Lives, Identities and Histories in the Central Middle Ages Edited by Julie Barrau , David Bates Frontmatter More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16080-4 — Lives, Identities and Histories in the Central Middle Ages Edited by Julie Barrau , David Bates Frontmatter More Information

Lives, Identities and Histories in the Central Middle Ages

How did medieval people define themselves? And how did they balance their identities as individuals with the demands of their communities? Lives, Identities and Histories in the Central Middle Ages intertwines the study of identities with current scholarship to reveal their multi-layered, sometimes contradictory, dimensions. Drawing on a wide range of sources, from legal texts to hagiographies and biblical exegesis, and diverse cultural and social approaches, this volume enriches our understanding of medieval people’s identities – as defined by themselves and by others, as individuals and as members of groups and communities. It adopts a complex and wide-ranging understanding of what constituted ‘identities’ beyond family and regional or national belonging, such as social status, gender, age, literacy levels and displacement. New figures and new concepts of ‘identities’ thus emerge from the dialogue between the chapters, through an approach based on life-histories, lived experi- ence, ethnogenesis, theories of diaspora, cultural memory and gener- ational change.

Julie Barrau is Senior Lecturer in Medieval British History at the University of Cambridge. She has published research on Thomas Becket and his circle, letter-writing, Latin literacy and on the circulation of knowledge in the central Middle Ages. Her ﬁrst book, Bible, lettres et politique. L’Écriture au service des hommes à l’époque de Thomas Becket, was awarded the Prix Saintour by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. David Bates is Emeritus Professor in Medieval History at the University of East Anglia. He gave the Ford Lectures in the University of Oxford in 2010 and has a doctorate honoris causa from the University of Caen- Normandie. His most recent books are The Normans and Empire (2013), William the Conqueror (2016; French translation, 2018) and (with Xavier Barral i Altet) La Tapisserie de Bayeux (2019), which was awarded the Prix du Livre d’Art by the Syndicat National des Antiquaires.

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16080-4 — Lives, Identities and Histories in the Central Middle Ages Edited by Julie Barrau , David Bates Frontmatter More Information

Lives, Identities and Histories in the Central Middle Ages

Edited by Julie Barrau University of Cambridge David Bates University of East Anglia

University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India 103 Penang Road, #05–06/07, Visioncrest Commercial, Singapore 238467

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107160804 DOI: 10.1017/9781316676004 © Cambridge University Press 2021 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2021 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Barrau, Julie, editor, author. | Bates, David, 1945– editor, author. | Van Houts, Elisabeth M. C., honouree. Title: Lives, identities and histories in the central Middle Ages : England, Normandy and northern France / edited by Julie Barrau, University of Cambridge, David Bates, University of East Anglia. Description: First edition. | New York : Cambridge University Press, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021010120 (print) | LCCN 2021010121 (ebook) | ISBN 9781107160804 (hardback) | ISBN 9781108824057 (paperback) | ISBN 9781316676004 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Great Britain – History – Medieval period, 1066–1485. | France – History – Medieval period, 987–1515. | Women – England – History – Middle Ages, 500–1500. | Women – France – History – Middle Ages, 500–1500. | Identity (Psychology) – History – To 1500. | Identification (Religion) – History – To 1500. | Literature, Medieval – History and criticism. | Civilization, Medieval – Historiography. | Middle Ages – Historiography. | BISAC: HISTORY / Europe / General | HISTORY / Europe / General Classification: LCC DA175 .L58 2021 (print) | LCC DA175 (ebook) | DDC 942.03–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021010120 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021010121 ISBN 978-1-107-16080-4 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to n this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Contents

