INDEX OF MANUSCRIPTS

Avranches Cotton Titus A. xx, 95 Bibliothèque municipale Cotton Vespasian A. xxii, 153 d’Avranches MS 159, 46, 75 Cotton Vespasian D. xiv, 153–54,165–85 Cambridge Cotton Vitellius A. xv, 154 Corpus Christi College MSS Egerton 613, 198, 199 303, 153, 165 Harley 55, 154 367, 153, 154 Harley 978, 112 373, 76 Harley 2253, 188 Fitzwilliam Museum MS McClean Harley 4388, 190–91, 201 123, 199 Harley 6258 B, 154 Trinity College MSS Royal 1. A. xiv: s.xii, 153 B. 14. 52, 153, 198 Royal 8. D. xiii, 188, 199 O. 2. 1, 188, 198 Royal 16. C. xiv, 44 R. 17. 1, 153, 183 Royal 17. A. xxvii, 200 University Library MSS Lambeth Palace Library MS 487, Dd. 9. 38, 98 152–99 Ii. 1. 33, 153 Oxford Edinburgh Bodleian Library MSS National Library of Scotland Advocates Bodley 34, 199 MS 19. 2. 1 (“Auchinleck Bodley 343, 153, 165, 170, 183 Manuscript”) 259–60 Digby 4, 198, 199 Ely Digby 86, 188, 190 Ely Dean and Chapter MS 1, 198 Hatton 38, 153 Hatton 115, 154 Leiden Junius 1, 189, 198 Leiden Universiteitsbibliotheek MS Laud Misc. 636, 23, 154 BPL 20, 73 Laud Misc. 647, 188, 198 London Rawlinson C. 22, 188, 198 British Library MS Jesus College MS 29, 188, 199 Cotton Caligula A. ix, 193, 199 Cotton Claudius D. iii, 153 Worcester Cotton Julius A. ii, 154 Worcester Cathedral Library MS Cotton Otho C. xiii, 191, F. 94, 173, 182, 184 193, 199 F. 174, 199 INDEX

Abbo of Fleury, St., 178 Boethius, 196 Abelard, 86–88 alliterative verse and Heloise, 115 see verse forms; Old English Abulafia, Anna, 73 Amboise Abulafia, David, 125 see Breton d’Amboise Acquitaine, 28, 33, 35, 36, 82 Amboise, Touraine, lords of, 39 affinity 82, 126 Ambrose, St., 143 active life anarchy, 215, 255, 256, 258–59 see Christian doctrine see also social disorder; Stephen, Adam of Eynsham, Magnus Vita Sancti King of England; tyranny Hugonis, 51n102 Ancrene Wisse, 179, 199n3 Adams, Tracy, 224 Angevin(s) Adela of Blois, 255 England, 14–15 Adelard of Bath, Astrolabe, 30, 55, 66, ancestry, affinity, and identity, 5–6, 71n11 79, 82, 141 , Queen of England, empire and expansionism, 24n34, 27, 37, 63, 64, 77n100 34, 38, 139 (in Ireland, 19, 138; Ælfric, 154, 159, 169, 195–96 in Brittany, 49n77, 58, 72n37) Catholic Homilies, 159–64, 172, 174, legitimacy, ascendancy, power, and 180–81, 195 succession, 16–17, 19, 51n102, affective piety and devotion, 163, 178, 141, 205 (place of Arthur in, 181, 234 15–17, 27–28; judgment on, Agnes de Baudemont, 58, 73n44 141, 252) Ailred, of Rievaulx, 30, 257 opposition to Capetian France, 126, Genealogia Regum Anglorum, 31 141–42 Vita Ædwardi, 29, 31 Poitevin view of, 33 Latin dramatization of Battle of the court milieu and intellectual climate, Standard, 257 20, 26, 40, 82–83, 126 (see also Alan of Lille, 120 Henrician court and culture) Anticlaudianus, 105n72 qualities and forces in writing and De Planctu Naturae, 105n74, 139 on writers, 85, 95 Alcuin, 91, 246n10 see also ; Henrician court and Alexander III, Pope, 117 culture; Norman(s); Anglo- Alexander the Great, 1, 21, 59, 119, Norman 140, 239–42, 244, 246n10, n13 Anglo-Norman Description of England, Alfred, King of England, 12, 35 36–37 266 INDEX

Anglo-Norman language, Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, 90, 91, overlordship, identity, and 105n77 patronage, 1–9, 20, 100n25, 126, Arthur (King Arthur), 190, 239–40, 166n17, 171, 183, 190 241, 243 language and its influence, 10, 18, see also Arthuriana 100n25, 155–57 Arthur of Brittany, 37, 50n84 as language of cloisters and law, Arthuriana, 15–18, 27–28, 36–39, 57, 183n11 58–59, 73n44, 119, 190, 197, influence on literature, 3, 4, 10, 15, 18 233, 239, 51–52 romance tradition, 18, 20–21, see also Arthur (King Arthur); 249–54, 257–60 Chrétien de Troyes; Geoffrey interest in pre-conquest past and of Monmouth; Lancelot Prose appropriation of Britishness, 16, Cycle; Tristan legend 250–53 (see also romance(s)) Aschil, King of Denmark, 243 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 31, 153, Atleborough, 251 154, 191 Aubin of Angers, Historia, 35 see also Peterborough Chronicle Auchinleck Manuscript Anglo-Saxon England, 155, 161, 163, 251 see Index of Manuscripts see also languages; Old English (Edinburgh), p. 263 Anglo-Saxon audience and readers, 11, 65, 160–61, see Old English 164, 208, 235, 236, 250–51, Anjou, 30, 82 256, 258 grant to Kay of, 27, 38–39 female, 158, 160–61, 163, 168n27, 171 claims of Henry II to, 38–39, 45n40, see also laity 63, 206 (see also Henry II Auerbach, Erich, 190, 224 legitimacy) Augustine of Hippo, St. 143, 174, 180, counts and countess of, 14, 42n15, 247n26 62–63, 67 (see also Fulco, Fulk, soliloquies, 154 Ingelgerius) sermons, 180, 185 historical writing in, 28, 34 aural culture, 3, 9, 68 see also Angevin(s) see also audience; oral culture Annals of Ottobeuren, 67 Aurelius, 240 Anonymi Chronica Imperatorum Heinrico see also Arthuriana V dedicata, 67, 76n86 authorship, 6, 11, 53, 190, 210, 250 anonymity lay, 6, 258 see authorship anonymity, 55, 189, 190 Anselm, St., Archbishop of , 172, 178, 184n18 Baldwin of Ford, Archbishop of Antichrist, 17, 242–44, 246n18 Canterbury, 137, 138–39, 141, 144 play of, 246n19, 247n22, n23 Baldwin of Valenciennes, 73n44 Jewish, 242 Bale, John, 40 antifeminism, 136, 142–44, 146 barons, 18, 248n31, 249, 252–59 Apulia, 251, 254 Baskerville family, 141 Aquitaine, historical writing in, 28 , 64 Architrenius Odo, Abbot of, 160 see Walter of Coutances Battle of Maldon, 195 INDEX 267

