DIGITAL LIBRARIES AN OVERVIEW OF ARAB COUNTRIES INITIATIVES

Khaled Abd El Fatah Mohamed Dubai and knowledge solution Mohamed Bin Rashid Knowledge Foundation [email protected] ELEMENTS

 Abstract  Terminology  Definitions  Why We Need DL  Economic Factors  Technical Factors  Environmental Factors  Role of DLs  Emerging Technologies and digital Libraries  World Wide DLs Initiatives  Arab Countries Initiatives  Dubai Digital Library DIGITAL LIBRARIES: AN OVERVIEW OF ARAB COUNTRIES INITIATIVES

 Abstract: This paper presents the digital libraries enabling factors, the role of digital libraries and the Arab countries initiatives for building digital libraries by exploring the executed and on going national projects. The paper presents the seven roles of digital libraries and to what extent they are implemented in the current initiatives. Moreover, the paper focus on the emerging technologies and their role on the future of information dissemination in the fourth and fifth generation. Finally, the current challenges and future of digital libraries would be discussed. TERMINOLOGY

Paperless Library • Lancaster, 1982

Library without Wall • Virtual Library and No Boundaries, 1983

Electronic Library • Emerald, 1983

Digital Library • Willam Arms, 1994

Hybrid Library • 1998 by Chris Rusbridge in an article for D-Lib Magazine Smart Library • 2000, Science SD.com DIGITAL LIBRARIES DEFINITION

 Clifford Lynch (1995) Digital library is a system providing a  Arms (2000): Digital Library is a community of users with managed collection of coherent access to large information, with associated organized repository of digital services where the information information and knowledge. is stored in digital formats and The digital library is not just accessible over a network.” one entity, but multiple sources that are seamlessly integrated. Why We Need DLs

ECONOMICS FACTORS  A typical U.S. university spends about 1/3 of its budget on purchases and of each dollar spent on purchases of ordinary books only about 30% goes to the publisher and author (the rest goes to the printer and the distribution chain). Only 10% of what the university spends on its library is paying for the original production of information, in summary.

 If we imagine that a new distribution system could be introduced which sent electronic information directly to the desks of students and scholars, 90% of the money in the system is available to pay for it.  At the other end, electronics can be a reasonable solution to the problem of deteriorating books. The Cornell CLASS project found that a 19th century deteriorating book could be scanned for approximately $30-40, even though each page had to be handled separately [Kenney 1992]. Considerably lower costs should be possible for books whose paper is still in better shape. This is beginning to be a cost in the same range as that of on-campus libraries. Recent costs for university library storage, per book, are rising. It is still possible to have cheap warehouse space off-campus; Harvard now puts many books in a Depository, about 35 miles from the campus, at a construction cost of about $2/book. But Cornell has completed one library addition on its campus and is building another, at a cost of about $20 per book in each case. Berkeley is building an underground stack (which must be built to withstand earthquakes) at about $30/book. UCSF, which must deal with both earthquakes and a complex building site, is spending $60 per book (admittedly not for a pure stack). And all of these costs pale in comparison with the new national libraries in London and Paris, both far more expensive than scanning all their books. TECHNICAL FACTORS WHY WE NEED DIGITAL LIBRARIES?

If you are not there, you are not anywhere Everything is Manageable, Searchable, Finable, Reachable, Discoverable, and Measurable READING BEHAVIOR

2017 2016 2015

76 Both 75 79

61 Printed Books 67 71

43 E-books 38 30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: THREE ENABLING FACTORS

• Emergence of Internet and web technologies as a media of information delivery Internet and Web and access. Facilitates rapid access and linking to a wide varity of resources. technologies Extending a uniform interface to a vast number of multimedia resources.

• Availability of highly, extraordinary simple and institutive user interface using Intuitive User icon graphical navigational models beside the institutive web browsers i.e. Interface Internet explorer, Netscape navigator, chrome.

