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COMMUNICATION Comparisons of Americium, Neodymium, and Europium Complexed by 2,2′–Biphenylenedithiophosphinate

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COMMUNICATION Comparisons of Americium, Neodymium, and Europium Complexed by 2,2′–Biphenylenedithiophosphinate COMMUNICATION Comparisons of Americium, Neodymium, and Europium Complexed by 2,2′–Biphenylenedithiophosphinate. Justin N. Cross,1 Joseph A. Macor,1,2 Jeffery A. Bertke,2 Maryline G. Ferrier,1 Gregory S. Girolami,2* Stosh A. Kozimor,1* Joel R. Maassen,1 Brian L. Scott, 1 David K. Shuh,4 Benjamin W. Stein,1 S. Chantal E. Stieber.1,3 Abstract: Advancing understanding of minor actinide (Am, Cm) versus lanthanide coordination chemistry is key for developing advanced nuclear fuel cycles. Owing to difficulties in accessing and handling Am and Cm, few reactivity and spectroscopic comparisons with lanthanides have been performed. Herein, we described the t preparation of (NBu4)Am[S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 and two isomorphous lanthanide complexes, namely those with similar ionic radii (i.e., NdIII) and that were isoelectronic (EuIII). The results included the first Equation 1. measurement of an Am–S bond length, mean 2.921(9) Å, by single tert-butyl-2,2 ′ -biphenylenedithiophosphinato)metal(III) anions, crystal X-ray diffraction. Structural and spectroscopic comparisons t 1- M[S2P( Bu2C12H6]4 (M = Am, Nd, Eu), enabled the first single- with the EuIII and NdIII complexes revealed subtle electronic III crystal measurement of an Am–S bond distance. Moreover, the differences between Am and the lanthanides. structural results – alongside the UV-vis and fluorescence data – III provocatively, suggested that the Am –S2PR2 interaction was The implementation of advanced nuclear fuel cycles is critically electronically distinct from Ln–S2PR2 bonds within analogous dependent on developing effective methods to process spent coordination environments. fuel. One challenge associated with advancing nuclear fuel Lanthanide complexes of the general formula t reprocessing is associated with separating minor actinides (Am (NBu4)Ln[S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 (Ln = Nd, Eu) were prepared by salt and Cm) from their 4f-analogues. Owing to difficulties associated metathesis reactions of potassium 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′- t [4] with conducting macroscopic experiments with Am and Cm, biphenylenedithiophosphinate, KS2P( Bu2C12H6) , with hydrated most insight into minor actinide/lanthanide separation chemistry europium and neodymium trichlorides, followed by addition of comes from microchemical studies, where analyte quantities are tetrabutylammonium chloride, NBu4Cl, Eq 1. As these synthetic more conveniently determined using α, β, and γ–spectroscopy.[1] procedures were quite robust, and routinely provided single This leaves many macroscopic chemical concepts poorly crystals when carried out on either large (> 0.1 g) or small (< understood as there are limited structurally characterized 0.01 g) scales, it seemed reasonable that similar methods would trivalent pairs. [2]. be successful in affording an americium analogue. The Of the many separation strategies that have a high importance of scaling down these reactions cannot be probability for success,[3] those that employ dithiophosphinate overstated, as small-scale synthetic methods accounted for our 243 based extractants are of particular interest. To advance limited inventory of Am and the relatively high radioactivity understanding of these dithiophosphinate separations processes, associated with this isotope, t½ = 7370(40) y. As anticipated, the we recently reported the syntheses of the 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′- salt metathesis reaction generated the t (NBu )Am[S P(tBu C H )] salt, Scheme 1. This procedure biphenylenedithiophosphinic acid, HS2P( Bu2C12H6), whose aryl 4 2 2 12 6 4 ring orientations were constrained through C–C linkages.[4] We started by dissolving AmO2 in aqueous HCl (6 M), upon which IV III III anticipated – based on previous studies – that constraining the Am reduced to Am . The resulting Am solution was rotameric orientation of the aryl rings provided a mechanism to evaporated to a soft dryness, which left a peach colored residue. control electronic factors that influenced selective binding to 5f Subsequently, the residue was suspendered in ethanol and [5] t treated with ethanolic solutions of KS P(tBu C H ) and NBu Cl. over 4f elements. Moreover, as the HS2P( Bu2C12H6) 2 2 12 6 4 compound was air- and moisture-stable and soluble in a variety For all three complexes, block-shaped single crystals were of common solvents, it provided an excellent opportunity to obtained from slow evaporation of ethanol solutions. Figure 1 compare and contrast minor actinide and lanthanide coordination chemistry with identical dithiophosphinate ligands. As such, this document compares dithiophosphinate coordination chemistry of AmIII (5f 6) with its electronic congener EuIII (4f 6) and its size-matched 4f-analogue, NdIII (ionic radii = [2k,6,7] 1.109 and 1.108 Å). The isolation of the tetrakis(4,4′-di- 1 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 2 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 3 