Bayeaux, 53, 56–57 Bozon, Nicholas, 91 Beaulieu, Beds., Benedictine Priory of, Braine, castle of, 58, 73n44 190, 191 Saint-Yves de, 73n44 Bec, Abbey and historians of, 32, 53, Hugh of, 59 54–61, 67, 69 Breton d’Amboise, 34, 39 Notre Dame du Pré, 55, 56 Bretons and Brittany, 36–37, 49n77, Poissy, Priory of, 56, 57 82, 101n32 see also Robert of Torigni; Stephen and King Arthur, 36–37, 57–59, 73n44 of Rouen; Mont-aux-Malades court of Hunlaf, 252 Becket, St. Thomas à Becket, brevis relatio, 59 , 13, Britishness 32, 45n33, 57, 68, 77n44, 109, see identity, national 110, 223, 255 Brittany texts about, 13, 111, 140–41 see Bretons letters of, and to, 57, 68, 109, 128n5 Broadhurst, Karen M., 4, 28, 30, see also Henry II and Becket 44n30, 56, 70n6 Bede, St., the Venerable, 143, 154, Bruckner, Matilda, 224 174, 178, 189 Bruno, Archbishop of Trier, 67 Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, 34 Brut “Bede’s Death Song,” 189 see La{amon Benedeit, 258 Bury St. Edmunds, Abbey of, 180 Benedictine Order, 158, 172, 191, 193 Sampson, Abbot of, 160 rule, 153 reform, 183n13 Cædmon, “Cædmon’s Hymn,” 189 Benoît de Sainte-Maure, 2, 4, 28, 29, Caen, Abbey of (St. Etienne), 53 36, 39, 57, 249 Calabria, 253, 254 Roman de Troie, 4, 42n7 Camelot, 26, 250 Roman d’Eneas, 2 see also Arthuriana Chroniques des ducs de Normandie, 28–29 Canossa, entry in, 68 relationship to Eleanor, 42n7 Canterbury, 13, 32, 34 Bermondsey, 38 Cathedral Priory (Christchurch), 34, Bernard, St., 143 153, 154, 169, 171, 172, Bernart de Ventadorn, 42n12, 44n30, 225 182n2, 184 Béroul primacy, 137–38 see Tristan legend Archbishops of, 68, 111, 172 (see also Bertrand de Born, 13 Anselm; Baldwin; Becket; The Bestiary, 191 Ralph d’Escures; Theobald) bestiary lore, 139 “Canute Song,” 187, 188, 198 see also imagery; Philippe de Thaon Capetian France Bevis see France see romance(s), Boeve Carmen de Hastingae Proelio (Song on Bible, biblical material the Battle of Hastings), 62, 68–69 see scriptural material Celtic Blake, N. F., 195–96, 203n37 legends, 189 Boeve languages, kingdoms, and cultures see romance(s) see Breton; Irish; Scots; Welsh 268 INDEX chanson de geste, 249–50 religious audience, 161–64 Charlemagne, 241, 242, 245n5, secular, 164 246n10 Church, Daniel Chaucer, Geoffrey, Franklin’s Tale, see Daniel of Beccles 144–45 Cicero, 143 Chauou, Amaury, 28, 43n18, 70n6 Cistercian Order, 40, 133–34, 144 Chevalier au lion St. Bernard, 143 see Chrétien Clanchy, Michael, 24n34, 258 Chinon, 39, 110, 140 classical learning and material, 2, 5, 7, chivalry, chivalric culture, 26, 145–47, 11, 81, 98, 112–22, 126–27, 250, 252, 257 129n14, 136, 139, 141, 148, 153 Chrétien de Troyes, 2, 37–38, 102n53, comedia, 147 190, 225, 250–51, 258 see also Aristotle; Cicero; Horace; Walter Map’s knowledge of, 147 Juvenal; Lucan; Ovid; Plato; Chevalier au lion, 212 Tacitus; Terence; Virgil Cligès, 37, 102n53, 105n72 Clemoes, Peter, 168n27 Erec et Enide, 37 Cligès Perceval, 147 see Chrétien Yvain, 147 Cluniac Order, 33 Christ Church, Canterbury Cluny, Abbey of, 33 see Priory Bermondsey, 38 Christian doctrine, 163–64 see also Gesta Stephani sacraments, 143 Colker, Marvin L., 110, 128 corporal Acts of Mercy, 178 Colley, Linda, 15 sin, 127 colonization, 15–17, 20, 24n35, 139 law, 143 see also imperialism moral law, 143–44 compilatio, compilation, 98n9, virginity, 80, 86–87, 142–44, 173, 170–71, 181 175–77 conflict, conflicting loyalties, 9, 13, 16, vita activa (active life), vita 68, 85, 110, 121, 208, 254–56 contemplativa (contemplative inner, 84–85, 88 life), 173–74, 178–79, 180 oppositional ideas, 86, 92–93, sermon(s), 163, 189, 190, 197, 198 105n72 (see also debate) (verses in, 193, 200n5; of see also anarchy; filial rebellion; social Augustine, 180; of Guishart of disorder Beaulieu, 190–91) Constable, Giles, 87, 98 see also devotion; preaching Constance of Brittany, 58 Church, 2, 27, as patron of Gaimar, 64 corruption of, satire on, 112–113, Constantine, Emperor, 240, 243 116–118, 127, 141 Constitutions of Clarendon, 48n73, 68 fathers, see Augustine; Gregory; contemplative life Jerome; Lactantius see Christian Doctrine institutional support for writings, 57 Corporal Acts of Mercy (see also religious orders) see Christian doctrine Rome, 112–113 (cardinals of, courtliness, 145–7 116–117; see also Popes) courtly love, 146, 219n27, 223 INDEX 269

