Reef (central GBR) (Lamberson 1978), Davies Reef (central Reef 1978), Davies (Lamberson GBR) (central Reef observations and photorecords), New Caledonia (Cherbonnier & & (Cherbonnier Caledonia New photorecords), and observations
Motupore, South coast of Papua New Guinea (Brouns & Heijs 1985), John Brewer Brewer 1985), John & Heijs (Brouns Guinea New Papua of coast South Motupore,
coast of Papua New Guinea (Massin, personal observations and photorecords), photorecords), and observations personal (Massin, Guinea New Papua of coast
bah, Malaysia) (George (George Malaysia) bah, Sipadan (Sabah, Malaysia) (Lane, personal observations and photorecord), North North photorecord), and observations personal (Lane, Malaysia) (Sabah, Sipadan
& &
including Belau (Palau) Islands (Yamanouti 1939), Guam (Rowe (Rowe Guam 1939), (Yamanouti Islands (Palau) Belau including
Enewetok and other atolls in the Marshall Islands (Lamberson 1978), Fiji Fiji 1978), (Lamberson Islands Marshall the in atolls other and Enewetok ut w rcre species recorded two just
discovery in the Murray Islands, Torres Straits, in 1913 (Clark 1921), has been been has 1921), (Clark 1913 in Straits, Torres Islands, Murray the in discovery recorded at a number of other locations amongst the islands of the Pacific region, region, Pacific the of islands the amongst locations other of number a at recorded
widely distributed on reefs in the lndo-West Pacific and and Pacific lndo-West the in reefs on distributed widely
class Holothuroidea, attaining a maximum length of almost 1 m. m. 1 almost of length maximum a attaining Holothuroidea, class
Both are clearly recognizable and are among the largest representatives of the the of representatives largest the among are and recognizable clearly are Both
particularly the genus genus the particularly not currently present any taxonomic or nomenclatural difficulties, there being being there difficulties, nomenclatural or taxonomic any present currently not
which are particularly common in shallow tropical reefal habitats. Stichopodids Stichopodids habitats. reefal tropical shallow in common particularly are which have long been recognized as being in need of revision (Cannon (Cannon revision of need in being as recognized been long have
Micronesica Micronesica
hrone 18) ih (aae) sad (io 95,Bdaa sad (Sa Islands Bodgaya 1975), (Liao Islands (Paracel) Xisha 1986), Cherbonnier
The family Stichopodidae is a group of large aspidochirote sea cucumbers cucumbers sea aspidochirote large of group a is Stichopodidae family The
behavior. behavior.
is compared with with compared is
Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. This colorful shallow water species species water shallow colorful This Guinea. New Papua and Indonesia
Abstract-The/enota rubra/ineata rubra/ineata Abstract-The/enota
Holothuroidea, Holothuroidea, Echinodermata) from Eastern the lndo-Malayan
Description of a New Species of Sea Cucumber Cucumber Description of Sea Species New a of (Stichopodidae,
24(1)
: :
57-64, 1991 1991 57-64,
Archipelago: Archipelago:
Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, of University National Zoology, of Department
Stichopus. Stichopus.
T. anax anax T.
& &
oa Blin nttt o aua Sciences Natural of Institute Belgian Royal
Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 0511. 0511. Singapore Road, Ridge Kent Lower
29 rue Vautier, 1040 Bruxelles, Belgium. Belgium. Bruxelles, 1040 Vautier, rue 29
: :
George 1987 under the name of of name the under 1987 George
Department of Recent Invertebrates, Invertebrates, Recent of Department
T. ananas ananas T.
DAVID DAVID
and and
CLAUDE CLAUDE
Thelenota Thelenota rubralineata
The tropical genus genus tropical The
Introduction Introduction
T. ananas. ananas. T.
(Jaeger, 1833) and and 1833) (Jaeger, J. J.
n. sp. is described from specimens off off specimens from described is sp. n.
and and
W. W.
MASSIN MASSIN
LANE LANE
A short note is given on its its on given is note short A
Thelenota, Thelenota,
, ,
n. sp. sp. n.
T. anax, anax, T. ·
GBR) (Lane personal personal (Lane GBR)
T. T.
Stichopus Stichopus
anax anax
Feral Feral
& &
& &
however, does does however,
following its its following
T. ananas ananas T.
Silver 1986), 1986), Silver
Clark, 1921. 1921. Clark,
Doty 1977), 1977), Doty
sp.), Pulau Pulau sp.),
1984) 1984)
(Feral (Feral
and and is is
T. T.
shaped shaped
It It is sur
formalin. formalin.
