প্রতিধ্বতি the Echo A Journal of Humanities & Social Science Published by: Dept. of Bengali College, Karimganj, , Website: www.thecho.in Train Derailment Activities of Assam In 1942 Mrs. Reeta Dutta Hazorika

Abstract

The (1942) was wholly different in Assam from the earlier ones. Hatred towards the British administration was spontaneously bursting out during the movement. It was helped by some directions and programme of the movement circulated by the APCC (Assam Pradesh Congress Committee) throughout the province. Many among the Congress volunteers took the path of underground activities. One of the main objectives of the Movement in Assam was to paralyze the communication network and for this the following instruction was issued. “All ways of Communication are to be obstructed. Big bridges are to be broken. Railway lines should be pulled off so that there may be obstruction in the military movement and bringing other articles”. To realize the programme between August 1942 and March 1943 there were a series of train derailment activities in Assam.

Background: In the Second World War, articles from the shops and valuables from the aggression of Japanese army to the the ordinary people, by the military men in North East made the situation very tense in a number of places worried and frightened Assam. Rangoon and Singapore were the common people.2 Dangerous driving occupied by the Japanese army from the and indifference of traffic rules, occasional British in May 1942 and bombarded on molestation of women forcible entry into Imphal, Dimapur and Kohima. To stop the residential quarters in drunken states the Japanese aggression thousands of intensified the terror further.3 British and American army were brought In all India level pressure was mounting to Assam, who set up camps in schools, from China, the United States and Britain colleges, forests and even in paddy fields. to solve the issue of the future status of Because of the heavy concentration of the India before the end of the war. In March troops in Assam, public tension was on the 1942, the Prime Minister dispatched Sir increase right from the beginning of 1942.1 Stafford Cripps a member of the War But within a year it reached its climax due Cabinet to India to discuss the British to the increasing insanity attitude of a Government's Draft Declaration. The draft group of armed men. Forcible seizure of granted India a Dominion Status after the

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প্রতিধ্বতি the Echo ISSN: 2278-5264 war but otherwise conceded few changes can be had. You may take it from me that I to the British Government Act of 1935. am not going to strike a bargain with the The draft was unacceptable to the Viceroy for ministers and the like. I am not Congress Working Committee who going to be satisfied with anything short of rejected it. The failure of the Cripps complete freedom. Here is a Mantra, a Mission further estranged the Congress short one, that I give you. You may and the British Government.4 imprint in your hearts and let every breath Gandhi seized upon the failure of the of yours give expression to it. The Mantra Cripps Mission, the advances of the is: „Do or die‟. We shall either free Indiaor Japanese in South-East Asia and the die in the attempt; we shall not live to see general frustration with the British in the perpetuation of our slavery”.6 It was India. He called for a voluntary British decided that Jawaharlal Nehru was to withdrawal from India. The All India explain on 9th August 1942 to the United Congress Committee assembled in States to scope and contents of the „Quit Allahabad from 29 April to 1 May 1942, to India‟ resolution.7 discuss the resolution of the Working It appears that the Government had Committee. Although Gandhi was absent already finalized their plans to arrest the from the meeting, many of his points were Congress leaders and crush their admitted into the resolution; the most movement and consequently. In the early significant of them being the commitment hours of the morning of 9th August 1942, to non-violence. On 14 July 1942, the , Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress Working Committee met again Maulana Azad, Sardar Patel, Rajendra at Wardha and resolved that it would Prasad, Acharya Kripalini,8 etc. all authorize Gandhi to take charge of the members of the Congress Working non-violent mass movement. The Committee and other Congress leaders Resolution, generally referred to as the were arrested by the British Government 'Quit India' resolution, was to be approved under the Defence of India Rules.9 by the All India Congress Committee The few leaders who had escaped arrest meeting in Bombay in August.5 went into hiding and tried to guide the The All India Congress Committee met mass movement. Among them were Jai in Bombay on 7 to 8 August 1942 as Prakash Narayan, S. M. Joshi, Aruna Asaf scheduled and ratified the 'Quit India' Ali, Ram Manohar Lohis, Achyut resolution. It was declared in the resolution Patwardhan and Smt Sucheta Kripalani.10 that the immediate ending of the British In Assam the Government planned to rule in India was an urgent necessity, both arrest all the office bearers of the Assam for the sake of India and for the success of Provincial Congress Committee and other the cause of the United Nations. India had Congress leaders of Assam before 5 A.M. become the crux of the question. Great on 9th August 1942.11 Britain and United Nations will be judged Accordingly the Government detained by the independence of India. Addressing all the leaders including the President, the Congress delegates on the night of 8th Maulavi T. Tayyabullah, Fakaruddin Ali August Gandhiji said, “I, therefore want Ahmed, Bishnuram Medhi, Dr. Hare freedom immediately, this very night, if it