courtly literature, 2, 9, 13, 27, 28, Dicts of Cato, Disticha Catonis, 169 253, 257 Domitian, Roman Emperor, 34 see also Henrician court and culture Donoghue, Daniel, 193, 200n10 courts Draco Normannicus of Argentan, 13 see Stephen of Rouen of Capetian France, 22n12, 147 Dronke, Peter, 4, 26, 85–88, 107n92, of Champagne, 147 199 of Henry I, 51n97 Duby, Georges, 3, 26, 27 of Henry II and Eleanor: see Dudo of St. Quentin, 39 Henrician court and culture of Hunlaf of Brittany, 252 Early Middle English, 162–63, 170, of Gudreche of Ireland, 252 187, 191–97 Crouch, David, 255, 258 see also Middle English crusade(s), 38, 136, 137, 140–41, 253 Edith see also Richard I see Matilda (Edith) Cursor Mundi, 185 Edward, St., the Confessor, King of Curtius, E. R., 119 England, 28–29, 191, 251 Eldredge, Laurence, 121, 124, 129n12 Damian, Peter, Contra clericos, aulicos, ut Eleanor (of Aquitaine), Queen of ad dignitates provehantu, 100n22 England, 4, 26, 28, 33, 36–37, Danes and Denmark, 39, 240, 243, 252 39, 54 see also Vikings as patron and presentee, 4, 28, 54, Daniel of Beccles, 30, Urbanus Magnus 189, 244, 249 (Liber Urbani), 39–40 literary reference to, 37, 62, 112, David I, King of Scotland, 32, 51n97 126, 147, 256 David, poet of lost verses on Henry I, connection with Occitan verse, 63–64 44n30 De majoratu et senescalcia Franciae, 34 divorce from Louis VII, 59, 141 De Principeis Instructione taint and immorality, 141 see Gerald de Barri imprisonment, 255 De Rebus a se Gestis Eleanor, Princess (Leonora of Castile), see Gerald de Barri 33, 57 De Vita Galfridi Archiepiscopi Eboracensis Ellenblum, Ronnie, 125 see Gerald de Barri England, Kingdom of, 82, 89, 90, debate (Streitgedichte), 86–97, 154, 254, 256 178, 258 see also Matter of England Delhaye, Philippe, 98n6 English, 75n83, 126, 160–61, 166n17 Dembowski, Peter, 225 see also Old English; Early Middle Des Principis Instructione English; Middle English see Gerald de Barri Erec et Enide Description of England, 36–37 see Chrétien devotion, devotional reading,156, 163, Eremburga of Maine, 63 164, 170, 171, 178, 181, 189, 234 Espec, Walter (of Helmsley), 250 dialect, dialectology, 166n17, 170, 182 Estoire des Engleis Dialogue of the Exchequer see Gaimar see Richard FitzNigel Etienne de Fougères, 43n21 270 INDEX

“Eueriche freman hath to ben hende,” French language, nation, and culture, 188, 198 5, 9, 22n12, 23n14, 27–37, Eusebius 42–43n15, 62–69, 91–95, see Jerome 124–28, 137, 147–48, 172, Eutropius, Brevarium, 34 173n11, 189–91, 233, 253, 258 exegesis, 8, 65, 163, 173–74, 210 Capetian court, 20, 122–28, 147 exemplum French prose Lancelot: see see Narrative romance(s) exemplum, 143–46, 222, 236 natural princes of, 141–42 exile, 209–210, 215, 216, 256 see also Old French and return, 252 Fulco (Fulk the Young), Count of tropes of, 6–9, 68, 83–85, 120 Anjou, 63 see also Anjou, Counts of fabliau, 93–94 Fulk the Good, 34 Falaise, 40 Fantosme, Jordan, 29–30, 258 Gaimar, 63, 64, 72n26 Faure, M., 213, 214, 215 Estoire des Engleis, 243, 250–52 Fécamp, 28, 65 Galbraith, V. H., 26, 42n9 festum stultorum (Feast of Fools), 118–119 Gemma Ecclesiastica Fitzgerald(s), 137 see Gerald de Barri David, Bishop of St. David’s, 137 Genealogia Regum Anglorum FitzGilbert de Clare, Richard, 19 see Ailred FitzGilberts, patrons of Gaimar, 250 Geoffrey of Anjou (the fair, FitzHenry(s), 137 Plantagenet), 25, 34, 35, 54–55, Meiler, 19–20 62–63, 66, 68 FitzNigel, Richard, 30 Geoffrey of Brittany, 37, 54, 58, 601 Dialogue of the Exchequer, 27, 53, 36 , 15–16, 27, Fitzstephen, 137 38–39, 57–58, 59, 239–41, Fitzwarins, 258, 259 250–52 see also romance(s), Fouke Fitzwarin Historia regum Brittanie (History of the folklore and traditional tales, 65, 94, Kings of Britain), 15–16, 38–39, 135–36, 139, 144 135, 239–41, 243, 250–52 Fontevrault Abbey, 1, 21 Vita Merlini, 245n4 Foot, Sarah, 161 Geoffrey of Vigeois, 33 forms, literary Geoffrey, , 142 see narrative; verse forms Geoffrey, Count of Nantes, 60 Fouke Fitzwarin Gerald de Barri (Giraldus see romance(s) Cambreniensis, Gerald of Wales), France 3–4, 7–9, 13, 15, 19, 20, 26–27, See French language, nation, and 30, 36, 38, 40, 133–48, 187 culture De Principeis Instructione (Mirror of Frank, Roberta, 196 Princes), 134, 141–42 Frederick I (Barbarossa, Red Beard) of De Rebus a se Gestis, 138 Germany, 247n22 De Vita Galfridi Archiepiscopi Frederick II of Germany, 247n22, n23 Eboracensis, 142 Freeman, Michelle A., 210 De Vita S. Ethelberti, 142–43 INDEX 271