List of Figures page vii List of Contributors viii List of Abbreviations x

Introduction 1 julie barrau and david bates

Part I Entwined Lives and Multiple Identities 7 1 Mother and Motherhood in the Vita et Passio Willelmi Norwicensis 9 miri rubin 2 Prayer for the Dead: Women, Death and Salvation 25 fiona j. griffiths 3 Authority over Men and the Allocation of Riches: Two Readings of William of Malmesbury 42 mathieu arnoux 4 Flemish Settlement and Maritime Trafﬁc in the South- West Peninsula of Britain, c. 1050–1250 56 julia crick 5 Cistercians and the Laity in Twelfth- and Thirteenth-Century Upper Normandy 79 elma brenner 6 Memory and Trauma: The Strange Case of Walchelin the Priest 94 patricia skinner 7 New Charters of the Empress Matilda, with Particular Reference to Her Reception at Gloucester in 1139 107 nicholas vincent

vi Contents

8 Female Identity before 1250: The Preudefemme 142 david crouch

Part II Historians, Lawyers and Exegetes: Writing Lives and Identities 159 9 Ademar of Chabannes and the Normans: An Outline of a New Reading 161 pierre bauduin 10 Lives, Identities and the Historians of the Normans 180 david bates 11 Ruth in the Twelfth Century: The Multiple Identities of a Foreign Converted Widow from Scripture 203 julie barrau 12 Jacob and Esau and the Interplay of Jewish and Christian Identities in the Middle Ages 227 anna sapir abulafia 13 Identity, Gender and History in Wace’s Roman de Rou and Roman de Brut 246 leonie v. hicks 14 Glanvill: Law, Language and Identity 264 john hudson 15 Dunstan, Edgar and the History of Not-So-Recent Events 282 george garnett

Index 314

Figures

1.1 A wolf threatening sheep, from an English bestiary, c. 1200–10. © The British Library Board, Royal MS 12 C xix, fo. 19r. 19 4.1 Map of the estates of Ludo. 67 4.2 Map of the estates of Erchenbald. 68 9.1 Corrections to the α manuscript of the chronicle of Ademar of Chabannes, showing, at the end of line 15, Uuillelmus and, above, between lines 13 and 14: pro eo principatum habuit et christianus cum gente sua fuit. Quo de (= the start of defuncto which is used at line 15). Also, in the margin at line 15, functo (following defuncto) Ri (to follow on from cardus at the start of the beginning of the line which follows Ri erased at the end of line 14); interlined between lines 14 and 15 ﬁlius eius, which refers to William’s son, Richard I. © cliché BNFr, ms. lat. 6190, fo. 54r. 169 9.2 Corrections to the α manuscript of the chronicle of Ademar of Chabannes, showing, on the left, de ﬁlia Ruini interlined between lines 14 and 15, and, in the margin, a later commentary identifying Adela, Rollo’s daughter, and wrongly naming her as the wife of Duke William Towhead. © cliché BNFr, ms. lat. 6190, fo. 53r. 171 9.3 Corrections to the α manuscript of the chronicle of Ademar of Chabannes, showing quae extitit soror Ricardi interlined in line 3 above Adala christianissima. © cliché BNFr, ms. lat. 6190, fo. 56r. 171 12.1 Jacob and Esau in Bible Moralisée, ÖNB Vienna, Cod. 2554, fo. 6r. Courtesy of Österreichische Nationalbibliothek. 242 12.2 The rejection by Christ in MS. Bodl. 270b, fo. 17v detail. Photograph of Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford. MS. Bodl. 270b, fo. 17v, taken from A. de Laborde, La Bible Moralisée conservée à Oxford (Paris and London, 1911), vol. 1, plate 17v. 243

vii

Contributors

anna sapir abulafia, Professor of the Study of the Abrahamic Religions at the University of Oxford and Fellow of Lady Margaret Hall mathieu arnoux, Professeur d’histoire médiévale à l’Université de Paris et Directeur d’études à l’EHESS julie barrau, Senior Lecturer in British Medieval History at the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Emmanuel College david bates, Emeritus Professor in Medieval History at the University of East Anglia pierre bauduin, Professeur d’Histoire du Moyen Âge à l’Université de Caen Normandie elma brenner, Research Development Specialist (Medieval and Early Modern), Wellcome Collection, London julia crick, Professor of Palaeography and Manuscript Studies at King’s College, London david crouch, former Professor of Medieval History at the University of Hull george garnett, Professor of Medieval History at the University of Oxford and Fellow of St Hugh’s College fiona j. griffiths, Professor of History at Stanford University leonie v. hicks, Reader in History at Canterbury Christ Church University john hudson, Professor of Legal History at the University of St Andrews and R. Bates Lea Global Law Professor at the University of Michigan