'V' 'V'
buffered buffered
4. Helically 4. Helically coiled
. .
4% 4%
from from the reefs of the North
n. n. sp.
Thelenota Thelenota rubralineata.
Thelenota Thelenota
n. n. sp. I. General of the view specimen from
Brandt, Brandt, 1835
Methods Methods
or or by freezing and fixed in
Micronesica (24)1, 1991 1991 (24)1, Micronesica
Thelenota Thelenota
2 2
Thelenota Thelenota rubralineata
Thelenota rubralineata rubralineata Thelenota
-Photorecords -Photorecords from divers.
cords. cords.
-IRSNB -IRSNB IG n° 27.474/198, 6 specimens (type series). -ZRCNUS -ZRCNUS n° ZRC 1989.2233, 1 dorsal piece and photore
The The specimen was then released.
paratype paratype ZRC 1990.21 is deposited at the ZRCNUS.
the the holotype and 4 paratypes are deposited at the IRSNB. One
Madang, Madang, Papua New Guinea.
The The external slope of the barrier reef in front ongat of W Island,
Island); Island); Pamana Island, North coast of Flores, Indonesia.
North North coast of Papua New Guinea (Madang, Laing Island, Boisa
3. Close Close 3. up of the bivium of the specimen from Flores
position position of a specimen from Papua New Guinea.
Flores. 2. Close up of the posterior the posterior of specimen a part from up Close Papua Guinea. of New 2. Flores.
Figures Figures to 4. 1
alcohol. alcohol.
from from the Indian Ocean: Iles Glorieuses, Madagascar, (Cherbonnier 1979),
Spicules Spicules from the bivium, the trivium, the dorsal protuberances, the ventral
Six Six specimens have been collected by scuba diving in Papua New Guinea,
Recently, Recently, in both Pacific and Atlantic Oceans (viz. Cherbonnier 1980, Lam
90% 90%
Type Type locality:
Type Type material:
Distribution: Distribution:
Material Material examined:
IRSNB: IRSNB: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. ZRCNUS: ZRCNUS: Zoological Reference Collection the of National University Singapore.
for for observation of the calcareous ring and the internal anatomy.
electron electron microscopy. One specimen from Papua New Guinea has been dissected
podia podia and the tentacles have been prepared for light microscopy and scanning
in in
piece piece of the dorsal body wall was excised for spicule preparation and preserved
One One specimen has been observed and photographed in Indonesia and a
anaesthetized anaesthetized with 7% MgC1
(Halstead (Halstead 1977).
described described earlier, especially as photos have already been published in a book
prising prising that this large and very characteristic shallow water species has not been
Archipelago. Archipelago. The species has been designated
coast coast of Papua New Guinea and from the reefs of Flores in the Indonesian
also also by scuba diving, of a third species of
bert bert 1986, Cutress & Miller 1982) large to very large new Stichopodidae have been been collected by scuba diving. The present communication reports the discovery,
Maldives Maldives (Levin and 1979) Rowley Shoals, north-western Australia (Marsh 1986).
anax anax
Moorea, Moorea, Society Islands (Lamberson 1978). There are also three records for 58 58
again. again.