Gemma Ecclesiastica, 143–44 Chateau d’Amour, 184–85 Invectiones, 138 Gudreche, court of, 252 Itinerarium Kambriae ( Journey Guenée, Bernard, 27, 42–43n15 through Wales), 9, 139, 141 Gui de Warewic Kambriae descriptio (Description of see romances Wales), 138, 139 Guiron le Courtois Speculum Duorum (Mirror of Two see romance(s) Men), 141 Guischart of Beaulieu, 190–91 Topographia Hibernica (Description of Guy, Bishop of Amiens, 68 Ireland), 31, 32, 38, 39, 41n2, Carme de Hastingae Proelio, 68 138, 140 Guy-Geoffrey, William VIII of Vaticinalis Historia (Expugnatio Aquitaine, 33 Hibernica) (Conquest of Ireland), 9, 30, 39, 140 hagiography, 142–43, 152, 169–171, Gerald of Windsor, 137 196 German language and culture, 66–67, see also saints 140, 225, 241–42 Harvey, Ruth, 44n30 Gervase, of Saint Cénery, 32–33, Haskins, Charles H., 39, 41n4 54, 55, 56, 62, 67 Hastings, Battle of, see Carmen de Gesta Consulum Andegavorum, 34 Hastingae Proelio Gesta Stephani (Historia Anglorum), 31 Hauréau, Barthélemy, 109–110 Gesta Consulum Andegavorum Haveloc see Jean de Marmoutier see romances Gesta Philippi Helias, Count of Maine, 63 see William the Breton Heloise Gilda, 240, 247n25 see Abelard “Glanvill,” 5, 30, 36 Henrician court and culture, 2, 4, 6–8, Glastonbury Abbey, 16–17, 38, 50n85 9, 13, 20, 25–41, 45n35, 50n91, Godfrey de Jumièges, Abbot of 79–97, 109, 125–28, 133–37, Malmesbury, 160 147–48, 189–190, 249, 251–52 Godric, St., Hymns, 187–89 Henry de Sully, 38 to Burgwine, 188, 198 Henry I, King of England, 3, 4, 19, 29, Goliardic aesthetic, 116 30, 32, 39, 40, 45n32, 54, 56, 59, Gottfried von Strassburg 60, 61, 63, 64, 137, 251, 256, see Tristan legend known to Wace, 56, 60, 251, 256 Gratian, decretals, 143 Henry II, King of England, 4, 14, 20 “The Grave,” 188, 191, 198 parentage, 205 (see also Matilda, Greek, 11, 12, 114, 116–17 Empress, Geoffrey of Anjou) romances 253 birth, childhood, education, 40–41, Gregory, St., Pope, 143, 65, 66 174, 178 death and memorials, 1 Griffith, M. S., 194–95 issue, legitimate: see William (Count Grimsby, 251 of Poitiers); Henry (the Young Gros, Gérard, 215, 218n18 King); Richard (I, King of Grosseteste, Robert, Bishop of England); Geoffrey (of Lincoln, 160, 166n17, 184 Brittany); John (King of 272 INDEX

Henry II, King of England––continued homilies, 153, 156, 159, 160, 162, England); Princess Matilda; Eleanor 167n21 (Leonora) Catholic: see also Aelfric filial rebellion, 2, 29, 32, 54, 60, 140 to Blessed Virgin Mary, 169, 178, illegitimate: see Geoffrey, 180, 181 Archbishop of York; Hikenai Lambeth, 161–65 appearance and character, 2, 27, homosexuality, 214–215, 218n23 40–41, 51–52n103, 87, 140 Honorius Augustodunensis, 169, 171, comparison with Arthur, 244 174 and Eleanor, 68, 208–209, 206 (see Elucidarium, 169 also Henrician court; Becket) Horace, 7, 90, 104n70, 105–106n77, imperial aspirations, 20, 119 n78, 143 relationships: with Becket, 13, 208; Horn with France, 206; with Ireland, see Master Thomas 252–53 Hrabanus, Maurus, 174 legitimacy: to throne, 205, 255–56 Hue de Rotelande, 251, 252, 253–54, (see also Norman(s)); to 259 Touraine, 27, 38–39 Ipomedon, 249, 251, 253 literary patronage, sponsorship, and Protheselaus, 249, 252 dedications, 30, 33–36, 55, 64 Hugh de Claye (Hugues de Claye), 30, see also Becket; filial rebellion; 34, 47n60 Henrician court and culture De majoratu et senescalcia Franciae, 34, 36 Henry IV of Germany, 241, 242 Hugh de Eversden, Abbot of , 22n2, 30, 31, St. Albans, 160 57–58 Hugh IV, Archbishop of Rouen, 57 Historia Anglorum, 35 Hugh of Braine, 58–59 Henry V (the lion) of Germany, 241 Hugh of Fleury, Liber qui modernorum Henry V, , 59, regum Francorum continet actu, 67, 67, 241, 244, 245n7 73n51 Henry, “The Young King,” 29 Hugh, St., , 31, 40, education of, 33, 54, 75n80 51n102 known to Wace, 56, 61 Hunlaf, court of see also Henry II, filial rebellion see Bretons Herla, Herlethinga, 135–36 Hunt, Tony, 237n1 Higonnet, E. C., 85 “Hymn to Burgwine,” see Godric Hikenai (Ykenai), 142 Hildebert of Le Mans, Archbishop of “Ic an witles ful iwis,” 187, 188 Tours, 102n48, 144 identity Historia Britonum, 240; see also Geoffrey personal, 2–3, 7, 8, 11, 20, 88, of Monmouth 96–97, 104n65, 109, 120, 206, Historia Gaufredi ducis 207, 250 see Jean de Marmoutier mistaken, 226 Holton, Kathryn I., 209, 211 royal, 5, 109 Holy Roman Empire, 240–43, 247n22 social, 84, 207, 210 see also Charlemagne; Frederick I; national, 15, 20, 22n2 (Breton, 49n77; Frederick II; Henry V British, 15, 36–37; English, 95) INDEX 273

