UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology

Title Glass Trade Beads from Two Shasta Sites in Siskiyou County, California

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Journal Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, 8(1)

ISSN 0191-3557

Authors Motz, Lee Ritter, Eric W Rock, James

Publication Date 1986-07-01

Peer reviewed

eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 116-128 (1986) Glass Trade Beads from Two Shasta Sites in Siskiyou County, California

LEE MOTZ, California Dept. of Parks and Recreation, P. O. Box 924896, Sacramento, CA 92496. ERIC W. RITTER, Bureau of Land Management, Redding Resource Area, 355 Hemsted Dr., Redding, CA 96002. JAMES ROCK, Klamath National Forest, 1215 S. Main St., Yreka, CA 96097.

vTLASS beads are found in nearly all who had initially received them. contact-period archaeological sites in North The Portuguese navigator Juan Rodriquez America, and they occur in greater quantity Cabrillo is believed to have been the first and have a wider geographical distribution European to distribute glass beads to Indians than any other artifact type. Much can be living along the coast of California. On learned from the occurrence of glass beads October 7, 1542, his ship arrived at the at aboriginal sites in terms of temporal islands of Santa Cruz and Anacapa where affinities, trade, status (through burial "beads and little presents" were given to offerings or accompaniments), and aesthetics. the Indians encountered on the shore Two protohistoric cemeteries (CA-SIS-168 (Putnam 1879:305-306). and CA-SIS-837) in the Klamath Mountains Although seafaring explorers were respon­ of Siskiyou County, in extreme northern sible for introducing glass beads to the California, provide an opportunity to study Northern Hemisphere, early Spanish land ex­ these aspects of glass bead distribution. peditions to upper California and the es­ Also, in this examination a check and, in tablishment of the mission system were re­ several cases, a refinement of the temporal sponsible for the mass distribution of glass position of some glass bead types is possible beads in California. Glass beads were men­ through cross-dating and study of bead tioned as an important item carried on these co-occurrence. Finally, intrasite variability expeditions, and they were offered to the of a sampling of Shasta sites is examined for Indians as a token of friendship. evidence of ethnic differences and similar­ In northern California in 1809, a Russian ities. trading expedition made contact with the The introduction of glass beads to the Coast Miwok and established friendly rela­ Northern Hemisphere is credited to Christo­ tions. In 1811, the land for Fort Ross was pher Columbus. According to the log of purchased from the Kashaya Pomo by Cap­ Columbus' first voyage of discovery, glass tain Ivan Alexandrovich Kuskov, for "three beads were given to the natives encountered blankets, three pairs of breeches, two axes, on the shore of Watlings Island in the three hoes and some beads" (Bancroft 1885: Bahamas on October 12, 1492 (Morrison 297). Following its construction, (1812- 1963:64-66). Four days later "little beads of 1814), Fort Ross became the West Coast green glass" were distributed to the inhabi­ headquarters of the Russian-American Fur tants of Santa Maria de la Concepcidn Company. (Morrison 1963:69-71). These beads appar­ An indication of the importance of glass ently were an immediate success, and news beads to early Spanish explorers, the mission of them was quickly spread by the Indians system, and other Euroamericans is reflected [116] GLASS TRADE BEADS FROM TWO SHASTA SITES 117 in the archaeological record. At Mission as indicated on Bennyhoff s 1952 site record. Santa Clara (1777-1836) over 1,000 glass Forty-seven whole beads and one half- beads were recovered (Bone 1975), and at bead were recovered from Graveyard Gulch the San Buenaventura Mission (1782-1840) in Cemetery. Of these, 29 were collected excess of 4,300 were excavated in 1770 to during surface survey and partial testing post-1870 contexts (Gibson 1976). Archaeo­ carried out on September 4, 1982. The logical work at Fort Ross has produced over remainder were collected by a member of the 700 specimens (Motz 1979), while at the Shasta Nation who visited the site at a Cooper-Molera Adobe, Monterey State His­ different time. The archaeological investiga­ toric Park, over 1,200 glass beads have been tion was conducted at the request of the excavated from deposits dating from the late Shasta Nation and the State of California 1820s to the 1900s (Motz 1983). In addition, Native American Heritage Commission. glass beads were utilized by Russian, Amer­ Joseph W. Hopkins III enlisted 17 volunteers ican, and Hudson's Bay Company trappers, for the controlled surface survey collection and by gold miners, ranchers, and colonists. and excavation of six test units. They were an important article of commerce The Cedar Gulch and Graveyard Gulch well into the nineteenth century. Thousands collections contain 25 descriptive types of glass beads were recovered from Fort representing two manufacturing methods: Vancouver, Washington (1829-1860) (Ross drawn and wound. In addition, they have 1976:668-770), and many have been excavated been categorized structurally as simple— from Old Sacramento, California, in turn-of- manufactured from one undifferentiated mass the-century deposits (Motz and Schulz 1980: of monochrome glass, and compound- 49-68). manufactured from two or more layers, or laminae, of glass. The typology is based on MATERIALS AND METHODS method of manufacture, shape (Fig. 1), The specimens analyzed for this report structural category, color, diaphaneity, and were collected from two cemeteries. Cedar number of facets. Gulch (SIS-168) and Graveyard Gulch (SIS- The measurements are noted in millime­ 837), that were used by the Shasta Indians ters. Where two or more specimens are in­ from ca. 1850 to 1930. The collection from cluded in a type, the dimensions of the SIS-168 includes 106 glass beads. These smallest examples and largest are indicated were recovered at various times in 1982, as follows: length of smallest-largest; diame­ mostly in the backdirt of vandals, but also ter of smallest-largest. from the surface and disturbed areas such as A bead is considered opaque if it is not slough from excavation sidewalls. In general capable of transmitting light. It is consid­ association were barrel-shaped Type 1 digger ered translucent if any part of the specimen pine nut beads (Glenn Farris, personal com­ is capable of transmitting light when back­ munication 1982), dentalium beads, ironstone lighted by a frosted 100-watt incandescent ceramic sherds, hole-in-top cans, miscellane­ lamp. All examples were analyzed wet under ous metal pieces including a button and a magnification (7x-30x) with the aid of a revolver trigger guard, obsidian flakes, glass binocular dissecting microscope incorporating fragments, horse and coyote bones, and a high intensity (6,460 lumens/M^) illumina­ human osteological material. Field rocks and tor. The bead types were compared to those stone markers formerly marked the graves. described by Meighan (MS), Dietz (1976), 118 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