position is maintained for up to 10 minutes, or longer, before the animal moves moves animal the before longer, or 10 minutes, to up for maintained is position
bends and assumes a helicoidal position, mouth close to the anus (Fig. 4). This This 4). (Fig. anus the to close mouth position, helicoidal a assumes and bends SJ). The dorsal pieces of the calcareous ring are larger than the ventral ones. The The ones. ventral the larger than are ring calcareous pieces of the dorsal SJ). The
substratum and appear to have an 'ambulatory' role. When disturbed, the animal animal the disturbed, When role. 'ambulatory' an have to appear and substratum
on 1,200 dives (M. Claereboudt, personnal communication). communication). personnal Claereboudt, (M. 1,200 dives on
around Laing Island, the species has been observed and photographed only once once only photographed and observed been species has the Island, Laing around
acterised by coarse coral sand. sand. coral coarse by acterised
spurs and grooves. The grooves where the the where grooves The grooves. and spurs from 6 to 40 m, always on the external slope of a barrier reef or on the slope of of slope the on or reef barrier a of slope external the on always m, 40 to 6 from
the fringing reef of an island. The slope is always steep and made of alternating alternating of made and steep always is slope The island. an of reef fringing the
yellow with white tips. The tentacles, twenty in number, are dull red. The The red. dull are number, in twenty tentacles, The tips. white with yellow
rubralineata rubralineata
undulating transverse markings. The podia are pale greenish-yellow greenish-yellow brownish pale are or podia The markings. transverse undulating yellow spots are larger (3 or 4 mm across) and more numerous. On the ventral ventral the On numerous. more and across) mm 4 or (3 larger are spots yellow
sole, the crimson lines are fewer and more irregular. They occur as discontinuous, occur as discontinuous, They irregular. more are fewer lines sole, and crimson the
cause of the lower density of the crimson lines (Fig. 2). Towards the oral end, 3 3 end, oral the Towards 2). (Fig. lines crimson the of density lower the of cause
or more crimson patches may be present or not (in darker individuals) and the the and individuals) darker (in not or present be may patches crimson more or h dra ad h ltrl rtbrne peet awielniuia bn be band longitudinal white a presents protuberances lateral the and dorsal the
tips of the protuberances are yellow-brown with white ending papillae. On the the On papillae. ending white with yellow-brown are protuberances the of tips
specimens from Papua New Guinea, the lateral part of the body wall between between wall body the of part lateral the Guinea, New Papua from specimens and form inconspicuous small spots scattered between the crimson lines. The The lines. crimson the between scattered spots small inconspicuous form and
tomose, forming maze-like arrangements (Figs. l, 2, 3). Patches of dark brown brown dark of Patches 3). 2, l, (Figs. arrangements maze-like forming tomose,
or diffuse yellowish pigment (2 or 3 mm across) mark the base of the papillae papillae the of base the mark across) mm 3 or (2 pigment yellowish diffuse or
of crimson lines on a white background (Figs. 2, 3). On the bivium, the lines are are lines the bivium, the 3). On (Figs. 2, background white a on lines crimson of
fvral tikes n fr olqe aall ras hc itret r anas or intersect which arrays parallel oblique form and thickness variable of
trivium, there is a continuous row of 14 multipapillate protuberances (Figs. 1, 1, (Figs. protuberances 14 multipapillate of row continuous a is there trivium,
each row being made of 13 to 15 protuberances. The most anterior and posterior posterior and anterior most The 15 protuberances. 13 to of made being row each 2). Smaller outgrowths are scattered over the body. body. the over scattered are outgrowths Smaller 2). 2). On each side of the body, along the boundary between the bivium and the the and bivium the between boundary the along body, the of side each On 2).
The dorsal protuberances are arranged in two rows presenting a zigzag zigzag pattern, a presenting rows two in arranged are protuberances dorsal The of these, when fully extended, are longer and more ramified than the others (Fig. (Fig. others the than ramified more and longer are fully extended, when of these,
acutely pointed conical peaks bearing papillae at their extremity (Figs. 1, 2, 4). 4). 2, 1, (Figs. extremity their at papillae bearing peaks conical pointed acutely
is located ventrally, the anus terminal. The dorsal body wall is characterised by by characterised is wall body dorsal The terminal. anus the ventrally, located is contracted state. The posterior part of the body tapers slightly. The ventral surface surface slightly. of ventral tapers body The the part posterior The state. contracted
is flattened and bears numerous podia scattered randomly. The anterior mouth mouth anterior The randomly. scattered podia numerous bears and flattened is numerous very large conical fleshy protuberances, many of which have subsidiary subsidiary of which have large many very fleshy conical numerous protuberances,
es eto ad esrs 0t 3 m ogad m iei te iig un living, the in wide cm 8 and long cm 39 to 30 measures and section verse
The calcareous ring is made of large radial and small interradial pieces (Fig. (Fig. pieces interradial small and of large radial made is ring calcareous The
When the animal is creeping, the lateral protuberances are resting on the the on resting are protuberances lateral the creeping, is animal the When
T. rubralineata rubralineata T.
The coloration of the body wall consists of a striking and complex pattern pattern complex and striking a of consists wall body the of coloration The
The body of of body The
collected have been found during daylight dives at depths ranging ranging depths at dives daylight during found been have collected
Thelenota rubralineata rubralineata Thelenota
is never abundant at the collecting places. For example, example, For places. collecting the at abundant never is
Massin Massin
& &
Lane
Description Description
: :
New Sea Cucumber Cucumber Sea New
is roughly square or trapezoid in trans in trapezoid or square roughly is
T. rubralineata rubralineata T.
r lvn r char are living are
T. T. 59 59
short short feet
5 5
n. n. sp. 5. Pseudo-table;
long long for the specimen from
µm µm
12. 7 7 12.
µm. µm.
± ±
longitudinal longitudinal muscles are broad (18 mm),
5 5
Thelenota Thelenota rubralineata
Micronesica (24)1, 1991 1991 (24)1, Micronesica
for for the specimens from Papua New Guinea. They
in in diameter, and a slightly narrower cylindrical ex
µm µm
µm µm
4.4 4.4
± ±
to to 7. Spicules of
5 5
6. Dichotomous 6. Dichotomous rod; Serpent-like 7. miliary granules.
Figures Figures
Other Other spicules are present but frequent. far less These include pseudo-tables
The The very characteristic miliary granules are elongate and serpent-like with
The The dorsal body contains wall several types spicules. of The most abundant
and and spinose rods. The pseudo-tables are made of a disc bearing 4 to
tension tension which is sinuous or irregularly contorted The (Figs. 7, 8C). dimension of
a a rounded end, about 3
these these granules ranges from about 7 to 20
spinelets. One or more of these central spines may be enlarged and central enlarged these dichotomously be One or more spines may spinelets. of
branched branched (Figs. 6, 8A).
sional sional form. Spines generally arise singly or in pairs, but those located at the
center center of the axial rod may number three or four and occasionally bear lateral
vary vary in length, sometimes being as long or longer than the branches from which
they they originate. They protrude in all directions giving the spicule a three dimen
are are spiny with primary, secondary, tertiary and sometimes quaternary branches
axial axial rod, the primary and secondary branches or occasionally from nodes. They
Indonesia Indonesia and 94
(Figs. (Figs. 6, The 8A). spines are needle like and they arise perpendicularly from the
dichotomous dichotomous rods (Figs. 6, are 8A) 135
no no gonad (collected 09/88).
are are the numerous granules and the slender dichotomously branched rods. The
reduced to a vessel running parallel to the intestine at the level of the first intestinal intestinal the first running to of the intestine parallel the at level vessel a to reduced
transverse transverse connection. The specimen dissected (paratype) is 28 cm long and has
loop. loop. The descending and ascending parts of this are vessel connected a by single
quarters quarters of the coelom length respectively. The hemal system (rete mirabile) is
piratory piratory trees are narrow; the right one extends to half and the left one to three
the the digestive tract is short and the empty cloaca long and narrow. The two res
'V' 'V' shaped and attached to the body wall only by their central part. The loop of
(3.5 (3.5 cm) and a very small one. The
60 60 tentacular tentacular are thin vesicles and short. Two Polian are vesicles present: one a long hc ae rlne b fu t fv og pns Fg. , B.Tee spicules These 8B). 5, (Figs. spines long five to four by prolonged are which
tomous rods but no pseudo-tables. no but rods tomous
measures 20 to 25 to 20 measures
epn-iegaue 5t 19 to (5 granules serpent-like
h oslpoueacs oti ams xlsvl,vr ag ubr of large numbers very exclusively, almost contain protuberances dorsal The
iue . pcls n claeu rn of ring calcareous and Spicules 8. Figure
ihtmu rd; B rods; dichotomous
end plate; J: calcareous ring (R: radial piece; IR: interradial piece). A, B, E, F, E, B, A, piece). interradial IR: piece; radial (R: ring calcareous J: plate; end G, H: scale I; C, D C, I; scale H: G,
:sretlk gaue o h dra poueacs E protuberances; dorsal the of granules serpent-like D: :vnrl ihtmu rd; :rd o te etce; H tentacles; the of rods G: rods; dichotomous ventral F:
µ,m
in
imtr n 25 and diameter
Massin & Lane: SeaNew Massin Cucumber
:
scale 2; J: scale 3. scale J: 2; scale
:
µm
osl suotbe C osl epn-ie granules; serpent-like C: dorsal pseudo-table; dorsal
long) (Fig. 8D). Among these are a few dichofew a are these Among 8D). (Fig. long)
hlnt rubralineata Thelenota
µ,m
in
height.
:
eta pseudo-tables; ventral
3~------~
:
ic o te podia the of piece
1~--~--~
. p A: dorsal sp. n.