see also Angevin(s); Anglo- Gesta Consulum Andegavorum, 34, 39 Norman(s); Arthuriana (see also Breton d’Amboise) imagery Historia Gaufredi ducis, 35, 66 animal and bestiary, 206–216 Jerome, St. (Eusebius), 143, 174 bird, 141 Jerusalem, 113, 247n22 “castel,” 174–76 fall of, 32, 33 dream, 141 journeys to, 241–42 forest, 225 Jewish Antichrist fortune’s wheel, 141 see Antichrist Rome, 112–113 Jews, 73n44, 102–103n54, 120, statue, 233 130n34, 242 sword, 233 see also Antichrist see also symbolism Joachim of Fiore, 242–43 imperialism, 17, 20–21, 36, 58–59, John of Hexham, Historia xxv. annum, 31 239–40 see also Symeon of Durham and Last World Emperor, 241–244 John of Marmoutier see also Henry II, imperial aspirations see Jean de Marmoutier Ingelgerius, Count of Anjou, 62–63 , 39, 80–81 Innocent III, Pope, 137 Policraticus, 4, 5, 33, 80–81, 98–99n11, intertextuality, 225, 228, 234, 250, 259 105n72, 109, 110–111 Invectiones John, King of England, 2, 30, 137, see Gerald de Barri 206, 254 Ipomedon see also Henry II, filial rebellion see Hue de Rotelande Jolivet, Jean, 116 Ireland and the Irish, 1, 9, 15, 19–20, jongleurs 38–39, 58, 82, 135–40, 252–53, 255 see folklore court of Gudreche, 252 Joseph of Exeter, 39 Henry II and, 58, 82, 252–53 Jumièges, annal of, 33 Irish episode in Romance of Horn, 252 see also Godfrey de Jumièges; see also Gerald de Barri William of Jumièges Isidore, 143 Justinian, Emperor of Rome, 241 Isolde (Yseut) Juvenal, Satires, 101n29, 117, 19–20, 127 see Tristan legend Italy, Italian, 66–67, 252, 253–54 Kambriae descriptio (Description of Wales) see also Sicily; Tristan legend see Gerald de Barri Itinerarium Kambriae ( Journey through “Katherine Group,” 161, 196, 199n3 Wales) see also Margaret; Ancrene Wisse; see Gerald de Barri Early Middle English Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Kay, granted Anjou, 27, 38–39 Ricardi, 36, 48n72 Ker, N. R., 167n22

Jean de Hauville, 39 La Chanson de Roland, 240 Architrenius, 22n2, 39, 50n92 La{amon (Layamon, Lawman), 37, see also Walter of Coutances 190, 196–97, 258 Jean de Marmoutier ( John of Brut, 189–92, 196, 244 Marmoutier), 30, 34–35, 36, 39, 66 Lactantius, 242 274 INDEX

Lai d’Haveloc Limousin, 33 see romance(s) Lincoln, seige of, 259 laisse Lindsey, 256 see verse forms London, 253, 256 laity, 64, 65, 158 Louis VII, King of France, 32, 34, 56, literacy of, 190 59, 147 lay clerks, see clerks Louis VIII, King of France, 247n22 see also active life; women, audience Lucan, 143, 174, 181 Lancelot prose cycle, 25 Lucas, Peter, 189–90 see also Arthuriana Lucius, Roman Emperor, 240, 243 Langland, William, Piers Plowman, Ludus de Antichristo (Play of Antichrist), figure of Sloth, 249, 259 246n19, 247n22 languages and cultures: diversity of, lyric, 9, 113–28, 187–90, 199 6–7, 53–69, 114, 206 see also Godric; “Canute Song;” multilingualism, 6, 9–12, 22n16, “Bede’s Death Song” 62–63, 66, 68, 69, 140, 151, 160–61, 164–65, 166n17 Magna Carta, 251, 259 (trilingualism, 171) Maine, and counts of, 54, 63, 82 linguistic change, 10, 18, 160–61 Malmesbury struggle between English and see William of Malmesbury; French, 258 Geoffrey of Jumièges koiné, 170 Malory, Sir Thomas, 233, 253 see also Anglo-Norman; Breton; Mort Darthur, Tristram de English; German; Greek; Irish; Lyones, 233 Latin; Old English; Old see also Arthuriana French; Italian; Occitan; Norse; Mandeville, Thomas, Travels, 136 Provençal; Scots; Welsh Mann, Jill, 116 Last World Emperor, 241–42, 244, manuscript culture and evidence, 247n22 24n32, 31, 34, 64, 68, 81, 88, 95, Latin, use of, 65–66, 114, 130, 147–48, 151, 170, 171 166n17 prose layout of, 196 clerical writers in, 82 transmission of, 187–93 see also languages; Gerald de Barri; manuscripts, individual Map; Peter of Blois; Walter of see Index of Manuscripts, Châtillon pp. 263–64 argumenta (Latin prose summaries) 66 Map, Walter, 6, 7–8, 21, 25, 26, 30, meters, 68, 69 37–39, 133–47, 259 Laurence, Abbot of Westminster, 31 De Nugis Curialium, 30, 37, 39, 49n82, Le Mans, Cathedral, 35 100n23, 105n72, 112, 134–37, William, Bishop of, 35, 66 142–47 (Sadius and Galo 146–47) Hildebert of, 68 Dissuasio Valerii, 45n35, 136, 142 Legge, Dominica, 250 Margaret, St., Queen of Scotland, 55, Leo I, Emperor of Rome, 241 67–68, 152, 199n3 Levine, Robert, 136 Life of, 68 Liber de compositione castri Ambazie, 39 Marian literature, 188 Liber Eliensis, 188, 198 see also Lyric INDEX 275