glass, removed a glob of the plastic material, and blew into the pipe to form an air bub­ ble. Next, a second worker inserted a rod into the mass opposite the blow pipe. The two men then pulled the pipe and rod in opposite directions, forming a tube 50 m. or more in length and one to 12 mm. in diame­ ter (Angus-Butterworth 1948:19). Length and diameter were dependent upon the speed of the pulling (drawing) process. After cooling, the tube was broken into 90-cm. pieces d e f (Sleen 1973:22-26). Fifteen to 20 of the Fig. 1. General shapes of Graveyard Gulch and Cedar pieces were gathered and placed in an iron Gulch beads: a, oblate spheroid; b, donut; c, gauge where they were cut in lengths deter­ barrel; d, cylinder; e, hexagonal, faceted hol­ mined by the adjustment of the gauge. This low-cane; f, heptagonal, faceted hollow-cane. operation produced a hoUow-cane bead with Gibson (1976), Motz (1979), Motz and Schulz sharp, jagged ends which, in some cases, was (1980), and Ross (1976). The California distributed without further processing. The Department of Parks and Recreation glass majority of drawn beads, however, were sub­ bead type collection also was referenced. jected to an additional treatment to produce It was not possible to identify six bead "finished" beads. In order to remove the types (Types 3, 4, 8, 10, 15, and 16) from sharp ends resulting from the segmenting Cedar Gulch and Graveyard Gulch using only process and to produce round beads, the the published information. These beads do beads were placed in a hot rotating barrel not possess distinctive diagnostic features with a mixture of sand and ashes (Woodward such as color, shape, or decoration that 1967:7-9). After removal from the barrel, would enable an identification without the beads were polished in large bags con­ comparing them to the actual type specimens taining bran which were shaken from side to in the collections referenced. Also, when side. The finished beads were sorted into comparing unknown specimens with the ex­ sizes in sifting screens and sent to ware­ amples in the type collection, it is extremely houses to be packaged for export (Kidd difficult to identify specific types because of 1979:15). the subtle difference in the color of some of To produce drawn beads of two or more the beads. In addition, when only one concentric layers of glass, the glob of glass example of a nondescript bead is recovered, removed from the first furnace was, before the difficulty of precise identification is drawing, immersed in a second furnace where compounded due to the variation in color, a layer of differently colored glass was shape, and size within identical lots. added. This process could be repeated several times to produce beads of up to 12 MANUFACTURING METHODS layers of differently colored glass (Kidd and Kidd 1970:48-50). Another method of pro­ Drawn or Hollow-Cane Method ducing drawn beads of various layers re­ For this method, a glass blower inserted quired rolling the glob of glass, prior to a blow pipe into a furnace containing molten drawing, over a marble plate (marver) which GLASS TRADE BEADS FROM TWO SHASTA SITES 119 was coated with glass of a different color Type 4. Sea green, translucent, donut- (Sleen 1973:25). shaped, simple, tumbled (Fig. lb). Surface Type 1. Milk white, glossy, opaque, longitudinal striations and subsurface glob­ donut-shaped, simple, tumbled (Fig. lb). The ular and longitudinally elongated bubbles are surfaces of some of the specimens are pitted evident. This type has a large perforation and a brownish discoloration is present in relation to the diameter of the bead. Two around the asymmetrical perforations. examples, from Cedar Gulch: length 1.8-1.9 Thirty-four examples, from Cedar Gulch: mm.; diameter 2.9-3.1 mm. length 1.2-2.0 mm.; diameter 1.8-2.7 mm. Type 5. Black, glossy, opaque, barrel- This type probably was introduced to Cali­ shaped, simple, tumbled (Fig. Ic). The fornia by the Hudson's Bay Company around surface has an orange-peel texture, and 1830 and was popular until ca. 1900. Exam­ globular pits are present on the ends around ples were found with a burial in Kern the perforation. Two examples, from Cedar County (KER-74) that had brass buttons Gulch: length 2.4-2.8 mm.; diameter 3.2-3.3 dating to around 1840-1850 and at SIS-169 mm. This type was popular from 1790 to and -262 (Meighan MS:Types 184 and 187). 1910 in California, with most examples re­ Similar types appear at Fort Ross (Motz covered from 1850 to 1870 contexts. It is 1979:21, Types 3 and 4), which was occupied found at the Hudson's Bay Company post at by the Russian-American Fur Company from Fort Yukon, occupied from 1847 to 1867. It 1812 to 1841 and by Euroamerican settlers also occurred at SIS-169 and -262 (Meighan from 1841 to 1870. This type also occurred MS:Type 222). at Fort Vancouver (Ross 1976:709), where it Type 6. Red, glossy, translucent exterior, was the most popular variety of bead recov­ milk white opaque core, donut-shaped, com­ ered. Over 31,000 examples were collected pound, tumbled (Fig. lb). Subsurface glob­ at Fort Vancouver, representing 30% of the ular and longitudinally elongated bubbles are total number of beads studied. evident. The surface is pitted. Fifteen Type 2. Bone white, opaque, barrel- examples, from Cedar Gulch: length 1.5-4.2 shaped, compound, tumbled (Fig. Ic). The mm.; diameter 2.3-5.4 mm. This type is surfaces of these beads are lusterless, pitted, known as a Cornaline d'AUepo form (Wood­ and longitudinally striated. They have a dull ward 1967: 19) and was widely distributed in greyish-white, eroded powdery core. The the second quarter of the last century. area around the perforation is discolored. Sorensen and LeRoy (1968:44, Type 1-37) Three examples, from Cedar Gulch: length stated that they were first traded in the 2.7-2.9 mm.; diameter 2.9-3.0 mm. This type early 1840s, and are also known as "late has limited distribution in California and has Hudson Bay," "white hearts," or "California occurred in only five other sites, SHA-20, trade beads." Variations of this form are -47, -206, YOL-13, and Fort Ross; a date of present at MRN-402, which was occupied post-1870 is suggested (Meighan MS:Type from 1833 to 1884 (Dietz 1976:113, Type 18). 366; Motz 1979:25, Type 20). Beads of this type are concentrated mainly Type 3. Greenish blue, glossy, opaque, in the northern part of the state and were donut-shaped, simple, tumbled (Fig. lb). The popular between 1850 and 1870; they were surface is pitted and longitudinally striated. also recovered at SIS-159, -169, and -262 Fourteen examples, from Cedar Gulch: length (Meighan MS:Types 99 and 100), at Fort 1.8-2.4 mm.; diameter 2.6-2.9 mm. Ross (Motz 1979:25, Type 22), and at Old 120 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