California State Polytechnic University, Pomona California 91768 4 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California 94720 [email protected], [email protected] t Supporting information for this article is given via a link at the end of Scheme 1. Synthesis of (NBu4)Am[S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4. the document COMMUNICATION Scheme 2. Comparison of the first coordination environments from t 1- t Am[S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 and Np[S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4. [2k, 6] U, Np and x = 0) versus the metal ionic radii (Figure 2) showed a linear relationship for the EuIII, NdIII, UIV, and NpIV structures. The data was fit with a line whose slope approached unity, 0.89(2), and whose y-intercept [1.95(2) Å] was approximately equal to the S2- ionic radius, 1.84 Å.[6] Interestingly, the observed average Am–S distances of 2.921(9) Å (uncertainty determined as the error of the mean)[9] in t Figure 1. Thermal ellipsoid plot of (NBu4)Am[S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4.Thermal t 1- 1+ Am[S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 was 0.02 Å shorter than expected from ellipsoids are drawn with 30% probability. NBu4 counter-cation and hydrogen – atoms were omitted. Key: C (gray), P (purple), S (yellow), Am this linear relationship. While tempting to attribute the slightly (pink). shorter Am–S distance to increased Am–S covalency, we refrained as the structural deviations were only marginally t 1- relevant statistically. Instead, these results serve as motivation shows a thermal ellipsoid plot of Am[S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 , while t 1- for future S K-edge XAS measurements, to determine similar plots for Ln[S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 (Ln = Nd, Eu) were provided in the SI. Structural metrics from the isomorphous quantitatively the degree of S 3p- and Am 5f-/6d-mixing. III t 1- t The absorption spectra from M [S P( Bu C H )] (M = Eu, (NBu4)M[S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 (M = Am, Eu, Nd) complexes were 2 2 12 6 4 compared in Table 1. Somewhat unexpectedly, the Nd, Am) were collected from single crystals using a III t 1- III microspectrophotometer (Figure 3). All spectra showed an M [S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 (M = Eu, Nd, Am) geometries were different than those reported previously for tetravalent intense peak at high energies, likely associated with charge IV t IV transfer transitions. For NdIII and AmIII, weak Laporte forbidden f M [S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 (M = U, Np) compounds, even though all [11] of these species consisted of f-element ions coordinated by four → f transitions were also present. As observed previously for t 1- [4] (NEt )Eu[S P(C H ) ] ,[12] analogous transitions for S2P( Bu2C12H6) ligands. For instance, Raymond’s Shape8 4 2 6 5 2 4 t 1- routine showed the eight sulfur atoms in the inner sphere of Eu[S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 were engulfed in the charge transfer band. III t 1- M [S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 (M = Eu, Nd, Am) formed a distorted bicapped trigonal prism with approximate C2v symmetry, Scheme 2.[8] In contrast, the Shape8 analysis indicated the +4 IV t actinides in M [S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 (M = U, Np) adopted a distorted trigonal dodecahedral geometry with approximate D2d symmetry. t 1- The Am[S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 structure enabled the Am–S bond length to be measured for the first time by single crystal X- ray diffraction. The Am–S bond distances varied by approximately 0.1 Å and ranged from 2.887(4) to 2.969(4) Å. These distances agreed well with previously reported EXAFS data from the AmIII complex extracted by bis(2,4,4- trimethylphentyl)dithiophosphinic acid, HS2P[C8H17]2 (cyanex- 301), into kerosene.[10] A plot of mean M–S distances in t x- M[S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 complexes (M = Eu, Nd, Am and x = 1; M = Table 1. Average bond lengths and angles (with calculated standard [9] t error) in (NBu4)M[S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 (M = Nd, Eu, Am). Average Bond Lengths (Å) Nd Eu Am M–S 2.941(8) 2.910(9) 2.921(9) M–P 3.525(8) 3.498(8) 3.52(1) Average Bond Angles (°) Nd Eu Am Figure 2. A plot showing the relationship between the M–S Average Bond III t S–M–S 68.6(5) 69.1(5) 68.3(3) distances from (NBu4)M [S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 (M = Eu, Nd, Am) and S–P–S 112.1(6) 111.4(6) 111.4(8) IV t [4] [6] M [S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 (M = U, Np) versus the metal ionic radii. COMMUNICATION and 818 nm that could be assigned to 5f → 5f transitions (Figure 3). In accord with previous interpretations of AmIII optical [13] t 1- spectra, the spectrum from Am[S2P( Bu2C12H6)]4 involved III 7 5 2 5 excitations from the Am F0ʹ ground state to the H4ʹ, G2ʹ, D2ʹ, 5 7 7 L6ʹ, F6ʹ, and F4ʹ excited states, respectively. While this interpretation was also described in terms of the free ion, all the AmIII term symbols included a prime mark (ʹ) that served as a reminder to treat the actinides in the so-called intermediate coupling scheme.
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