Marie de Champagne (Marie Capet), misogeny 147, 258 see antifeminism Marie de France, 2, 6, 11, 13, 26, 205–19 Mohun Chronicle, 245n8 fables, 205, 206, 212 Molesmes, Abbey of, 56 lais, 205–16 monastic production, 158–61, 171–72 “Bisclavret,” 209–16 see also religious orders “Chevrefoil,” 225–26 Mont Saint-Michel, Abbey of, 32, 34, “Deus Amanz,” 205 46n50, 53, 57, 58, 63, 65 “Lanval,” 144 see also Robert of Torigni; William “King Equitan,” 215–216 of Saint Pair martyrdom, 233–36 Mont-aux-Malades, 57, 68, 76, 128 Master Matthew, 66 see also Nicholas, prior Master Thomas (Mestre Thomas), Morris, Rosemary, 243 Romance of Horn, 249, 252, 256, multilingualism 258, 259 see languages, koiné matière de Bretagne see Matter of Britain Nantes, 58, 60 Matilda (Edith), mother of Empress national identity, nationhood Matilda, 55, 62, 65, 66–67, 69 see identity Matilda of Boulogne, Queen Consort, Nennius, 59, 245n2 255–56 Nest(a), 19, 137 see also Stephen, King of England Nicholas of Guildford, 258 Matilda of England (Princess), 13, Nicholas, prior of Mont-aux-Malades, 241 57, 68 Matilda of Flanders (mother of Robert Nichols, Stephen, 223 Curthose), 62 Niermeyer, Jan Frederic, 116, 127 Matilda, Empress, 1, 5, 53–56, 58, 59, Whiteacre (Wireker), 39 60, 67, 255–56 Norman: conquest, 20 (see also Matilda, Queen of England William I) see Stephen, King of England identity, 205–206, 256 Matter of Britain, matière de Bretagne, 2, legitimacy and overlordship in 250, 252 (see also Chrétien; England, 1–3, 5, 12, 13–15, 27, Geoffrey of Monmouth) 28–29, 38–39, 60, 82, 109, Matter of England, 260 171, 251–52 medicinal texts, 154, 164 see also Anglo-Norman(s) Meilyr, soothsayer, 135 , 5, 28, 30, 32, 36, 53–69, Merlin, 59, 240, 245 82, 206, 213 Meyvaert, Paul, 104n69 Dukes of, 65 Mickel, Emanuel, Jr., 211 kingdoms: see Apulia, Italy, Calabria, Middle English, 10–11, 151–57, Sicily 162–63, 169–70, 187–88, 191–97 Norse romances, 250, 253 see Tristan legend; Vikings see also Early Middle English Notre Dame du Pré, Priory of Bec, Mirror of Princes (Speculum Princeps, Rouen, 55, 56 Des Principis Instructione), 134, nunnan, nuns, 160–61, 168n27 141–42, 205 (Adelitia 80, 86–87, Anselma 83) 276 INDEX

Occitan culture, 44n30, 206 Peter Lombard, 143 Occitan, 13, 44n30, 206 Peter of Blois, 3–4, 6–7, 26, 30, 36, octosyllables, octosyllabic verse 41, 79–97, 126 see verse forms Compendium in Job, 30 Odo of Battle, 160 De prestigiis fortunae, 35 Old English: writing and development Peter of Saintes, 33, 47n57 of, 10, 193–98 Peter the Cantor, 143 survival of, 11, 151–99 , 130n34 transmission of, 188–89, 192 Peter, Abbot of Cluny, 33 meter and alliterative tradition, 188 Peterborough Chronicle, 14, 182 poetic vocabulary, 192 Philip I, King of France, 56 see also Anglo-Saxon; Early Middle Philip II (Augustus) of France, English 247n22 Old French, 62, 65, 68, 69, 93 Philippe de Thaon, 258 prose Tristan, 233 Bestiaire, 37 epic, 250 Livre de Sibile, 69 On God Ureisun of Ure Lefdi, Piers Plowman 162, 178 see Langland “On Ureison of Oure Louerde,” 163 piety oral culture, 3, 8, 9, 66, 68, 136, 189, see affective piety; devotion; laity; 192, 201n15 Christian doctrine see also aural culture pilgrimage, 65, 179 Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, 61, Pipewell Abbey, Northants, 38 241, 244 plagiarism, 80, 98n6, 108n96, 112–113 Orm, 189, 197, 258 Plantagenets, legitimacy of Ormulum, 189, 190, 193 see Angevin(s); Henry II; Norman(s) Osbert of Clare, 30, 142 Plato, Platonic, 5, 116, 139 Otto of Freising, Gesta Friderici, 31 Play of Antichrist (Ludus Antichristo), Otto the Great, 241 247n22 Ovid, 115–116, 119, 143, 145–47 Poema Morale, 162, 189–91, 193, 196 Metamorphosis, 115 Poissy Amores, 116 see Bec Fasti, 117–118 Poitres and Poitevin standpoint, 33–34 The Owl and the Nightingale, 10, 92, 94 Popes: Alexander, III, 117 Gregory I, St., 143, 174, 178 Paris Psalter, 194 Innocent III, 137 Paris, 53 preaching, 137, 153, 156, 157, 160, University of, 133, 136, 139, 141 163–64, 168n29, 170, 171, 173, patronage of Literature, 4, 5, 22n12, 183, 200n5 30, 39, 44n32, 45n33, 45n34, Pre-Conquest Writings 50n92, 54–57, 140, 158–59, see Old English; Anglo-Saxon 180–90, 200n9, 250, 258 prophecy, 135, 245n4, 241–42 see also Henry II; Eleanor; Henrician prosody court and culture see verse forms Perceval Protheselaus see Chrétien see Hue de Rotelande INDEX 277

Provençe, Provençal, 25, 190 Rochester Cathedral (Benedictine Pseudo-Methodius (Revelations of ), Abbey of St. Andrew), 158, 171, 241–42 172, 182 Roger of Howden, 27, 31, 32, 83 Ralph d’Escures, Archbishop of Chronica, 31 Canterbury, 169, 171, 174, 176, Gesta Henrici et Ricardi, 31 182n4 Roger of Wendover, 188 Ralph Diceto, Dean of St. Paul’s, 31 Rolland of Dinant, 58 Ymagines Historiarum, 31–32 , dynasty of, 67, 145 Ranulph II, “aux Gernons,” Earl of Roman d’Eneas Chester, 249, 259, 262n33 see Benoît Ratinck, Amplonius, 88 Roman de Rou, Roman de Brut readers see Wace see audience romance(s) Reeves, Marjorie, 242–43 Anglo-Norman, 20, 21, 221–37, of Durham, 188 249–62 religious orders Middle English, 250 see Benedictine; Cistercian; Cluniac parody of, 147 rhetoric, 84, 89–90, 139, 147 development of Insular tradition, 15, see also compilatio, debate 17–19, 254, 259 Rhys ap Tewdwr, 137 ancestral or historical, 249–60 Ribard, Jacques, 223, 237n7 Boeve, 249, 253, 257, 259 Richard I and Richard II, Dukes, 28, 65 Fouke Fitzwarin, 249, 251, 254, 256, Richard I, King of England, 21, 31, 259 35–36, 50n84, n85, 54, 137, 140 Gui de Warewic, 249, 254, 259 see also Henry II, filial rebellion Guiron le Courtois, 25 Richard the Poitevin, “hystorias,” 33–34 Ipomedon: see Hue de Rotelande De destructione castri Julii, 34 Horn: see Master Thomas Richard, Bishop of Syracuse, 83 Lai d’Haveloc, 243, 247n28, 249, 252 Richards, Mary, 158 Protheselaus: see Hue de Rotelande Ricoeur, Paul, 221 Roman d’Eneas: see Benoît Rigord Roman de Rou, Roman de Brut: see see William de Breton Wace , , romans antiques, romans d’antiquité, 29, 54, 60, 61, 62, 65 romances of the ancient world, Robert Guiscard, 33 251, 253 Robert of Chester, 71n11 romans courtois, courtly romances, 253 Robert of Cricklade, prior of Tristan: see Tristan legend St. Frideswide’s, Defloratio, 30, Waldef, 249, 253, 256, 257, 259 44n32 see also Benoît; Chrétien; Middle Robert of Gloucester, 25 English Robert of Torigni, 30, 32–33, 36, 53–67 Rome, 15, 68, 122, 239, 240, 241, 244 Roman du Mont Saint-Michel, 58 imagery of, 112 Gesta Normannorum Ducum, 54–55, see also Domitian; Justinian; Leo; 58, 63, 64 Lucius; Holy Roman Empire; Robin Hood, tales of, 254, 259 Popes 278 INDEX

Romsey Abbey, cartulary, 258 see also debate; Juvenal; Horace; Rotrou de Perch, Archbishop of Peter of Blois; Walter de Rouen, 41, 75n80 Châtillon; Map Rouen, 39, 55, 57 Schirmer, Walter F., 26, 42n9 siege of, 61 Schmidt, Gerhard, 118–119, 120 as second Rome, 68 Scots language, nation, and culture, 1, see also Bec; Mont-aux-Malades; 20, 24n34, 29, 32, 44–45n32, Stephen of Rouen; 51n97, 82, 112, 240 scribes and scribal activity saga see manuscript culture see Tristan legend scriptural material, 15, 80, 81, 95, saints and biblical persons 114–115, 119–21, 127, 143, 173, Abbo of Fleury, 178 190; see also Saints and biblical Ambrose, 143 persons Aubin of Angers, 35 Séez, 172 Augustine: see Augustine of Hippo self-fashioning, self-image Bede, the Venerable, 34, 174, 178 see identity Bernard, 143 Seneca, 143 Christ, life of, 173, 178, 184 sermon Cuthbert, life of, 196 see Christian doctrine Ethelbert, lives of, 142–43 Shepherd, Geoffrey, 136 Giles, life of, 152 Shippey, Tom, 194 Godric, 187, 189 Short, Ian, 39, 100n25, 237n1, 251 Gregory, 143, 174, 178 Sibiline Oracles, Livre de Sibile, 241–42 Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln, 31, 40, Sicily, 83, 125, 138, 251, 255 51n102 see also Tancred James, Proto-Evangelium, 180 Sigebert of Gembloux, 32 Jerome, 174 social disorder, 242, 249, 259 John the Baptist, 176 see also anarchy Joseph, 177 social justice, 8, 113, 141, 208, 214, Margaret of Scotland, 55, 67–68, 215, 253, 256–57 152, 199n3 (life of 68) see also tyranny Martha, 173, 178–80, 184 Song of Dermot and Earl Richard, Neot, 169, 184 (life of 172) “The Soul’s Address to the Body,” Nicholas, 185 (life of 152) 188, 199 Paul, 87, 113 Southampton, 251 Quentin, 154 Southern, Sir Richard, 45n33, 79, 80, Elizabeth, Mother of John the 81, 85, 87–88, 97n2, 98n4, n6, n7 Baptist, 176 Spanke, Hans, 118 Thomas à Becket: see Becket Speculum Duorum (Mirror of Two Men) Virgin Mary, 169, 184; see also see Gerald de Barri Marian literature Speculum princeps Wulfstan, 182 see Mirror of Princes Sampson, Abbot of Bury, 160, 166n17 Spiegel, Gabrielle, 230 Saracens, 252, 253 St. Albans, Hugh, Abbot of, 160 satire, 100n24, 109, 113, 139 St. Céneri, Abbey of, 32 INDEX 279