Sacramento (1849-1900) (Motz and Schulz eter 4.4 mm. According to Meighan (MS: 1980:53, Type 15). These examples are similar Type 34), this type occurred in California to bead variety No. 1037 in the Fort from 1850 to 1870 and was recovered from Vancouver collection (Ross 1976:723). SIS-262. Type 7. Brick red, glossy, opaque exter­ Wound Method ior, light green translucent core, barrel- shaped, compound, tumbled (Fig. Ic). Subsur­ The initial step in the manufacture of face longitudinal striations are evident. One wound beads was the same as that for drawn example, from Cedar Gulch: length 3.2 mm.; beads except that a cavity was not formed diameter 3.6 mm. Archaeological evidence in the molten mass. The glob of glass was indicates that this type spans the entire drawn and allowed to cool, resulting in a period of historic contact in California. solid glass rod. One end of this rod was Examples occurred at four missions (La then reheated to a plastic state by a glass- Purisima, Ventura, Carmel, and San Jose), blowing lamp or blow torch and wrapped or and a date range of between 1780 and 1830 wound around an iron rod to form the de­ is indicated. These beads are also associated sired bead diameter and length (Sleen 1973: with 1856 half-dollars at CAL-83 (Meighan 23). Frequently, a small projection of glass MS:Type 105), and are present at Fort Ross exists on the bead end around the perfora­ (Motz 1979:26, Type 23). This variety of tion as a result of being broken from the bead was relatively common at Fort Vancou­ parent cane (Beck 1973:60). The diameter of ver, Washington in pre-1844 contexts, but the rod determined the perforation size. was almost nonexistent in later deposits Type 10. Pearlescent, translucent, oblate (Ross 1976:677). The bead is a variety of spheroid, simple (Fig. la). This type has a the Cornaline d'AUepo and is also known as small projection of glass on the bead end a Hudson's Bay and California trade bead around the perforation. Two examples, from (cf. Type 6, above). The type is widely Cedar Gulch: length 2.0-2.2 mm.; diameter distributed throughout North America and 2.5-2.6 mm. dates from around 1600 to 1725 and in some Type 11. Wine red, translucent, donut- areas to the very early 1800s. These beads shaped, simple, tumbled (Fig. lb). The are especially common in the San Joaquin winding pattern is evident on the surface. Valley (Sorensen and LeRoy 1968:42, Type Five examples, from Cedar Gulch: length 1-5). 1.9-2.5 mm.; diameter 2.9-3.4 mm. According Type 8. Medium blue, translucent, donut- to Meighan (MS:Types 218 and 220), these shaped, simple, tumbled (Fig. lb). Subsur­ examples date from around 1850 to as late as face globular and longitudinally elongated 1900. This date range is based on associa­ bubbles are evident. Two examples, from tion of the type with post-1850 brass but­ Graveyard Gulch: length 2.3-2.4 mm.; diam­ tons from a burial at KER-74, and on the eter 3.3-3.6 mm. occurrence of these beads in recent sites in Type 9. Red, glossy, translucent exterior, Shasta County. This type also was recov­ milk white opaque core, cylinder, compound, ered from SIS-262. tumbled (Fig. Id). Subsurface globular and Type 12. Pink, lusterless, opaque, longitudinally elongated bubbles are evident. donut-shaped, simple, tumbled (Fig. lb). The The surface is orange-peeled. One example, winding pattern is evident on the sidewalls from Graveyard Gulch: length 7.2 mm.; diam­ of the perforation and on the area around GLASS TRADE BEADS FROM TWO SHASTA SITES 121 the perforation. Three examples, from Cedar Type 15. Blue, translucent, oblate Gulch: length 1.9-2.3 mm.; diameter 2.7-2.8 spheroid, simple (Fig. la). There is a small mm. Beads of this color are relatively rare projection of glass on the ends and on the in California and have a limited distribution. sidewalls of the perforation. One example, Of the seven similar tjrpes identified by from Cedar Gulch: length 2.3 mm.; diameter Meighan (MS:Types 144, 230, 231, 232, 304, 2.5 mm. 305, and 424), four were recovered from SIS- Type 16. Bone white, opaque, donut- 169 and -262. These bead types occur in shaped, simple, tumbled (Fig. lb). The contexts dating from ca. 1840-1900. surface is pitted and shows evidence of Type 13. Blue green, translucent, oblate winding. One example, from Graveyard spheroid, simple, tumbled (Fig. la). This Gulch: length 4.0 mm.; diameter 5.3 mm. type has a small projection of glass on the ends around the perforation. The winding Faceted Method pattern is evident on the surface and walls Faceted beads were produced by several of the perforation. Six examples (five from processes. Some were cut and polished by Cedar Gulch, one from Graveyard Gulch): hand; others were made by holding small length 4.8-5.4 mm.; diameter 6.4-6.8 mm. segments of glass tubing against a rotating The occurrence of this type in Hudson's Bay abrasive wheel for a split second. These Company posts as well as the large concen­ facets have an asymmetrical appearance but tration of these beads in northern California are not as uneven as the ones manufactured suggests that the type was introduced by the during the seventeenth century. They were Hudson's Bay Company and that it spans the roughly faceted by a small metal spatula, period from 1820 to 1840. These beads also while the glass was still in a semi-plastic occurred at SIS-169 and -262, YOL-13, sev­ state (Woodward 1967:9). According to Kidd eral sites in Shasta and Tehama counties. and Kidd (1970:50-53), faceted beads were Fort Vancouver, and Fort Spokane (Meighan formed in two-part molds or faceting was MS:Type 51). Gibson (1976:122, Type Wld) produced by grinding. Sleen (1973:40) stated has recovered this type from contexts dating that these beads were always molded or from ca. 1816-1850. Similar examples were pressed in a form. Glass beads of all forms recovered from excavations at Fort Ross may, while still plastic, be shaped into a (Motz 1979:33, Type 51). variety of configurations in one or two-part Type 14. Blue, translucent, oblate molds or by pressing with wooden or metal spheroid, simple, tumbled (Fig. la). Evidence objects (Sleen 1973:23-26). Also, while still of winding on bead surface and on sidewalls ductile, the surface may be altered by rolling of perforation. Two fragmented examples, it over a corrugated or fluted marble plate from Cedar Gulch: length unknown; diam­ or board (marver). The marver also was eter 8.7 mm. This variety occurs in Califor­ used with a spatula to shape beads into nia in contexts dating from 1800 to post- various forms (Kidd and Kidd 1970.49). 1900. Similar specimens were recovered from The collection consists of 57 hollow-cane, La Purisima Mission and from very late sites multifaceted beads representing nine in Shasta County which include burials as descriptive types. These types correspond to recent as 1914 (Meighan MS:Type 68). similar examples recovered from Mission San Beads similar to this type were recovered Buenaventura in post-1850 contexts (Gibson from Fort Ross (Motz 1979:33, Type 52). 1976:116-118, 123). Ross (1976:689-697) in- 122 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

