act as activators Other Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Hox (homeobox genes)
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/l_034_04.html
Homeotic genes are genes that determine which parts of the body form what body parts. Hox genes are examples of homeotic genes. Hox genes code for transcription factors. Other Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
RNA Interference:
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/small-non-coding-rna-and-gene- expression-1078 Small interfering RNA segments bind to a protein complex and are able to interfere with a coding sequence on mRNA.