see also Gervase, prior translatio, translation, 76n94, 169, St. David’s, Wales, See of, 134, 138 176–77 St. Martial, Abbey of, 33 “Tremulous Hand” Stanley, E. G., 193 see Worcester Stephen of Blois Trier, 67 see Stephen, King of England Monastery of St. Eucharius- Stephen of Rouen, 30, 53, 55, 60–61 Matthias, 69 Draco Normannicus, 32, 37, 56, see also Bruno 58–59, 63, 69, 244 Trilingualism Verses, 68 see languages Stephen, Constable of Cardigan, 137 Trinubium Annae, 172–73, 176, 180, 184 Stephen, King of England, 14, 55, 60, Tristan legend, 4, 222, 249 62 (and Matilda, 18, 60, 255–56, of Béroul, 147, 223, 249 258, 259) of Gottfried, 147, 223, 233–35 Strecker, Karl, 124 (Tristran) of Thomas, 12, 13, streitgedichte 222–237, 249 (see also Thomas see debate of Britain) Stubbs, Stubbsian, 25, 255 Tristran als Mönch, 225 symbolism, 15, 59, 83, 117, 173, 180, Folies Tristan, 225–26 (Berne 226, 213, 221–35, 247n25, 257; see also Oxford 226–27) imagery Old French prose, 233 Symeon of Durham, 31 Norse Tristrams saga ok Ísönda, 233 Italian Tavola Ritonda, 233 Tacitus, Germania, 139 see also Malory Tancred of Sicily, 38 Troy, Trojan, 15, 39, 47n57, Tatlock, 241, 247n25 50n92 Terence, 143 Turville-Petre, Thorlac, 195 Adelphi, Eunuch, 147 tyranny, 241, 242, 244, 249, 256; see , Archbishop of also social justice Canterbury, 111 Thomas à Becket, St. Uther Pendragon, 239–40, 245n2 see Becket Thomas of Britain (d’Angleterre), Vaticinalis Historia (Expugnatio Hibernica) Tristran, 12, 13, 147, 221–37, 249 (Conquest of Ireland) (see also Tristan legend) see Gerald de Barri Thomas of Ely, 188 verse forms, 112, 113, 190–99, 250 Thomas of Kent, 241 laisse, 249–50, 252 Tiburtine Oracle couplet: elegiac, 134; octosyllabic, see Sibiline Oracles 250 (written as prose, 198; Tinchebrai, Battle of, 29, 61 romances, 61n19) Topographia Hibernica (Description of rhyme, 192, 195 (internal, 199) Ireland) hexameter and Alexandrines, 66–69, see Gerald de Barri 190, 193 Touraine, legitimacy of Henry II over, septenary and fifteen-syllable, 190 38–39 Old and Middle English alliterative tragedy, 222, 232, 236 traditions, 187–88, 191–99 280 INDEX

Vikings, 254 West Saxon literary standard, 152 see also Tristan legend , 255 Virgil, 119, 143 see also William Atheling Aeneid, 129n14 William Atheling (, son Georgics, 117 of Henry I), 59, 60 “Visio Philiberti,” 86, 94 William de Barri, 137 vita activa, vita contemplativa William I (the Conqueror), King of see Christian doctrine England, 15, 29, 40, 54, 60, 61, Vita Ædwardi 69, 73–74n51, 74n55, 255 see Ailred William II (Rufus), King of England, Vortigern, 240 29, 60 William Longchamp, 36 Wace, 2, 13, 28, 29, 36, 39, 43n24, William of Conches, 55, 66 53–54, 56, 57, 59, 61–65, 189, Dragmaticon philosophiae, 55 190, 213, 243–44, 249, 250 William of Jumièges, 32, 39, 55, 61 Roman de Rou, 28, 39, 43n22, n23, see also Robert de Torigni, Gesta 61–65 Normannorum Ducum Roman de Brut, 37, 43n22, 59, 189, William of Malmsbury, 51n97, 67, 241 190, 243–44 Gesta Regum Anglorum, 67 Waldef William of Poitou, 60 see romance(s) William of Saint-Pair, 58, 63, 65 Wales Roman du Mont Saint-Michel, 65 see Welsh language, nation, and William the Breton, culture Gesta Philippi, 31 Walter Espec of Helmsley, 250 William, Bishop of Le Mans, 35 Walter of Châtillon (Walter de Insula), Wilson, R. M., 187 1, 6–7, 13, 20, 21, 39, 73n44, Winchester, 48n66, 62 105n72, 109–128, 241 Winner and Waster, 92 Alexandreis, 20, 110–111, 116, Wollin, C., 100n28, 102n53, 118–120, 129n14 103n55 Lyrics and satires, 7, 21, 112–127 Worcester Cathedral (Benedictine Tractatus sive dialogus contra Iudaeos, Abbey of Christ and the Virgin), 120, 130n34 158, 193 Vitae, 110 “Tremulous Hand” of, 159–60, 188, Walter of Coutances, 22n12, 39 197 see also Jean de Hauville “Worcester Fragments,” 188, 191, Warwick, 251 194, 196 Welsh language, nation, and culture, Wulfstan, St., 158, 162, Homilies, 15, 19–20, 59, 82, 137–38, 167n21, 195 139–40 marches, 251 Ykenai prophecies, 240 see Hikenai see also Gerald de Barri; languages; Yseut St. David’s; William de Barri see Tristan legend Wenzel, Siegfried, 200n5 Yvain, West Midlands, 153, 158–62 see Chrétien