dicated that this style was associated with dinal striations are evident. Two examples, post-1820 Euroamerican and Native Ameri­ from Cedar Gulch: length 6.9-7.3 mm.; diam­ can sites in the northwestern area of the eter 7.8-8.2 mm. These specimens date from United States. Meighan (MS) suggested that 1850 to 1900 in California. Similar types faceted beads of this class were introduced were recovered from SIS-262 (Meighan MS: only after the establishment of the Hudson's Type 160). They are found in contexts in Bay Company posts in the Northwest. Old Sacramento dated from ca. 1860-1885 Type 17. Clear, transparent, heptagonal (Motz and Schulz 1980:51, Types 4 and 5). hollow-cane, multifaceted, simple, tumbled Type 20. Cobalt blue, translucent, hexa­ (Fig. If). This type has seven asymmetrical gonal hollow-cane, multifaceted, simple, facets cut around each end, leaving seven tumbled (Fig. le). There are six asymmet­ equatorial facets. Subsurface longitudinal rical facets cut around each end, leaving six striations are evident. One example, from equatorial facets. Subsurface longitudinal Cedar Gulch: length 7.2 mm.; diameter 8.0 striations are evident. Nine examples were mm. Multifaceted, six- or seven-sided beads found, eight at Cedar Gulch and one at such as this type also occur in various Graveyard Gulch: length 5.8-7.3 mm.; diam­ colors, including black, red, green, blue, eter 6.1-7.2 mm. These beads also were con­ purple, and amber. They date from 1847 to sidered to be a Hudson's Bay Company type 1867. All were probably introduced by the and date from around 1873 to post-1880 Hudson's Bay Company; like types have been (similar to Meighan MS:Type 146). Gibson recovered from SIS-162 (Meighan MS:Type (1976:123, Type Flf) has recovered this type 161). Similar types also occur in well-dated at the Ventura Mission in contexts dating deposits in Old Sacramento from 1852 to ca. after 1839. Beads of this type also occur in 1885 (Motz and Schulz 1980:51, Type 31. several sites in southern California. Similar Type 18. Clear, transparent, hexagonal beads were recovered from Old Sacramento hollow-cane, multifaceted, simple, tumbled in contexts dating from ca. 1849 to 1900 (Fig. le). Six asymmetrical facets were cut (Motz and Schulz 1980:53, Type 18). This around each end, leaving six equatorial fa­ type occurred at Fort Ross (Motz 1979:Type cets. Subsurface striations are evident. Two 25), which was occupied between 1812 and examples, from Cedar Gulch: length 4.0-5.0 1841 by the Russian-American Fur Company mm.; diameter 5.0-5.0 mm. It is suggested and, after 1841, by Euroamerican settlers. It that this type also was introduced by the was the Kashaya Pomo Indians living near Hudson's Bay Company and dates from 1847 the post, however, who used these beads. to 1867; similar types were recovered at SIS- Type 21. Burgundy, translucent, hepta­ 169 (Meighan MS:Type 299). Like types oc­ gonal hollow-cane, multifaceted, simple, cur in dateable contexts in Old Sacramento tumbled (Fig. If). Seven asymmetrical facets ca. 1855 (Motz and Schulz 1980:51, Type 2). have been cut around each end, leaving sev­ Type 19. Clear, frosty, translucent, en equatorial facets. One example, from hexagonal hollow-cane, multifaceted, com­ Cedar Gulch: length 4.6 mm.; diameter 4.6 pound, tumbled (Fig. le). The surface is mm. This type also was probably introduced clear with six asjmimetrical facets cut around by Hudson's Bay Company sources and dates each end, leaving six equatorial facets. The from 1847 to 1867. Examples of this bead core consists of concentric translucent layers were recovered from SIS-192 and -262 of clear and white glass; subsurface longitu­ (Meighan MS:Type 379). GLASS TRADE BEADS FROM TWO SHASTA SITES 123

