The Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja As A

CEU eTD Collection

The The In partIn CroatianDemocraticSlavoniaof Allianceand Baranja ial fulfillment ofthe requirements fo Think Croatian, Think Slavonian: act Department ofPolitical Science Central Supervisor: Zsolt Enyedi regionalist patriot regionalist Budapest, Hungary By: Kukec Marko Submitted to European University (2013)

r the degree Masterof Arts of

as aas

CEU eTD Collection Keywords: demands for on more focus should research Future features. Croatia, in as well ascentralization, in found are placement for allows that regionalist the into falls HDSSB the suggest results self and articles newspaper of analysis content qualitative regionalist produces se competition, party parties regionalistof Baranja. and Slavonia parties, regionalist studying trend. the followed has Croatia and Europe, in competition party territorial the of upsurge an been recently has There Abstract

the four categories categories four HDSSB; Branimir Glavaš;HDSSB; external regionalist resources; internal resources; patriot

self oe f Slavonia of role

- the government

n ehoeinls pris T pae h HSB n n category one in HDSSB the place To parties. ethnoregionalist and This work, by following the following by work, This

ute dsuso o ti udrtde category understudied this on discussion further is introd is To better capture the capture better To lf -

government and ethnonational. Juxtaposing those two dimensions dimensions two those Juxtaposing ethnonational. and government of regionalist parties: regionalist unionists, regionalist parties regionalist unionists, regionalist parties: regionalist of h opruiy f DS t rfr o the to refer to HDSSB of opportunity the

constraints t constraints

uced, relying on the on relying uced,

in poorregions is to aims

n Glavaš and study hat HDSSB faced: HDSSB hat

strategies

n h Hmln wr n HSB organizational HDSSB and war Homeland the in

and incentralizedand states th srtg o Cota Dmcai Al Democratic Croatian of strategy e

the rise of rise the framework of ext of framework two of the most salient dimensions of territorial of dimensions salient most the of two

patriot of regionalist parties, regionalist of

present cleavages, present - regionalist political parties political regionalist produced content is performed. The The performed. is content produced

categ ernal and internal resources in resources internal and ernal r f einls parties regionalist of ory .

Te esn fr uh a such for reasons The . poverty

territorial history of history territorial new new

of Slavonia and and Slavonia of categorization

patriot ine of liance and their and via fa via , and and , , the the , cti

CEU eTD Collection particularlythesis writingand period,collec inthe data support great a were who parents my to extended also are thanks My track. endeavo research this through has who Enyedi, Zsolt supervisor my of assistance the for grateful particularly am I Acknowledgments

r, as his constructive and valuable comments kept me on the right the on me kept comments valuable and constructive his as r, ii

tion stage.tion

during the entire entire the during

guided me guided CEU eTD Collection Referencelist Appendix 6. 5. 4. 3. HDSSB 2. 1. TableofContent

5.4.2. 5.4.1. 5.4. 5.3.2. 5.3.1. 5.3. 5.2. 5.1. 3.3. 3.2. 3.1. 2.3.2. 2.3.1. 2.3. 2.2.6. 2.2.5. 2.2.4. 2.2.3. 2.2.2. 2.2.1. 2.2. 2.1.

Methodology Categorization andoperationalization regionalist of parties Internaland external approaches to studyingregionalist parties appliedto the Introduction Conclusion Analysis

...... Territorial history of Croatia

Regionalistpatriots category and its implications Back to the roots of territorial party competition Other parties from regionalist the patrio Ethnon Self Four categoriesFour of regional parties Appealtowards the population the in centre: the ethnonational dimen Attitudestowards self Organizational features Leadership role Branimirof Glavaš Internalapproach to the ofcase HDSSB Value cleavage a Culture Decentralization Economy History Slavonia of Externalapproach tothe ofcase HDSSB Conceptof a regionalist party Discussionof the results HDSSBethnonationalon dimension HDSSBself the on

...... - government dimension

......

ational dimension ......

......

...... nd Slavonia past voting pattern ......

...... - ...... governmentdimension

...... - government:the centralist

......

...... t t category ......

...... iii ......

......

...... –

...... secessionistdimension ......

...... sion ......

......

...... caseof ......

44 39 36 30 26 24 22 19 19 17 17 14 11 64 57 53 50 49 49 46 44 36 33 24 10

8 8 7 7 1

CEU eTD Collection countries Figure 5: Correlation matrix between ethnonational and territorial dimension of party competition in 22 Figure 4: Regionalist party categorization matrix Figure 3: Fiscal decentralization index CEEin (1993 Figure 2: Unemployment in Slavonia and Baranja (1990 Figure 1: GDP per capita in Slavonia and Baranja (2001 Table Results5: of national elections Slavoniain (1990 Table Results4: of European Parliament election (2013) Table Results3: of county assembly elections fiin Table Results2: of head of executive elections thein five Slavonian regions (2009 Table 1: Votes and vote shares thein 4th and 5th elec of figuresList and tables

......

...... ve Slavonian counties (2005 iv - toral toral districts nationalat elections (2007 2010)

- - - 2003)

...... 2010) 2012)

......

...... - 2013) ...... - ...... 2013) ......

......

...... - 2011) ......

......

30 29 16 14 13 60 59 58 57

CEU eTD Collection early regime, Tudjman‘s Democratic circumst those mind in Having 629) Tudjman Franjo was ‗autonomism‘ of opponent demanded that movements to of sensitive empowerment particularly were nationalists territory, Croatian after Especially particularity. of claim any against sense a create and identity national build tendencies unifying to way gave war with coupled process, A s unity be should thestrongest, namely p.62) 2008, Keating p.178; 1992, of unification the against were they Since territory. its throughout spans sovereignty undivided whose state the and state 2008) Keating 2000; Bartolini 1997; (Keating in place took that states, European Western of consolidation and modernization of tools primary the of One

imilar pattern can be observed in Croatia since 1990, as the need for need 1990,as the Croatiaobserved since in pattern be imilar can 1. teleological view that the ultimate aim ultimate the that view teleological .

2000

Introduction - building processes, since having separate identities was seen as seen identities having was separate since processes, building s. But in 2005, 2005, in But s. Assembly, by politicizing latent grievances between multicultural Istria and the the and Istria multicultural between grievances latent politicizing by Assembly,

the the , treating ,

18 state, peripheral state, oe ic o ntoa territory national of piece some

manage th

and

every resist every the the d

relatively peaceful waters of territorial party competition were once once were competition party territorial of waters peaceful relatively o trc a attract to 19 ances, there is no wonder why wonder no is there ances, the president of Croatia and Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) Union Democratic Croatian and Croatia of president the th .

As Jović argues, regionalist parti regionalist argues, Jović As demands century, was the abolishment of rights of sub of rights of abolishment the was century,

ance as subversive and traitorous and subversive as ance in the

substantial number of votes during votes of number substantial

control of control of modernization process is a homogeneous nation homogeneous a is process modernization of were labeled as being essentially anti essentially being as labeled were of national unity, nationalist parties were strongly strongly were parties nationalist unity, national of . They were often seen as an impediment to nation to impediment an as seen often were They . 1

the

Jvć 92 p.178) 1992, (Jović

rebe national territory. l

(Petak 2012, pp.73 2012, (Petak Serbs took over substantial parts of of parts substantial over took Serbs only one regionalist party, Istrian party, regionalist one only es demanded partiality where partiality demanded es

(Ashbrook 2006, pp.625 2006, (Ashbrook nation

being .

rcal, h fiercest the Crucially,

the 1990 the incompatible with and state – - state authorities authorities state 74) - modern .

In order to order In and s - building (Jović

the the – - - ,

CEU eTD Collection parliament. in seats 7 hold currently they elections, the after MP another by joined were they re 4 both in share vote their increase to ha they MP‘s three the keep The ( ( Alliance for stands ‗S‘ first but (HDSSB), acronym same the has that party the achievescounty list forthcoming the muddled. again sabor pciey Ti bogt hm h ices o rpeetto by representation of increase the them brought This spectively.

Croatian Democratic Democratic Croatian ir Assembly attracted Assembly

first su first ).

later on later

local elections in Osijek in elections local ccess at ccess Seeing that he was he that Seeing

emerged from emerged

the HDZ,prominentSlavonianofmember most the washe victory.big As first

Assembly national big number of Slav of number big d before the elections (Table 1) (Table elections the before d

the level

not in favor of favor in not of Slavonia and Baranja and Slavonia of

Assembly. - Baranja th

happened happened n 5 and onian HDZ members who formed the basis of basis the formed who members HDZ onian th County

2 The party, which party, The electoral district by 6 and and 6 by district electoral

in the in the

HDZ leadership, HDZ on 15 on

2007 elections, where they managed to to managed they where elections, 2007 . At the 2011 elections, they managed they elections, 2011 the At .

(HDSSB) th

May 2005, where his independent independent his where 2005, May was founded on 6 on founded was

primnay et. Since seats. parliamentary 3 savez

Branimir order to compete at compete to order ) rather than Assembly than rather ) 5 percentage points, points, percentage 5

Glavaš fo Glavaš

th the

May 2006 May

Croatian unded

the the ,

CEU eTD Collection increased and counties, Slavonian all in presence their establish to managed they elected, directly was executive of head the where first elections, local 2009 level, county the At votes. Glavaš‘s where Osijek, first The HSS/HSLS HNS HSU HSP HDSSB SDP HDZ 2011) Table

: Votesand voteshares elections inthe4thand5thelectoral at (2007 districts national

electoral

(4.04%) 8424 (4.64%) 9687 (4.89%) 10207 (7.98%) 16656 (15.23%) 31795 (28.80%) 55936 (31.20%) 65115 4 th

success of HDSSB (officially independent) was at the 2005 loca 2005 the at was independent) (officially HDSSB of success

independent list came out as a winner with winner a as out came list independent 2007

he also won the relative majority of votes, more precisely 33380. 33380. precisely more votes, of majority relative the won also he (5.54%) 11766 (4.31%) 9160 (3.71%) 7877 (5.19%) 11023 (6.01%) 12757 (26.70%) 56721 (42.75%) 90821 5 th

HDSSB S/ SDP/HNS/ID HDZ HSP HSU 3

(21.66%) 44687 (33.06%) 68188 (23.45%) 48377 4 (4.69%) 9665 th

their

the

relative majority of 10537 10537 of majority relative vote vote 2011 share (11.45%) 24308 (32.23% 68447 (32.93%) 69929 5 (4.69%) 9953

in l elections in elections l

the

Os ijek - By By - CEU eTD Collection st the in transposed later was This independence. that emphasized often and Croatia, towards indep for war (Croatian war Homeland forefr the Beingatparty. regionalist notable a developing forlikelycandidate HDSSB of strategy the Türsan and Winter De by edited parties regionalist on volume landmark the in developed parties, regionalist to approaches external and electora and strategy party regionalist studying for framework A district (PR) underparliament pp.5 2009, (Lublin (9.80%). in result best the achieved and Dalmatia) ( HDSSD with coalition in D‘Hondt) 5%, of threshold legal 12; of magnitude the At since 2005 are reported in Osijek the in position executive of head the kept they Osijek, of mayor of position the lost surprisingly they though Even County. Posavina countie the all in share vote their increase to managed they in executive of head the for elections the won they Moreover, election. legislative County Baranja

the electoral districts, but failed to even even to failed but districts, electoral

Osijek .

03 uoen lcin (open elections European 2013 This result testifies on the advantages of territorial concentration of electoral support support electoral of concentration territorial of advantages the on testifies result This - aaj ony s wel as County, Baranja

the

the electoral system that divides the country into ten into country the divides systemthat electoral the

Greens, HDSSB r HDSSB Greens, – 6; Bochsler 2011, pp.232 2011, Bochsler 6; . Unlike Istria, Slavonia and Baranja was for several reasons not the most most the not reasons several for was Baranja and Slavonia Istria, Unlike .

the Tables 2 and 3 the

Osijek eceived 3.01% of national votes ( votes national of 3.01% eceived - Baranja County (22.48%) and (22.48%) County Baranja l as for the mayor of Osijek. At Osijek. of mayor the for as l endence), Slavonians developed Slavonians endence), (De Winter & Tursan 1998) Tursan & Winter (De - it ytm nation system; list pass

found in found - – aaj County. Baranja 233)

4 their the

og upr fr h right the for support rong ,

legal since the party won six seats in the national national the in seats six won party the since

App arfc i te onain f Croatia‘s of foundation the is sacrifice

endix threshold s, most notably in notably most s, - h r The . ie lcoa dsrc; district district; electoral wide

l success that relies on internal on relies that success l

(5%) the sls of esults , will also be used be also will , proportional representation proportional

Table 4, Appendix 4, Table

strong nationalist feelings nationalist strong

the Pozeg

in 2013 local elections, elections, local 2013

ont of Croatia in the in Croatiaof ont the - the nation the

wing parties, most most parties, wing a a all -

Slavonia County Slavonia sister party from party sister Slavonski Brod Slavonski

oa elections local - wide to study to ). They ).

PR -

CEU eTD Collection regionalistunionists, parties where space dimensional dimension. ethnonationalist named be may and region, own their of inhabitants to parties regionalist of appeal of exclusiveness perceived self the parties regionalist of categorization on relies study self for demand politics: territorial of aspects important most the capture would that parties regionalist general, in politics territorial and particular (region). state a within territory defining The government self of degree higher the for demands to led that regionalism of rise the facilitate to argued were high centre the from resources of inflow wo that power state of restructuring territorial of kind any for opt than centralization rather of favor in more be to Slavonians led have Keating, to according should, war) centthe against mobilized be hardly could Slavonians zone, demilitarized as itself proclaim to wanted Istria after especially and reconciliation, and unity national of ideas Tudjman‘s of Receptive HDZ. notably - cen government centralization of the state, coupled with favorable institutional struc institutional favorable with coupled state, the of centralization tralist - government and and government (Hechter 1973; Brancati 2007; Lublin(Hechter Brancati 2009) 2007; 1973; -

secession characteristic of regionalist parties is that they restrict their operation to a single single a to operation their restrict they that is parties regionalist of characteristic re. Moreover, being dependent on help from the centre (due to severe losses in theseverelosses to centre (due the from help on beingdependentMoreover, re.

the sought w ms slet hrceitc o rgoait ate i dvlpn a developing in parties regionalist of characteristics salient most two ist (De Winter 1998, pp.204 1998, Winter (De

ethnonationalism dimension, where parties take their position with regard to the level of level the to regard with position their take parties where dimension, the via facti

or aeois f reg of categories four After reviewing the relevant literature on regionalist parties in parties regionalist on literature relevant the reviewing After .

(Keating 1997, p.389) 1997, (Keating The first The , regionalist .

Juxtaposi olwn te ok f Tü of work the Following

ws uze b t by puzzled was I major dimension of regionalist party competition is competition party regionalist of dimension major 5 patriots

– 208) ng those two dimension two those ng oait ate cn e oae: regionalist located: be can parties ionalist . .

and parties. ethnoregionalist The second dimension is based on the on based is dimension second The . On the other hand, poor economy and and economy poor hand, other the On . e bec o ctgrzto of categorization of absence he rsan rsan ture (electoral system) (electoral ture Tra 1998) (Tursan s

produces uld endanger the the endanger uld

the , this this ,

new new two - CEU eTD Collection for thefuture research. relevance its states study, the of overview an offers chapter category. this of relevance policy and theoretical the stating as well as category, Section competition. party territorial of dimensions two the follows resources internal and external of The scheme. coding of development conte qualitative namely applied, method parties. regionalist of categorization new the for background most two the introduce will of application discu briefly will chapter next The to arguea for HDS of case the uses it as category, proper the in HDSSB the placing beyond goes however, thesis, This voters? Slavonian of mobilization of strategy its devising while constraints external that question research The is devoted to the category of regionalist patriots, by briefly reviewing other parties in this in parties other reviewing by briefly patriots, regionalist of category the to devoted is n understudied the external

- internal resources framework to the case the to framework resources internal wil

category regionalist parties: regionalist of patriots. motn dimensions important l guide this study is: is: study this guide ss the territorial aspect of aspect territorial the ss analysis and discussion of the results in light the framework framework the light in results the of discussion and analysis nt analysis, as well as well as analysis, nt 6

how did how in regionalist party programs which are the the are which programs party regionalist in

and limitations, as well as limitations, and HDSSB respond to the internal and internal the to respond HDSSB

regionalist parties, and proceed to proceed and parties, regionalist The fourth chapter discusses the the discusses chapter fourth The the of HDSSB. HDSSB. of data collection process and process collection data

The third The The concluding concluding The

prospects

chapter SB

CEU eTD Collection label the adopt will I regionalistset for broadofparties this Therefore, region. a within located often together, clustered usually substantial number of votesonly in up (ofte region that in minority a forms which population a of interests represent or interests regional represent to aim an with region, certain a to presence electoral and organizational its restricts intentionally group first The outcomes electoral through or purpose on ways: two the in territorial Gómez p.2; 2006, Cartrite & country a of territory the throughout votes receive and elections from differentiation their for basis the as serves that and territory, sub certain a in operate they since territorial, inherently are parties Those parties. those of pessimis less a On fromthe comparability various researchprojects. ofresults on influence major a has which selection, case different to leads differently parties those labeling from those on parties study comparative into engage to difficult very it makes which labels, different 16 than less no enumerates Massetti thesis, his of beginning the At parties. those for labels various in represent to claim that parties political on literature The f ate ta d am o oe te nie ertr o a tt, u te mng t wn a win to manage they but state, a of territory entire the cover to aim do that parties of 2.1. 2.

(Massetti 2009, p.4) 2009, (Massetti appliedto thecase ofHDSSB Internaland

ifrn the different Concept of a regionalistConcept ofa party tic note, there is a general consensus in the literature on one distinctive feature distinctive one on literature the in consensus general a is there note, tic rtcl prah a wl a srig ifrn proe. edes o say, to Needless purposes. different serving as well as approach, oretical externalapproaches to studying regionalist parties . Each of those labels might have a slightly different meaning, derived meaning,different slightly a havemight labels those Eachof . n the same as majority at the state level). The second group is made made is group second The level). state the at majority as same the n - Reino 2008, p.15; Dandoy 2010, p.197) 2010, Dandoy p.15; 2008, Reino one .

region.

Electoral where districts

habitants of a certain territory suggests territory certain a of habitants

(Jović 1992, p.174; Miodownik Miodownik p.174; 1992, (Jović state . Those parties can become become can parties Those . - (Jović 1992, pp.177 1992, (Jović wide parties, which run at run which parties, wide those parties

compet – - 178) e are e are state

CEU eTD Collection well as de to them enables and 2009) of repositories as serve often a are developments historical Past issues. ex another to f The 263) adding Winte De edited, he that parties regionalist on volumes both of conclusion ones notable most the being as allies influential out singles he and resources, external of analysis the p.9) 2010, Hough topic the on research subsequent by adopted ‗ book Tarrow‘s Sydney was in parties operationalized regionalist of resources internal and external between Division

ternal resources are European integration, European are resources ternal oeihbtns ftergo twr common toward region the of inhabitants move

2.2.1. 2.2. strategie . irst is cultural, wh cultural, is irst . Common history of history Common .

several additional fa additional several towards the

oiia fco ta D Winter De that factor political

External approach External History of Slavonia History of the the and s two volumes on regionalist parties edited by Lieven De Winter De Lieven by edited parties regionalist on volumes two .

External approaches seek to examine how the how examine to seek approaches External

nation ucs o rgoait ate. Muller parties. regionalist of success ich includes religion, language and common and language religion, includes ich fine their identity, their fine - state. a ctors territorially concent territorially

(Hepburn 2007a, p.10; Massetti 2009, pp.8 2009, Massetti p.10; 2007a, (Hepburn to (De Winter 1998, pp.214 1998, Winter (De n gional identity identity gional

important external resource in region in resource external important

the case ofHDSSB the case

osdr i eetrl system electoral is considers to position themselves in relation in themselves position to

economic developmen economic oe i Movements in Power 8 rated

Rka & ri 18, pp.131 1983, Urwin & (Rokkan

ee of level sense of sense (Muller

group of people adds to their cohesiveness their to adds people of group

- – oml eeos faeok f framework a develops Rommel 221; De Winter et al. 2006, pp.255 2006, al. et Winter De 221;

oml 98 pp.25 1998, Rommel eetaiain pry ytm and system party decentralization, identity. environmental factors influence factors environmental t, history, ‘

critical events and specific and events critical Tro 1998) (Tarrow Apart from party system, system, party from Apart - . building efforts, as they they as efforts,building Among other notable notable other Among – r expands the list by list the expands r

which 11; Hepburn & Dan Dan & Hepburn 11; to ,

as well as by the the by as well as other regions other

elaborated and and elaborated

are presumed are – – 3; Hroch 134; 26) ad was and , I the In . , as , or or –

CEU eTD Collection shield material Cro allowed and cities, Croatian other on pressure the particular this at concentrate to forces Serbian required Vukovar p.88) 2003, Grgin e it where the for As (Banjeglav 2012,pp.12 nation of pillars main the are Vukovar, to tied Slavonia Eastern war. the in event warfare particular, in Vukovar and Slavonia Eastern on discussion general in violence political and warfare is samples the all in dominant is which content the and history, of In than teleological a solidly throughoutgroup. facts,renegotiated Ratherbeinganchoredcharters tend tobe inthe than its in embodied pp.1 2005, Hilton identity group on effect important an have itself, history necessarily not and history, socia that argue Hilton and Liu view, of point constructivist more a From

group‘s history in the li the in history group‘s a

recent There are two symbo two are There for

for f for

the rest ofCroatia

re a lteig epithet flattering a arned notion of notion study Lu t l 20, pp.176 2005, al. et (Liu urther resistance urther

, namely , , Liu and colleagues and Liu , process charter – I 19s war, 1990s In . 2)

contemporary martyrdom . Social representation of of representation Social – wih ie a ‗con o te rgn n hsoia msin o the of mission‘ historical and origin the of ‗account an gives which ,

19) (Liu 2005,pp.4 & Hilton D.J. ght of contextual factors contextual of ght

ls that are that ls martyrdom and victimhood and martyrdom .

against the

Therefore, Vukovar and Eastern Slavonia Eastern and Vukovar Therefore, , it ,

history of history dates back to the participation of Slavonia in Vojna Krajina, Vojna in Slavonia of participation the to back dates

operations operations particularly worth mentioning worth particularly of – find that th that find 179)

kind of neuae christianitatis antemurale . aig th Having

Slavonia, namely its par its namely Slavonia,

aggression thatVukovarwas to exposed n atr Saoi ad especially and Slavonia Eastern in a 9

ere , making charter making , group‘s histo group‘s - ulig rcs ta to pae n Croat in place took that process building

exist , since t since , s rsls n id I will I mind, in results ose – 5) atia to recruit soldiers and acquire war war acquire and soldiers recruit to atia s a shared cross shared a s .

briefly introduce the most important most the introduce briefly hose two symbols, especially when especially symbols, two hose ry is, according to those authors, those to according is, ry area -

devising in the context context the in Hlea 20, pp.104 2006, (Holjevac , and that led to decreasing to led that and , ticipation in the Homeland Homeland the in ticipation are often portrayed as as portrayed often are - cultural representation cultural

an open an rpeettos of representations l of the battle for battle the of , through the the through ,

- the ended rather ended (Liu & D. J. J. D. & (Liu .

siege of of siege – 105; ia a

CEU eTD Collection called so the in Knin, of town the around territory Croatian of parts the off cut Serbs rebellious convince to little did HDZ the and minority, the into turning al reconciliation‘ ‗national of project This nation. undivided and state centralized a favored Tudjman president state subsequent the and war Homeland the During Serbian populationagainst and Kosovo takeover coming demands towards sensitive very were people Finnish argue, Lindström and Ackren As centre. anti strong of development the to territory its of part a lost country a that fact of success and positioning ideological studying when country a of history l The general,are inthe celebrated often walk‘. war Homeland the in killing and massacred torture. heavy to them subjected and farm, nearby a to p wounded 200 took forces Serbian Vukovar, of massacre. Ovčara Croatians: of memory collective the on mark deep a left that one in events many Among 2.2.2. trtr o rgoait ate sseaial fls hr of short falls systematically parties regionalist on iterature

Moreover, t Moreover, s

of Finnish territory Finnish of Territorial history o osat ead fr teghnn te uooy f Vojvodi of autonomy the strengthening for demands constant

their bodies were bodies their so included Croatian Serbs Serbs Croatian included so

from Å from he victimho he

wartime land the , and ,

(Ackren & Lindstrom 2011, p.15) 2011, Lindstrom & (Ackren islands peripheral demands territorial od and martyrdom of martyrdom and od

f Croatiaf

thrown in thrown Eastern Slavonia that can be connected to victimhoo to connected be can that Slavonia Eastern is commemorated every year in what is known as the ‗memory ‗memory the as known is what in year every commemorated is Croatian popular music - einls (noit feig aog h pplto i the in population the among feelings (unionist) regionalist , since Finnish history is marked by foreign domination and and domination foreign by marked is history Finnish since ,

(either through war or peaceful secession) peaceful or war through (either (Banjeglav 2012, pp.9 2012, (Banjeglav

a mass grave. mass a 10 atients from Vukovar hospital, Vukovar from atients

and nation and Vukovar, as well as well as Vukovar,

(Baker 2009) n h dy ta followed that days the In This event represents the largest mass largest the represents event This

(ĐorĎević 2012, p.188) (ĐorĎević 2012, them the opposite. As the response, the As opposite. the them - . Similarly, Serbian recent loss recent Serbian Similarly, . building efforts, HDZ led by the the by led HDZ efforts, building – conig for accounting 10) , but they felt uneasy with uneasy felt they but , .

regionalist of

Eastern Slavonia in Slavonia Eastern a ae und the turned have na

transported them transported

the territorial territorial the . After the fall the After

te were they , parties. The The parties.

might might d, there is there d, separatist lead lead

CEU eTD Collection central depicts and gove territories, peripheral over rule government central of nature exploiting ‗p The revenuestax intheregion. budget This pri regions, other in compatriots ‗lazy‘ their than productive more being sentiments f The between economy state of 2010) Fitjar 2007; Fitjar 1983; Urwin & conseq and regionalism,of occurrence for reasons important most the of one as mentioned commonly are reasons Economic p.636) zone demilitarized a as Istria proclaim to as well as Euroregion, an become to willingness their expresses they after especially traitor, a as even or Serbian ‗autonomist‘, as portrayed with equated effectively was Istria in Tud by IDS secessionism of emergence the why wonder no is occupied was territory full the into grown on later has which revolution‘, ‗log de about their accomplishments, and accomplishments, their about de 2.2.3. rnment as the one to blame for underdevelopment of underdevelopment for blame to one the as rnment rise of rise rt anan ta ihbtns f ih ein ae h on the are regions rich of inhabitants that maintains irst . o rgo‘ con, ae on based account, region‘ oor

manifests itself primarily in seeking in primarily itself manifests

Economy D Wne 19, .1; etn 19, .8; ijr 06 Fta 21, p.528) 2010, Fitjar 2006; Fitjar p.389; 1997, Keating p.217; 1998, Winter (De dissatisfaction with being hardworking but al but hardworking being with dissatisfaction

jman and struck a chord with with chord a struck and jman (Bjelajac & Ţunec 2007, p.15) 2007, Ţunec & (Bjelajac

and u entially, success of entially,success

the

rise of regionalism. regionalism. rise of

the refuse . There are There .

itra colonialism‘ ‗internal

fiscal decentrali fiscal

to share their wealth their share to 11 parties

voters . Having those circumstances in mind, there mind, in circumstances those Having . two main two

that thrive on regional sentiments regionalon thrive that - ways deprived of their of deprived ways blown war where the third of Croatian of third the where war blown

the Jvć 92 pp.178 1992, (Jović zation, mostly in mostly zation,

region in question in region

strands in strands

literature s iey o eeo regional develop to likely es with the rest of the country the of rest the with

they

the ,

a epaie the emphasized has develop

theory on the link link the on theory a

Ahro 2006, (Ashbrook share of national of share form of keeping of form –

179) (Hechter 1973, (Hechter

sne of sense a IS was IDS .

(Rokkan . By .

CEU eTD Collection being p are indicators economic countylevel because until data, 2010, 1 general capita in ofCroatia compares withGDPper it capita per GDP of fluctuation the illustrates 1 Figure Croatia. be will they GDP are voting economic on literature in structured against Baranja and Slavonia between relationship economic the was How 1977: 275) a of inhabitants lead will results resources a whether to reference t The 2006) and Wallon Rassemblement government. central subsidies of regardless government, central against turning their and region 319 1973: (Hechter, as apart, further periphery and argued who Hechter, Michael by proposed was theory pp.323

Data are available only for period from 2001, from 2001, period for only available are Data atd Sro D'Azione Sardo Partido id e o tere fcss on focuses theories of set hird . –

2; ilas 97 p23 Barz Caol 17, .6 Fta 21, p.528) 2010, Fitjar p.86; 1979, Chaloult & Beatriz p.273; 1977, Williams 324;

used the

in last 22 years? years? 22 last

the different the -

E 323) an

ape of xamples region is poor or rich. As Geller argues, the simple fact that fact simple the argues, Geller As rich. or poor is region

in Belgian region of region Belgian in

exposition of the economic relation between Slavonia and the rest of of rest the and Slavonia between relation economic the of exposition region to develop regionalist sentiments regionalist develop to region . