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Natural Areas of Whangaruru Ecological District

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Natural Areas of Whangaruru Ecological District Natural areas of Whangaruru Ecological District Reconnaissance Survey Report for the Protected Natural Areas Programme 2005 Natural areas of Whangaruru Ecological District Reconnaissance Survey Report for the Protected Natural Areas Programme Andrea Booth Published by Department of Conservation Northland Conservancy P.O. Box 842 Whangarei, New Zealand 1 © Crown copyright 2005 This report may be freely copied provided that the Department of Conservation is acknowledged as the source of the information. Cover photograph: Ngunguru Sandspit with Whakareiora at the base of the sandspit. Topographic base maps reproduced under the Land Information New Zealand Map Authority 1991/42: Crown Copyright Reserved Cataloguing-in-Publication data Booth, Andrea Marie Natural areas of Whangaruru Ecological District : reconnaissance survey report for the Protected Natural Areas Programme / Andrea Booth. Whangarei, N.Z. : Dept. of Conservation, Northland Conservancy, 2005. 1 v. : ill., maps ; 30 cm. (New Zealand Protected Natural Areas (Series), 0112–9252) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0–478–22688–8 1. Ecological surveys—New Zealand—Whangaruru Ecological District. 2.Whangaruru Ecological District (N.Z.). I. New Zealand. Dept. of Conservation. Northland Conservancy. 2 Foreword This report describes the significant natural areas in the Whangaruru Ecological District. Most of the information for the report was gathered in surveys between 1994 and 1997. A few of the sites were, however, surveyed more recently. Northland contains 18 mainland Ecological Districts, each characterised by their own landscape and ecological makeup. The most distinctive features of the Whangaruru Ecological District are its islands, estuaries and coastal forest remnants. There were 46 islands and island groups identified in this Ecological District, many of which are home to threatened plants and animals. It has a total of 13 estuarine areas, the largest being the Eastern Bay of Islands Estuary; one of the largest in Northland. Coastal forest is now a nationally rare habitat type, and there is a significant amount still remaining in this Ecological District. Another significant feature of the Whangaruru Ecological District is that it is a stronghold for pateke or brown teal. The Ecological District contains the largest remaining mainland population of this species. As with most of Northland, extensive areas of habitat have been cleared and modified since human settlement. The Whangaruru Ecological District survey has shown that habitats such as freshwater wetlands, riverine and swamp forests, and unmodified dunelands are now very rare. The Protected Natural Areas Programme (PNAP) provides information to help the Department of Conservation, local bodies, resource management planners, iwi, landowners, interest groups and the public at large work together to conserve what remains in the Whangaruru Ecological District. I encourage readers to work with us on this exciting challenge. Chris Jenkins Conservator Northland 3 CONTENTS Foreword 3 Map 1. Location map of Whangaruru Ecological District 6 Map 2. Map of surveyed sites, Whangaruru Ecological District, including land administered by the Department of Conservation 7 Abstract 9 1. Introduction 9 1.1 The Protected Natural Areas Programme 9 1.2 Ecological Regions and Districts 11 1.3 Contents of this report 11 1.4 Whangaruru Ecological District 12 2. Methodology 13 2.1 General approach 13 2.2 Consultation with landowners 14 2.3 Data acquisition and analysis 14 2.4 Criteria for assessing habitat significance 15 2.5 Updating of data 16 3. Ecological character 18 3.1 Topography 18 3.2 Geology 18 3.3 Climate 18 3.4 Vegetation 19 3.4.1 Historical 19 3.4.2 Broad pattern 19 3.4.3 Main vegetation types 20 3.4.4 Species of botanical interest 25 3.4.5 Threatened and regionally significant plant species 26 3.4.6 Threatened plants not recorded for some time in the Ecological District 33 3.5 Fauna 34 3.5.1 Threatened bird species 34 3.5.2 Bird species of regional significance 36 3.5.3 Threatened mammals 37 3.5.4 Threatened snails 37 3.5.5 Threatened arthropods 39 3.5.6 Threatened and Regionally Significant fish 40 3.5.7 Threatened and Regionally Significant reptiles 40 3.6 Threats 41 4 4. Site descriptions 42 4.1 Level 1 sites 43 4.1.1 Mainland sites 48 4.1.2 Islands 289 4.2 Level 2 sites 357 5. Summary and conclusions 377 5.1 Analysis of existing protected areas 377 5.2 Priority natural areas for protection in the Whangaruru 380 Ecological District Table 1. Protected Natural Area Network in the Whangaruru Ecological District 381 Table 2. Ecological units recorded in the Whangaruru Ecological District and protected status 384 Table 3. Summary of site evaluations 418 6. Acknowledgements 430 7. Bibliography 430 8. Appendices 433 8.1 Field survey form 433 8.2 Letter to ratepayers & news media item 435 8.3 Categories of threat 437 8.4 Categories of importance for geological and soil sites 443 8.5 Fauna 444 8.6 Common and scientific plant names used in the text 448 8.7 Glossary 451 9. Index of sites 457 5 km Map 1. Location map of Whangaruru Ecological District. 