Type 22. Cobalt blue, translucent, heptagonal hollow-cane, multifaceted, simple, SUMMARY tumbled (Fig. If). Seven facets were cut Analysis of the glass bead types recov­ around each end, leaving seven equatorial ered from the Cedar Gulch and Graveyard facets. Subsurface longitudinal striations are Gulch cemeteries and comparison with other evident. Thirty-nine examples, from Grave­ collections show that similar types are com­ yard Gulch: length 4.5-9.7 mm.; diameter monly found throughout California in Native 5.3-9.9 mm. This type was popular during American as well as in European and Euro­ the period 1847-1867 in California (Meighan american sites. The glass beads were stock­ MS:Type 146). ed as items for trade and sale to Native Type 23. Wine red, translucent, hepta­ Americans (see below), and were also used gonal hollow-cane, multifaceted, simple, by Europeans as decorations on clothing and tumbled (Fig. If). There are seven facets household items. The analysis also suggests cut around each end, leaving seven equa­ a range of deposition from around 1810 to torial facets. Subsurface globular bubbles post 1900 for Cedar Gulch (Fig. 2), and and longitudinal striations are present. One around 1840 to post-1870 for Graveyard example, from Graveyard Gulch: length 4.8 Gulch (Fig. 3). The dates represent the mm.; diameter 4.7 mm. This type occurs in temporal span during which similar examples California sites dating from 1847 to 1867 were popular in different areas of California (Meighan MS:Type 380). as determined by association with datable Type 24. Royal blue, translucent, hexa­ artifacts and ethnographic specimens. In the gonal hollow-cane, multifaceted, compound, present case, it should not be construed that tumbled (Fig. le). Six facets are cut around these dates represent the time of introduc­ each end, leaving six equatorial facets. tion of these types to the area but rather Subsurface longitudinal striations are evident. the periods when they were used by the The core consists of a concentric layer of Shasta as burial goods. The time spans are white glass. One example, from Graveyard in accord with ethnographic information, Gulch: length 5.1 mm.; diameter 5.0 mm. which indicates a use of Cedar Gulch ceme­ Examples of this type occur in California tery prior to 1851 and into the 1930s (Betty around 1847 to 1867 (Meighan MS:Type 372). Hall, personal communication 1982). Type 25. White, frosty, translucent, hep­ Obviously these bead types were manufac­ tagonal hollow-cane, multifaceted, compound, tured before the date ranges, and many re­ tumbled (Fig. If). The surface is clear with mained in production long after. Also, many seven facets cut around each end, leaving of the beads became heirlooms and were seven equatorial facets. The core is a con­ prized possessions that were passed on from centric layer of white glass. Subsurface generation to generation. Several varieties longitudinal striations are evident. One such as Types 5 and 7 were popular during example, from Graveyard Gulch: length 7.9 the entire historic period in California and mm.; diameter 9.5 mm. The occurrence of cannot be considered indicative of a specific this type in California is also within the period. Thus, the assigned dates are tenuous 1847-1867 period (Meighan MS:Type 159). at best. The type was found in an 1860s context in Since Cedar Gulch and Graveyard Gulch Old Sacramento (Motz and Schulz 1980:52, cemeteries are in relative proximity (within Type 6). 25 km.) and both were utilized by the Shasta 124 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

Bead Type Quantity Temporal Occurrence 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1 34 2 3 5 2 6 15 7 1 11 5 12 3 13 5 14 2 17 1 18 2 19 2 20 8 21 1 Total 84 Fig. 2. Temporal occurrence of Cedar Gulch Cemetery (SIS-168) glass beads in other California sites.

Bead Type Quantity Temporal Occurrence 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 9 1 13 1 20 1 22 39 23 1 24 1 25 1 Total 45

Fig. 3. Temporal occurrence of Graveyard Gulch Cemetery (SIS-837) glass bead types in other CaUfomia sites. within approximately the same historical time from each site was available for analysis, span, it would be expected that the glass two interesting dissimilarities exist between bead collection from both sites would con­ the Cedar Gulch and Graveyard Gulch collec­ tain similar types. However, this was not tions. It was immediately apparent that the the case. Of the 25 descriptive types, only Cedar Gulch specimens were smaller than the two (types 13 and 20) were common to both Graveyard Gulch examples. Some of the dif­ sites. ferences can probably be attributed to van­ Although only a small sampling of beads dalism, especially at Cedar Gulch, with larger GLASS TRADE BEADS FROM TWO SHASTA SITES 125 beads recovered by collectors (perhaps be­ to the south. Yainax Butte was thus estab­ cause of screen size or because larger ones lished as a center of commerce for the dis­ were more visible on the site surface), and tribution of trade goods long before the ar­ smaller beads were often missed and hence rival of the European trappers and traders subsequently recovered archaeologically. of the Russian-American Fur Company and Also, of the 106 beads from Cedar Gulch, 15 the Hudson's Bay Company. examples (14.5%) are of the hollow-cane, Several of the bead varieties, however, multifaceted variety, with nine of these suggest that the Russian and English fur being blue; while of the 48 beads from traders also supplied these trade items to Graveyard Gulch, 43 examples (89.5%) are of the Shasta. Although faceted hollow-cane the hollow-cane, multifaceted variety. Of beads are commonly referred to as "Russian" these, 41 are blue. Again, the differences in trade beads, the archaeological evidence sug­ the samples can perhaps be explained by gests that the smaller hexagonal types were collection bias, as noted. However, other actually introduced to California by the Hud­ hypotheses should also be considered. The son's Bay Company and the larger cylindrical disparity in the Graveyard Gulch and Cedar faceted heptagonal deep blue ones were ori­ Gulch collections may be due to the two ginally distributed along the Pacific North­ areas having different sources of trade. It west from southern Alaska to as far south is also possible that a burial or burials of as Oregon by the Russian-American Fur high social or religious standing were dis­ Company (Woodward 1970:17). It is sug­ turbed. The Shasta not only included beads gested that the popularity of these deep blue and other property with burials, but property faceted types did not go unnoticed by the brought to the funeral was also distributed English company, and that they capitalized to the mourners. The wealthier the dead on the Russian success by distributing sim­ person, the more goods available for burial ilar examples. They were evidently not and for distribution (Holt 1946:324). The traded exclusively by either fur company, greater quantity and types of beads found however, as similar beads are found through­ widely dispersed at Cedar Gulch may be at­ out the western and northern plains states, tributed to the disturbance of a larger num­ with the heaviest concentration located in ber of burials than at Graveyard Gulch. the northern San Joaquin Valley and adja­ The time and source of the introduction cent foothills (Woodward 1967:10). of glass beads to the Shasta remain in ques­ While many varieties of the so-called tion. Possibly, the Shasta were introduced "Russian" types are recovered from areas to European trade goods as early as 1800. outside the Russian and English influence, According to Layton (1981:127-136), Califor­ the large deep blue faceted hollow-cane bead nia was an integral part of the Pacific- (large perforation, seven facets cut around Plateau and Middle-Missouri trade system by each end) is characteristic of the Russian the end of the eighteenth century. A trade northwest trade (Woodward 1970:17). Ac­ center was established near the California- cording to Sorensen and LeRoy (1968:45, Oregon border at Yainax Butte, 30 miles east Type 72), examples of this type are probably of Klamath Lake. Groups including the Klam­ the true Russian bead distributed by the ath, Modoc, Pit River, Shasta, and Columbia Russian-American Fur Company from the River peoples, gathered here to trade for late 1700s into the early 1800s. Ross horses, slaves, and goods from the missions (1976:691) stated that the Russian fur traders 126 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNL\ AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY introduced this type in the Alaskan region in explored the area during the period 1830- the late eighteenth and early nineteenth 1845 (Hoover et al. 1970:501). In 1836 a centuries. Ross also indicated this style was Hudson's Bay Company party of 16 men, led primarily associated in the northwestern by Thomas McKay, entered Scott Valley and United States with the non-Russian fur established a camp at Oro Fino, which is trade. The bead is relatively scarce in located 5 miles southeast of Graveyard Gulch California sites, although it is occasionally and 12 miles west of Cedar Gulch. Several found in association with the smaller faceted other camps were subsequently established in "Russian" examples. It is interesting then the region by trappers (Lewis 1984:5-6). that the relatively small collection of 154 Subsequent to the arrival of trappers and glass beads from Cedar Gulch and Graveyard traders, the influx of gold miners and set­ Gulch contains 48 examples that are diag­ tlers to the area was also responsible for nostic of the Russian Northwest trade. the distribution of many glass beads to the It is noteworthy that only the Cedar Shasta. The distribution of glass beads was Gulch collection contains examples (Types 6 not, however, restricted to trappers, traders, and 7) that are commonly referred to as and settlers. American retail and wholesale "Hudson Bay" beads. Sorensen and LeRoy merchants were also a ready source of (1968:42, No. 5; 44, No. 37) stated that the supply. The commercial establishment of E. red-on-white styles are known as "late Hud­ Fitzgerald and Company, San Francisco, ad­ son Bay" beads, were first traded during the vertised "an unusual full stock of every early 1840s, and are found throughout the variety required for the trade," including western states. The red-on-green type was 10,000 pounds of red and blue styles and popular from 1600 to as late as the very 20,000 pounds of "Mammoth size white" early 1800s. One other variety of bead beads (Advertisement, Sacramento Union, (Type 1) attributed to the Hudson's Bay Jan. 12, 1853:1). The Sacramento firm of Company was recovered from Cedar Gulch Hoope and L'amourex offered "a full assort­ but was not collected at Graveyard Gulch. ment of chalk white, milk white and red The concentration of this type mainly in beads" (Advertisement, Sacramento Union, northern California and its popularity at Oct. 3, 1851:1). Fort Vancouver suggest that these beads Despite some loss of site integrity by were initially introduced by the Hudson's Bay vandalism, the considerable variability in Company. glass bead assemblages from relatively close It was not until fur-trapping parties and largely contemporary Shasta cemeteries entered the region around 1830 that a regu­ is a valuable discovery. The collections lar trade system was established. In 1827, apparently represent the exchange of goods Peter Skene Ogden, a Hudson's Bay Com­ between two or more trade sources. Cedar pany trapper, traveled through the area. Gulch appears to have been primarily asso­ Jedediah Smith, who entered the region in ciated with the Hudson's Bay Company trad­ 1828 (Cline 1963:153), and John Work, who ers, and Graveyard Gulch users perhaps were passed through the Shasta territory during involved mainly with traders of the Russian- the period 1832-1833 (Maloney 1945:11), American Fur Company. Some of the glass undoubtedly traded with the Native Ameri­ beads (e.g., hollow-cane multifaceted blue, cans they encountered. Various others, such plain blue, white, and red) seem to have as Michel La Framboise and Thomas McKay, been of higher value than other types. Of GLASS TRADE BEADS FROM TWO SHASTA SITES 127 the 154 beads recovered from the two ceme­ the San Buenaventura Mission Site. In: teries, 79 examples (51.3%) were blue, 41 The Changing Faces of Main Street, (26.6%) were white, and 23 (14.9%) speci­ Roberta Greenwood, ed., pp. 77-166. mens were red. Ventura: San Buenaventura Redevelop­ The Shasta were quick to acquire Europe­ ment Agency. Holt, Catherine an goods, although pine nut and dentalium 1946 Shasta Ethnography. University of Cali­ beads continued to be valued. Mixed grave fornia Anthropological Records 3(4). lots aid in providing general information concerning the distribution, chronology, and Hoover, Mildred Brooke, Hero Eugene Rensch, the areal significance of glass beads, but and Ethel Grace Rensch 1970 Historic Spots in California. Palo Alto: individual grave lots would have been more Stanford University Press. informative with regard to understanding these values and other aspects of the proto­ Kidd, Kenneth E. historic Shasta culture. 1979 Glass Bead-Making from the Middle Ages to the Early 19th Century. Ot- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT towa: Parks Canada National Historic We especially thank Betty Rivers for her Parks and Sites Branch, History and editorial contributions. Archaeology 30. REFERENCES Kidd, Kenneth E., and Martha A. Kidd Angus-Butterworth, L. M. 1970 A Classification System for Glass Beads 1948 The Manufacture of Glass. New York: for the Use of Field Archaeologists. Pitman Publishing. Canadian Historic Sites, Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History 1: Bancroft, Hubert Howe 45-90. 1885 History of California, Vol. 2, 1801-1824. San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft and Com­ Layton, Thomas N. pany. 1981 Traders and Raiders: Aspects of Trans- Beck, Horace C. Basin and California Plateau Commerce, 1973 Classification and Nomenclature of 1800-1830. Journal of California and Beads and Pendants. York, PA: Liberty Great Basin Anthropology 3(1):127-137. Cap Books. Lewis, Orel Bone, Kenneth J. 1984 Hudson's Bay Trappers were first White 1975 A Preliminary Analysis of Beads from men to see Scott Valley - in 1836. Pio­ Mission Santa Clara de Assis, Santa neer Press (Newspaper), Special Supple­ Clara, California. MS on file at the ment, Summer 1984. University of Santa Clara. Maloney, AUce Bay Cline, Gloria Griffen 1945 Fur Brigade to the Buenaventura, John 1963 Exploring the Great Basin. Norman: Work's California Expedition, 1832-1833. University of Oklahoma Press. San Francisco: California Historical Dietz, Stephen A. Society. 1976 Echa-Tamal: A Study of Coast Miwok Meighan, Clement W. Acculturation. Master's thesis, Cali­ MS Glass Trade Beads in California. MS on fornia State University, San Francisco. file at the Department of Anthropolo­ Gibson, Robert O. gy, University of California, Los An­ 1976 A Study of Beads and Ornaments from geles. 128 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN Al^THROPOLOGY