viii

List of Contributors ix

miri rubin, Professor of Medieval and Early Modern History at Queen Mary University of London patricia skinner, independent scholar nicholas vincent, Professor of Medieval History at the University of East Anglia

Abbreviations

AASS Acta Sanctorum, ed. J. Bollandus, G. Henschenius et al. (Antwerp and Brussels, 1734) (http://acta.chad wyck.co.uk) ANS Anglo-Norman Studies: Proceedings of the Battle Conference ASC Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, cited by year (corrected in square brackets if necessary) and manuscript; unless otherwise stated the edition is Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel, ed. C. Plummer, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1892–9). For a convenient modern translation, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, trans. and ed. M. J. Swanton (London: Phoenix Press, 1996) ASE Anglo-Saxon England BL British Library BNFr Bibliothèque Nationale de France C&S Councils and Synods with Other Documents Relating to the English Church, 1066–1204, ed. D. Whitelock, M. Brett and C. N. L. Brooke, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981) EEA English Episcopal Acta EHR English Historical Review EME Early Medieval Europe GG The Gesta Guillelmi of William of Poitiers, ed. and trans. R. H. C. Davis and M. Chibnall, OMT (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998) GND The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, ed. and trans. E. M. C. van Houts, 2 vols., OMT (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992–5) GR William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum: The History of the English Kings, ed. and trans. R. A. B.

List of Abbreviations xi

Mynors, M. Winterbottom and R. M. Thomson, 2 vols., OMT (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998–9) HA Henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum: The History of the English People, ed. and trans. D. Greenway, OMT (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996) HN Eadmer, Historia Novorum in Anglia,inEadmeri Historia Novorum in Anglia, et Opuscula duo; De Vita Sancti Anselmi et quibusdam miraculis ejus, ed. M. Rule, RS 81 (London: Longman, 1884) HR Historical Research HSJ Haskins Society Journal JMH Journal of Medieval History JW The Chronicle of John of Worcester, ed. R. R. Darlington and P. McGurk, 2 vols. (vols. 2 and 3), OMT (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995–8) Memory E. M. C. van Houts, Memory and Gender in Medieval Europe, 900–1200 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999) MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (www .oxforddnb.com) OMT Oxford Medieval Texts OV The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, ed. and trans. M. Chibnall, 6 vols., OMT (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969–80) PL Patrologia cursus completus, series Latina, ed. J.-P. Migne, 221 vols. (Paris, 1844–65) Regesta Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154,3 vols. Vol. 1, ed. H. W. C. Davis (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913); vol. 2, ed. C. Johnson and H. A. Cronne (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956); vol. 3, ed. H. A. Cronne and R. H. C. Davis (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968) RHF Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, ed. M. Bouquet et al., 24 vols. (Paris: Aux dépens des librai- ries, 1738–1904) Roman de Rou Wace, The Roman de Rou, trans. G. S. Burgess, with the text of A. J. Holden and notes by G. S. Burgess and E. van Houts (St Helier: Société Jersiaise, 2002) RS Rolls Series

xii List of Abbreviations

S Anglo-Saxon Charters: An Annotated List and Bibliography (London: Royal Historical Society, 1968), with a revised and updated version largely edited by S. E. Kelly available at www.esawyer.org.uk TNA The National Archives Traditions E. M. C. van Houts, History and Family Traditions in England and the Continent 1000–1200 (Aldershot: Variorum, 1999) VCH Victoria History of the Counties of England