Online storage • Advances in online storage technologies enabling storage of large amounts of contents at increasingly affordable cost. technologies ROLE OF DIGITAL LIBRARY Preservation

Knowledge Management Organization

ROLE OF ROLE OF DLS 6 DLS 3 Knowledge Access Metrics 5

Use and Citation Reuse Need

National Importance Intiatives

PRESERVATION 6 3 Metadata Stakeholders 5

Strategies and Approaches Scenarios LIBRARY BURNS

Material damage Ruse and restoration difficulties

WHY DIGITAL PRESERVATION 6 3 Thefts and Easy Migration smuggling 5

Protect Original Global Access Copies LIBRARY BURNS

Date Country Library

206 BC China Xianyang Palace and State Archives 48 BC Egypt Library of Alexandria

364 AD Ancient Syria Library of Antioch

AD 392 )Ancient Egypt) Library of the Serapeum AD 976 Al-Andalus Library of al-Hakam II 1258 House of Wisdom Iraq Technologies Obsoleteness 1- PRESERVATION

 Need – 90 % of current information born digital  Importance – for individuals, organizations, countries, and global.  Stakeholders – Individuals, organizations, countries, Global  Strategies – Segmented, Grouped, All in One  Approaches – Digitization and Born Digital  Metadata – OSIS, OAI, ISO 14712  National Initiatives – USA, UK, German, India 2- KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION

• Thesaurus • Subject • Ontologies • Dictionaries and Gazettes • Tag Clouds • Authority Files

Relationa Term l Lists Lists

Classific Content • Text (Titles, ation Abstract, Full) • Codes • Subtitles • Categories • Voice and • Taxonomy Video Recognition 3- ACCESS MODES IN DLS

Commercial Open Hybrid

Publishers Organizations Publishers

National and Aggregators International Organizations Initiatives 4- BUSINESS MODELS

Subscription Public Limited Base • Personal • Personal • No. of Pages • Institutional • Intuitional • Hybrid 5- USE AND REUSE

Using Behavior

Reusing Reading Behavior Behavior USE

READING

WATCHING LISTINING EFFECTIVE READING MODELS

MAPS

STRATEGY KWL SQ3R MAPS KWL

Know What you Learn K–What you Know? W–What you want to learn? L–What you have learned about the sub jet or chapter?

K W L SQR3

SQR3 S= Survey Q= Question R=Read- Re-read -Review EFFECTIVE READING METHODS

Titles and scan abstracts

Info graphic reading Visualize Skim Main Subjects and ideas

Read your way

Book Research and studies Focus Interact Chapters 31 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND DIGITAL LIBRARIES EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND DIGITAL LIBRARIES

ARTIFICAL HARD WARE AND DATA SCIENCE INTELLIGANCE SOFTWARE

DIGITAZATION MULTIMEDAI BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY

VIRTAUL AND INTERNET OF THINGS SMART DEVICES AUGMENTED REALITY

SOCIAL TECHNOLOGY WORLD WIDE DIGITAL LIBRARIES INITIATIVES The World Digital Library project - coordinated by the and sponsored by UNESCO - makes digital resources from all over the world available from one access point. IFLA supports the World Digital Library initiative since 2006. Under the umbrella of CDNL, the Conference of Directors of National Libraries, the National Library of New Zealand recently developed a prototype for the National Libraries Global project, which serves the same purpose, but focuses on national library collections. 50 COUNTRIES At a European level, Euorpeana, of which the prototype was launched in 2009 - is the project to look at. * The National Digital Libraries Global is currently being reviewed by the European Digital Library team with a report due in the first quarter of 2010. This report will contribute to a formal decision regarding the future direction of the National Libraries Global project. (Source: Briefing CDNL Secretariat, December 2009).

ARAB COUNTRIES DIGITAL LIBRARIES INITIATIVES

2,592,463 244,572 عنوان مادة رقمية HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

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