Morrison, Samuel Eliot Vol. VII. Washington, D.C.: Govern- 1963 Journals and Other Documents on the ment Printing Office. Life and Voyages of Christopher Colum­ Ross, Lester A. bus. New York: The Heritage Press. 1976 Fort Vancouver, 1829-1860. A Historical Motz, Lee Archaeological Investigation of the 1979 Fort Ross Glass Trade Bead Analysis. Goods Imported and Manufactured by MS on file at the Cultural Resource the Hudson's Bay Company. Part 2. Management Unit, California Depart­ Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. ment of Parks and Recreation, Sacra­ mento. Sleen, W. G. N. van der 1973 A Handbook on Beads. York, PA: Liber­ 1983 An Analysis of the Glass Beads Recov­ ty Cap Books. ered from the Cooper-Molera Adobe Complex, Monterey, California. MS on Sorensen, Cloyd Jr., and C. Richard LeRoy file at the Cultural Resource Manage­ 1968 Trade Beads: The Powerful Companion ment Unit, California Department of of the Explorer. San Diego Corral of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. the Westerners, Brand Book 1:92-129. Motz, Lee, and Peter D. Schulz Woodward, Arthur 1980 Papers on Old Sacramento Archaeology. 1967 Indian Trade Goods. Pordand: Oregon Sacramento: California Department of Archaeolo^cal Society Publication 2: Parks and Recreation, Cultural Resource 4-15. Management Unit California Archaeo­ 1970 The Denominators of the Fur Trade. An logical Reports No. 19:49-68. Anthology of Writings on the Material Putnam, Frederick W. Culture of the Fur Trade. Pasadena: 1879 United States Geographical Surveys Socio-Technical Publications. West of the One Hundredth Meridian,