6 7 Map 2. Map of surveyed sites, Whangaruru Ecological District, including land administered by the Department of Conservation. Note that the representation of protected areas is indicative only and should not be taken to accurately delineate these areas. 8 Abstract The Whangaruru Ecological District lies to the south of Kerikeri Ecological District, and to the east of Tangihua and Whangarei Ecological Districts. It stretches from Russell in the north to Parua Bay in the south, and covers most of the area to the east of State Highway 1 between these two points. This Ecological District covers approximately 115,782 ha, 46% (52,662 ha) of which makes up the natural areas that are described in this report. A total of 183 natural areas of ecological significance were identified in the Whangaruru Ecological District during a reconnaissance survey conducted between 1994 and 1997, with a small number of sites surveyed up to 2004. Of these, 169 are considered to be of regional or national importance. In many cases, the values of the remaining areas could not be fully assessed in this reconnaissance survey because of time frames and limited resources. Therefore, site-specific species information is lacking for some sites, but this has been supplemented with information from existing databases, as well as information collected during the survey. The District contains a high diversity of vegetation types at inland, coastal and island sites. One of the most important features is the relative abundance of pohutukawa coastal forest, which is a nationally rare forest type. Other nationally important habitat types in the Ecological District include swamp forest, freshwater wetlands, and estuarine systems. The most common vegetation types are secondary forest dominated by totara, taraire, or towai, and kanuka/manuka shrubland. The protected natural areas network in the Whangaruru Ecological District consists of 14,151 ha administered by the Department of Conservation, 428 ha of Queen Elizabeth II National Trust covenants, 2673 ha protected by Nga Whenua Rahui, 3.7 ha of protected private land, 1183 ha of Conservation Covenants and 202 ha protected by the Whangarei District Council. Priority areas for protection include coastal forests, freshwater wetlands, riverine and swamp forests, dunelands, estuarine systems, and areas supporting threatened species. 1. Introduction 1.1 THE PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS PROGRAMME The Protected Natural Areas Programme (PNAP) was established in 1982 to implement s. 3(b) of the Reserves Act 1977: “Ensuring, as far as possible, the survival of all indigenous species of flora and fauna, both rare and commonplace, in their natural communities and . 9 habitats, and the preservation of representative examples of all classes of natural ecosystems and landscape which in the aggregate originally gave New Zealand its own recognisable character”. The goal of the programme is: “To identify and protect representative examples of the full range of indig- enous biological and landscape features in New Zealand, and thus main- tain the distinctive New Zealand character of the country” (Technical Advi- sory Group 1986). The specific aim of the PNAP is to identify, by a process of field survey and evaluation, natural areas of ecological significance throughout New Zealand which are not well represented in existing protected natural areas, and to retain the greatest possible diversity of landform and vegetation patterns consistent with what was originally present. To achieve this, representative biological and landscape features that are common or extensive within an Ecological District are considered for protection, as well as those features which are special or unique. As knowledge and information about the presence and distribution of fauna and flora such as invertebrates and bryophytes is limited, the protection of the full range of habitat types is important to maintaining the diversity of lesser known species. This report differs from previous PNAP reports for regions and Districts outside of Northland in that it is based mainly on reconnaissance survey and existing published and unpublished data, and includes descriptions of most natural areas within the Ecological District boundaries. The natural areas described have been evaluated according to two levels of significance based on specific criteria (see Section 2), and are not confined to recommended areas for protection
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