1cm
100µm
2
10µm
61 62 Micronesica (24)1, 1991
The three types of ventral spicules are dichtomous rods, pseudo-tables and serpent-like granules. The dichotomous rods are smaller (83 ± 6. 7 µm) and less spiny than the dorsal ones (Fig. 8F). The pseudo-tables are identical (Fig. 8E) but more numerous than the dorsal ones. The granules are as described above and are very abundant. The tentacles contain only rods which are spiny or smooth, straight or curved, ranging from 10 to 150 µm long (Fig. 8G). The podia contain rods, a few pseudo-tables and anastomosing plates form ing the end plate (Fig. 8H).
Discussion Most of the characteristics-viz. the body size, the general appearance, the calcareous ring and the spicules-fit very well with the genus Thelenota. The new species T. rubralineata is clearly distinct from T. ananas and T. anax by the dorsal protuberances, the color pattern and the spicules, and cannot be confused with any other holothurian. Regarding the spicules in particular, the serpent-like granules alone are sufficient to distinguish T. rubralineata from T. ananas and T. anax, which have rounded or oval miliary granules. In addition, the pseudo tables of T. rubralineata are smaller (20 to 25 µm diameter) than the ones of T. ananas (25 to 47 µm diameter) and T. anax (50 µm diameter). Moreover T. ananas and T. anax have spiny plates in the tentacles whereas T. rubralineata does not. The dichotomous rods (or X bodies) of both T. anax and T. ananas are quite variable in size and form, according to the origin of the specimens, (see Clark 1921, Liao 1975, Rowe & Doty 1977, Lamberson 1978, Cherbonnier 1980, 1988, Cherbonnier & Feral 1984, Chao & Chang 1989). The form of the dicho tomous rods of T. rubralineata resembles those of T. ananas from Taiwan (Chao & Chang 1989) or those of T. anax from Xisha Islands (Liao 1975) or Madagascar (Cherbonnier 1979). According to the literature, the size range of these dicho tomous rods is similar for the three species: 75 to 145 µm for T. ananas, 40 to 156 µm for T. anax and, in this study, 69 to 165 µm for T. rubralineata. Therefore, it is difficult to use the size of these spicules to distinguish the three species of Thelenota. However, the dorsal dichotomous rods of T. rubralineata are more spiny than those of T. anax and T. ananas.
Diagnosis Very large holothurian with dorsal acute ramified protuberances. Body wall covered by a complex pattern of crimson lines on a white background. Yellowish spots of pigment appear between the red lines. Three major kinds of spicules present in the body wall: dichotomous spiny rods, pseudo-tables and serpent-like miliary granules. Etymology: rubralineata means 'red lines'. This name is given according to the very characteristic pattern of crimson lines covering the body wall.
George, J. D. D. J. George,
Lamberson, J. J. Lamberson,
Halstead, Halstead,
Cherbonnier, G. G. Cherbonnier,
Feral, J. -P. -P. J. Feral,
Cutress, B. B. M. Cutress,
Clark, H.L. 1921. The Echinoderm Fauna of Torres Strait. Pubis. Carnegie Instn. Instn. Carnegie Pubis. Strait. of Torres Fauna Echinoderm 1921. The H.L. Clark,
Chao, S. M. M. S. Chao,
l te aiiis o olc ad td te au Nw una aeil Te ex The material. Guinea New Papua the study and collect to facilities the all
Cannon, L. R. G. G. R. L. Cannon,
Cherbonnier, G. 1988. Echinodermes: holothurides. holothurides. Echinodermes: 1988. G. Cherbonnier,
Cherbonnier, G. 1980. Holothuries de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. Hist. natn. Mus. Bull. Nouvelle-Caledonie. de 1980. Holothuries G. Cherbonnier,
Cherbonnier, G. 1979. Description Description 1979. G. Cherbonnier,
Research (grant no. 209001.86) and the I.R.Sc.N.B. Contribution no. 207 of the the of 207 no. Contribution I.R.Sc.N.B. the and 209001.86) no. (grant Research
pedition in Papua New Guinea was supported by the Belgian Fund for Basic Basic for Fund Belgian the by supported was Guinea New Papua in pedition
Director of the Christensen Research Institute, he provided to one of us (C.M.) (C.M.) us of one to provided he Institute, Research Christensen the of Director
and provided much information regarding the biology of of biology the regarding information much provided and
Brouns, J. J. J. J. Brouns,
King King
Collection Faune Tropicale 25. 25. Tropicale Faune Collection
nodermes nodermes
& &
(Echinodermata, Holothuroidea) from the Caribbean. Bull. Mar. Sci. 32: 32: Sci. Mar. Bull. Caribbean. the from Holothuroidea) (Echinodermata, Browne Browne
260. 260.
Malaysia) and Pulau Sipadan. 4. Macroinvertebrates. Malay. Nat. J. 40: 40: J. 225- Nat. Malay. 4. Macroinvertebrates. Sipadan. Pulau and Malaysia)
lophoridae et Synaptidae). Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat. Paris (4)6(A3): 827- (4)6(A3): Paris nat. Hist. natn. Mus. Bull. Synaptidae). et lophoridae
ermata: Holothurioidea) of southern Taiwan. Bull. Inst. Zool. Academia Academia Zool. Inst. Bull. Taiwan. southern of Holothurioidea) ermata: Deuxieme contribution. contribution. Deuxieme
Editions Editions
nat. Paris (4)2(A3): 615-667. 615-667. (4)2(A3): Paris nat. New Guinea. A general account of the environment, marine flora and fauna. fauna. flora and marine environment, of the A account general Guinea. New
(Marine Biol.) 10: viii+ 223 pp., 38 pis. pis. 38 pp., 223 10: viii+ Biol.) (Marine ermes). Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat. Paris (4)1(Al): 3-12. 3-12. (4)1(Al): Paris nat. Hist. natn. Mus. Bull. ermes).
Sinica 28(3): 107-137. 107-137. 28(3): Sinica
Queensland Museum, Brisbane, i-viii + 60 pp. pp. i-viii 60 + Brisbane, Museum, Queensland
Proc. Konink. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. 88: 145-182. 145-182. 88: Wetensch. Akad. Nederl. Konink. Proc.
715-722. 715-722.
ovle u exepcscnusdHltuis siohrts (Echinod Aspidochirotes d'Holothuries especes connues deux sur nouvelles
851. 851.
Thelenota anax anax Thelenota
It is a pleasure to thank Dr. M. Jebb who collected most of the specimens specimens the of most collected who Jebb M. Dr. thank to pleasure a is It
14: 115-122. 115-122. 14:
Leopold Leopold
J. -L. Menou (eds.), Guides des Etoiles de Mer, Oursins et autres autres et Oursins Mer, de Etoiles des Guides (eds.), Menou -L. J.
B. B.
& &
W. M. M. W.
& &
& &
1977. Tropical Diving Adventures. Wildlife Series number 3, R. R. 3, number Series Wildlife Adventures. Diving Tropical 1977.
ORSTOM, ORSTOM,
G. Cherbonnier. 1986. 1986. Holothurides. Les Cherbonnier. G.
& &
III III
du Lagon de Nouvelle-Caledonie, pp. 55-107. Editions ORSTOM, ORSTOM, Editions 55-107. pp. Lagon Nouvelle-Caledonie, de du
0. 0.
& &
Associates, Port Moresby. Moresby. Port Associates,
.H Cag 18.Te hlo-ae Hltuin (Echinod Holothurians shallow-water The 1989. Chang. H. K.
J. George. 1987. The coral reefs of Bodgaya Islands (Sabah: (Sabah: Islands Bodgaya of reefs coral The 1987. George. J.
J.E. Miller. 1982. 1982. Miller. J.E.
& &
Biological Station, Papua New Guinea. Guinea. New Papua Station, Biological
1978. Notes on the morphology, Ecology and Distribution of of Distribution and Ecology morphology, the on Notes 1978.
& &
& &
J. -P. Feral. 1984. Les holothuries de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Nouvelle-Caledonie. de holothuries Les 1984. Feral. -P. J.
H. L. Clark (Holothuroidea; Stichopodidae). Micronesica Micronesica Stichopodidae). (Holothuroidea; Clark L. H.
F. M. L. Heijs. 1985. 1985. Papua seagrass in ecosystems L. Tropical M. Heijs. F.
H. Silver. 1986. Sea cucumbers of Northern Australia. Australia. Northern of cucumbers Sea 1986. Silver. H.
vol. 70, 292 pp. pp. 292 70, vol.
Massin Massin
2eme 2eme
Acknowledgments Acknowledgments
& &
Lane: New Sea Cucumber Cucumber Sea New Lane:
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d'Actinopyga flammea flammea d'Actinopyga
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In In
In In
Faune de Madagascar, Madagascar, de Faune
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A. Guille, P. Laboute Laboute P. Guille, A.
nov. sp. et donnees donnees et sp. nov.
As the the As
Echi 63 63 with
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Parastichopus leukothele
Faunal Surveys of the Rowley Shoals, Scott
In
Xisha
composition
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·
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