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প্রতিধ্বতি the Echo ISSN: 2278-5264 Krishnha Das, Liladhar Barooah, D. Bombay. When they were being brought to Sarma() and others were arrested.12 the jail, Tarun Sen Deka Communist Along with the rest of India many leader of Assam, asked Siddhinath Sarma Assamese leaders like Jyotiprasad on what grounds should the movement be Agarawala and Gahan Chandra carried forward, whether it be violence or of Darrang, Mahendra Nath Hazarika and non-violence. To this Siddhinath Sarma Lakshmi Prasad Goswami of , replied “It is not a question of violence and Sankar Chandra of Golalaghat, non-violence. We need to do everything to Brajanath Sarma of went achieve independence. If needed even train underground to organize a resistance lines will be broken”.15 With this view a movement. The underground workers series of train derailment were carried out through its cells or secret offices carried by underground mrityubahini (Suicide out disruptive activities.13 One of the Squad) under different heads all over the main objectives of the underground province. movement in Assam was to paralyse the The only means of effective communication network and for this the communication of the time was railways. following instruction were issued.14 Hence the British Government used the 1. All ways of communication are to be railways to carry the military personals obstructed. Big bridges are to be and supply of foods, arms and ammunition broken. Railway lines should be etc. A common method used by the pulled off so that there may be activists to disrupt supplies to the army obstruction in the military movement was the derailment of trains carrying used and bringing other articles. such supplies. Derailment was generally 2. Postal department is to be brought to caused by removing fish-plats from the a standstill by all means. If trains and railway lines. steamers can be stopped postal Train Derailment activities: The first department will be unworkable train derailment incident in Assam in the automatically. To stopped the Quit India movement was carried out by a working of the postal department try mrityu bahini (suicide squad) group of your best to obstruct railways and Nagaon under the direction of Lakhsmi steamers. Prasad Goswami and leadership of 3. Cut telegraph wires as early and in Bhibiram . The incident took place on as many places as possible. In that 23rd August 1942, the main line was case news from one place to another sabotaged at two places on either side of will not reach and the Government Kampur and beyond Jamunamukh which will also not know about happenings led to derailment of an engine and several in different places. goods wagon were damaged. Then, on 24th Before this bulletin reached to the August, living quarters near the Phulaguri underground workers, the ideology of Station were set on fire. The same day, derailment of trains in Assam was spread. tracks and sleepers on the Dimow Railway and Siddhinath Sarma Bridge were removed resulting in the were arrested on a train at after derailment of another goods train. No returning from Congress Session in casualties were reported for these

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প্রতিধ্বতি the Echo ISSN: 2278-5264 incidents. Several wooden bridges on the Bora and his company to remove the fish- Assam Trunk Road too were burnt down.16 plate of the train line.23 According to the The police failed to arrest any of the instruction of the leader the sabotage work suspected saboteurs involved in these started at 11 P.M. About a furlong away derailment cases. The following mrityu armed soldiers of mrityu bahini bahini members of Nagaon were took part comprising Pulin Bihari Barua, Soneswar in the derailment incident, Khagen Bora Konwar, Gangadhar Ahom and Madan of Hatisung, Rameswaer Das of Kujidah, Phukan were guarding the site. The work Kuarpar, Aman Bhuyan of Dighaliati, of removing the fish –plates was entrusted Bhaben Bora Nayak of Kuruabahi, Mohan to Indreswar Phukan, Surya , Nath of Jamuguri and even others were Dharmeswar Barua, Kanakeswar Kaonwar involved.17 and Dharma Kanta Deka. In uprooting the Few days after the incident under the nails of the rails with the help of Chabul, leadership of Mahendra Hazarika of Majupitou Konwar, Ghanasyam Saikia, Nagaon, along with a gang of suicide Nagaen Chutia and Putou Saikia were squad attempted to derail the military train engaged. Within an hour they succeed to brought towards Nagaon but attempt was remove three pieces of rail line from each in vain. The line inspector detected the side.24 removal of train lines. The train carried After completing the work they military personals to the Sarubhagia Camp disappeared from the site. But Sankar of Nagaon. Phanidhar Hazarika, Barua waited for the confirmation of the Nishikanta Mahanta, Ratna Gayan, derailment at the balcony of Surendra Nath Dinabandhu Saikia, Chandra Kanta Bora, Roy, the owner of Dewpani Tea Garden, Minaram Hazarika and other mrityu Bahini not very far from the spot. On hearing the army were involved.18 sound of the accident, Sankar Barua In Sibsagar district a train was derailed silently slipped out from the bungalow left on the 10th October, 1942, on the main line the place for unknown destination. at Kashjan near Titabar. The Government Government could not detected any clue in suspected the involvement of skilled co- connection of the train derailment with workers like ex- strikers and the ex- Sankar Barua.25 students of Nagaon.19 On the same day The police failed to arrest anyone for at 1.52 in the night, a train carrying British lack of evidence in the incidences of soldiers got derail about one kilometer derailment before the Sarupathar rail away from the Sarupathar railway Station. derailment incident. C.A. Humphrey was According to witness, about one thousand the district magistrate of Jorhat at that soldiers were killed in the accident. It was time. He made a plan to stop the sabotage a handy work by the mrityu bahini. Fish- on trains by accusing all the Congress pates were removed from the track and party members of Sarupathar and issued an hence the derailment took place.20 The arrest against all of them.26 To chief architecture of the Sarupathar materialized his plan, immediately after the derailment was Sankar Chandra Barua.21 accident, police and army personals On the very day of the incident he visited cordon of the Sarupathar area and indulged the site of the accident22 and sent Tilak in indiscriminate atrocities and arrests.

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প্রতিধ্বতি the Echo ISSN: 2278-5264 Numerous freedom fighters were framed In Jorhat Sub-division while attempting in the accident and jailed. During that time to disrupt the railway communication Kushal Konwar was advice by many to go system the underground workers removed underground but Konwar refused. Since four pair of fish-plates and 12 bolts from Kowar was a prominent leader of the mile 464/1-2 near Hutly Railway Station, district Congress Committ, he near Golaghat , on 22nd November, 1942. too was falsely implicated and arrested An obstruction case against one Kamal along with 42 others.27 On that ground of Saikia who was believed to have been being under trial, Kushal Konwar and involved in this connection was registered others were sent to jail, on the order of by Mariani G.R.P.S.31 Again, on 28th Golaghat jail, on 5th November 1942. In November, 1942 some bolts and nuts of Jorhat Jail Kushal Konwar spent all railway line between Kamarbandha and together 221 days. Kushal Konwar spent Soketing railway station were removed. the first 121 days as an under trial prisoner However the railway line was immediately and the next 100 days in solitary put in order.32 confinement as a prisoner with dead In Kamrup district, according to sentence.28 Government report, a powerful bomb In Sibsagar sub-division between exploded at around 8-40 P.M. on 8th Lakwa and Safrai rail sabotage was December 1942 on a shunting Engine in planned by the same group of the the lower wagon ferry shunting yard at underground activists of Golaghat. A Pandu, . The force of the considerable length of track was removed explosion ripped off the top of the engine on 27th January, 1943 in the said place cab in one piece and sent it hurtling which led to the Up-Upper Assam Mail through the air for a distance of about 40 were thrown off three bogies. In this yards. The driver and the fireman were incident eight Indian soldiers were spot also hurled about 40 yards and the former dead and 28 injured three of who died being killed on the spot and the latter later. The majority of the casualties together with two points men who were on reported to be military personal.29 The the engine plate were so severely injured mrityubahini activists Karuna Gogoi, and died shortly afterwards in hospital. Umakanta Rajkumar, Lakhseswar Gogoi Before this explosion a box of dynamite and 20 members were involved in the was stolen from a godown. But the British incidents. Lack of Chabul they used Government denied the incident as Bhaluka bamboo to digging earth. They sabotage.33 had only one ranch to remove the bolt. While the investigation of Sarupathar They succeeded in removing the train lines rail derailment case was going on another in two different areas . In a place 400 feet train sabotage was carried out by a small and in another place 50 feet train lines group of eleven freedom fighters, on were removed. 24th November 1942. They completed the The police arrested 60 persons out of task at the risk of certain death if caught. suspect. Houses were broken and valuable The train was carrying military troops goods were taken away during the house „approximate 6oo‟34 to fight with the search for suspects.30 Japanese and the INA combine force under

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প্রতিধ্বতি the Echo ISSN: 2278-5264 Subhas Bose in the North –East frontier. completed.39 In Kamrup district, the The derailment took place at Panbari near same -fish-plats removal method was used Panikhaiti Railway Station, about 30 Kms in the Kendukana Train derailment east of the city of Guwahati, Assam, incident. It was completed by a group of killing the driver , fireman, four other mrityu bahini led by Prabhat Sarma of Indian ranks and seriously injuring forty- Bahjani. Many military personals and war one more. There were two more serious materials were destroyed in the incident. sabotage incidents, one between Patiya Another goods train was met an accident Gaon and Gossaigaon section in January in March, 1943, on the bridge of 1943 and the other at Rangia on March Puthimari, where fish-plats were removed 1943 causing to fatal cases.35 The eleven by Rama Sarma and his group consisting Mrityu Bahini personals involved in this of 10-15 persons with tools. While the sabotage were Bibhiram Bora, work was going on symbolic signals were Mahadananda Deva Goswami, Manik used like “danger” – “neu-neu“ like a Bora, Dhanpur Laskar, Rupram Sut, sound of owl ( the neu-neu sound of owl Kameswar Bordaloi, Benudhar Deka, believes by the as Madhu Keot, Dadhiram Bordaloi, unexpected danger ahead); “Safety” or Layayam Medhi and Bhugaram Deka. “carry on” signal was thrilling sound of This was architect by Lakhi Prasad owl (the superstition of thrilling sound of Goswami and implemented under the owl is marry time ahead) after regular leadership of Bibhiram Bora. In the group interval . Work completed signal was only Mahadananda Deva Goswami was, 40 “Hua-hua” ( sound like a fox) and “khek- years of age and other were young. 36 khek” (like monkey). The task was Before they started their task, they took completed by the group within an hour and vows lighting incense stick as a witness of it stopped the communication for 15-20 fire that even if one of them was captured days.40 and tortured he wouldn‟t disclosed the To interrupt the railway name of his companions.37 Most of the communications the underground activists Panikhaiti derailment activists were also used country made bomb in some arrested in different places and times. places of Assam. A bomb was exploded in They were imprisoned only on suspect but the Nalbari Railway Station in the Inter & released want of evidence.38 3rd class waiting room of the said station The mastermind of this incident was 23rd December 1942. The bomb was Mahendranath Hazarika and the famous highly explosive and dangerous one. lawyer Surendra Nath Hazarika. The Though no casualty was caused, one door incident was upheld by underground leader was damaged and all the glass panes Lakhsmi Prasad Goswami. After directing affixed to the door, widows, and wind the derailment in Panikhaiti, Goswami screens were broken to pieces.41. Though disguised himself as a supply inspector it created chaos in the station for some and fled from Nagaon to Guwahati via time but could not interrupt the schedule of . Before he reached his shelter place train communications. Dr. Bhubaneswar Barua‟s home the and Rangia in Kamrup Panikhaiti Train derailment was district two trains were derailed in the

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প্রতিধ্বতি the Echo ISSN: 2278-5264 month of January and March 1943 the Chattagram Armed Robbery Case respectively . According to Government (Bengal). His grandfather was expelled report two passengers were died in the from Bengal for the incident and started to spot.42 reside permanently in Nagaon.47 Though In Sylhet district, within three months, the work of train derailment was not fish-plats of train line were removed in supported by all but nobody openly protest three different places.43 The Surma against such devastating tasks. Padmanath Valley Mail was derailed on 11th Borthakur expressed that he was November 1942 at Itakhola, near completely against the train derailment and Saistaganj spat. According to Government government house burning incident. report ten persons died on the spot and 36 Tanusyam Goswami asked a wrench from were seriously wounded. The Government the store where Borthakur was serviced , suspected the involvement of ex- terrorists he refused to give a wrench but handed of Sylhet and Tripura State in the railway him ten rupee note to purchase a wrench sabotage activities.44 The incident was a with which a train derailment was carried serious one and was not they do hide. But out. The very next day Tanusyam the activists took extra ordinary Goswami saw the wrench to Borthakur precautions about not to leaking out the and informed him on which day and place names of the workers who were engaged. they going to derail the trains in Lakwa Therefore the Government could not get and Namati Ali Station. Exactly in the any clue to trace out the culprits. Other same places two train accident s were held two derailment case of Latu and Badarpur in later days.48 One ready method in the were made not public because the damage hands of the Government for cowing down wasn‟t heavy.45 There were innumerable the people was realizing collective fines cases of rural youths tempering with the near the train accident areas. There was no railway lines.46 basis of assessment, the whims of the The police failed to arrest any of the S.D.O. or police officer being the deciding suspected saboteurs involved in these factor. In most cases no receipt was given derailment cases because the activists took to the payer. Very often again a large extraordinary precaution, secrecy and even amount would be extorted, but receipt for in some cases they had taken vows not to a smaller denomination would be given. disclose the event. The mrityu bahini Properties were accessed in lieu of these freedom fighters were so serious in their fines and auctioned. Even utensils and task and responsibility that even co- cloths of daily used were not spared. The workers had not been informed. For train atrocities committed during the realization derailment, tools were collected from of this fine have been described in their domestic houses and sometime looted proper places.49 from Government and tea garden‟s store Beside this forced labour was too much rooms. Some time necessary tools were in vogue for the cases. Villagers living ordered by manufacturing. Such tools for near the railway lines were compelled to train derailment of Panbari were guard the lines for more than a year. They incidentally manufactured by a garage were not given any remuneration, nor were owner whose grandfather was involved in they provided with cloths, lamps and other

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প্রতিধ্বতি the Echo ISSN: 2278-5264 necessary things. Even in the winter Patrika. There were many circulars sent by people had to do this job shivering for the anonymous users which was wide spread whole night. People from 16 to 55 years confusion related to the circulars between were requisitioned to do this work. It was Indian Congress workers and various done in rotation and turn would generally revolutionaries, which led to the violence come after a week or a fortnight. Special movement throughout the country. constables were made of villagers living Removal of train lines, sabotages of near places where there was interference military goods train etc. was mainly with railway lines or telegraphic wires. because of the impact of Musriwala‟s People refusing to submit to this type of harizan patrika.51 work were either fined or jailed. As for Conclusion: Many among the freedom instance, Hari Prasad Roy, Khagen Roy, fighters who took to the path of extremism Umesh Chakravarty , Bhabani Prasad realized that the most effective way to hurt Singetc. Goalpara were convicted and sent the British was by undermining their war to jail for refusing to serve in this effort. And to do so the easiest means was manner.50 by disrupting the movement of troops and According to Tayyabulla, a Gandhian supplies to the frontline. Assam in those Congress leader, the train derailment days had very poor road connectivity and incident in all over India during the Quit only one meter gauge railway. The India Movement was mainly responsible, wooden bridges on the Assam Trunk Road Musriwala and his “harizan patrika”. and the railway became the most tempting Because Harizan patrika covered all and targets to the saboteurs and the most any congress related news whose editor in vulnerable and difficult to protect for the chief was Musriwala of Sevagram British Government. Records reveal that Ashram? Tayyabulla explained, Gandhiji between between August 1942 and March did not give any specific directions to 1943 there were a series of train Musriwala about the method of freedom derailment activities in Assam. If they movement, but he still quoted from the executed their plans successfully the Vedas and supported vandalizing of British number of derailment would be much vehicles which he wrote in the Harizan more.

Notes and References: 1. Asaamiya, 14, March, 1942. 2. Home Poll. File No. 18/10/43, F.R., Second Half of October 1943, NAI. 3. Home Poll. File No. 18/9/43,, 18/11/43, 18/12/43 F.R. NAI. 4. Mahajan, V.D., Modern Indian History, New Delhi, 1986, Pp-417-8. 5. Tarachand, History of Freedom Movement in India, Vol.4, New Delhi, Pp. 375-7. 6. Mahajan, V.D., P-419. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. Barua, Dipali, Urban History of India: (a Case Study), Delhi, 1994, P-175, op.cit. 10. Bhuyan, A.C. op. cit. p.110. 11. Barua, Dipali, P-175, op.cit. Volume-II, Issue-III January 2014 237

প্রতিধ্বতি the Echo ISSN: 2278-5264 12. Dutta, K.N.. op. cit., pp. 97-98. 13. HFM Records, APCC‟s directions, BULLETIN no. 1. 14. Home Political, File No. 3/80/42, An Underground Bulletin. 15. Prabad Purush Siddhinath Sarma, Prakasan Parishad Guwahati- 1991, p-16-17. 16. Shri Mahadananda Deva Goswami: Abhinandan, Edt. By Golok Chandra Goswami, Guwahati 1997, P-22 17. Bora, Narendra Nath, Bharatar Swadhinata Sangramat Kaliaboror Bhumika, (Eti Samanya Rengani) Nagaon, 1999, p-93. 18. Ibid. p-120. 19. P. H. A. Bhuyan & Dey, Vol. III, p- 78, op. cit. 20. Home Pol, File, No,. 3/80/43, NAI 21. Saikia, Jadunath, Karmabir Sankar Chandra Barua, P- 73. 22. Sharma, Anil Kumar, Qit India Movement in Assam, New Delhi, 2007, op. cit. p-99. 23. Saikia, Jadunath, Karmabir Sankar Chandra Barua, P- 73. 24. Sharma, Anil Kumar, op. cit. p-99. 25. Saikia, Jadunath, Karmabir Sankar Chandra Barua, P- 73. 26. Sharma, Anil Kumar, op. cit. p-99. 27. kakati, Robin, Bharatar Swadhinatar Sangram Aru Asom, Guwahati, 2011, Pp- 526-27. 28. Goswami, Prafulla, “42 or Andulanat Jorhator Chatra”, Smrtigatha, p-39. 29. District Calendr, n.9. 30. kakati, Robin, , p- 481. 31. Sharma, Anil Kumar, op. cit. p-99, op. cit. APAI, 5 November, 1942. 32. Ibid. 33. P.H.A.,File no. 12, Daily Statement Report dtd. 8th December, By S.P. Kamrup, 1942, State Archive Guwahati. 34. Ibid. 35. P.H.A. Bhuyan & Dey, Vol. III, p- 78, op. cit..

36. Dev Goswami, Mahadananda, Panbarir Rail yijabej Itibritta, Guwahati, 1995,P p- 54- 60) 37. Ibid. 38. Shri Mahadananda Deva Goswami : Avinandan, Ed. Prof. Golock Chandra Goswami, in Panikhaitir Relbagarwa Ghatana Aru Singsa, Maheswar Chutia , p-63). 39. Keot, Lakhiram, Katha Nagaon, Nagaon , 1995, p- 129) 40. Sarma, Krishna, Mukti Sangramar Smriti, Kamrup, 1998, p- 31). 41. P.H.A. , File no. 12, Daily Statement Report dtd. 8th December, By S.P. Kamrup, 1942, State Archive Guwahati). 42. kakati, Robin, , p-481 . 43. Bhattacharjee, Kedarnath, Surma Upatyakat Biplab (translated from Bengali, published in Amrit Bazar Patrika in the first independence publication) Swahid Smriti Grantha, Guwahati, 1969, p- 16) 44. P.H.A. File No. 54., Fortnightly Reports for1942-43. State Archive Guwahati.

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প্রতিধ্বতি the Echo ISSN: 2278-5264 45. Bhattacharjee, Kedarnath, Surma Upatyakat Biplab (translated from Bengali, published in Amrit Bazar Patrika in the first independence publication) Swahid Smriti Grantha, Guwahati, 1969, p- 16) . 46. Home Poll, File No. 18/11/42, Fortnightly Guwahati). 47. Dev Goswami, Mahadananda, Panbarir Rail yijabej Itibritta, Guwahati, 1995, p- 54- 60). 48. Barthakur, Padmanath, Swadhinatar Ranar Sansparsat, Calcutta, 1968, p-278) 49. The Atrocities Committed in 1942 Foreward,) 50. Ibid. 51. Tayyabulla, M. Karagaror Chhithee, Gauhati, 199

Asst. Prof., Dept. of History, Narangi Anchalik Mahavidyalaya, Guwahati, Assam Volume-II, Issue-III January 2014 239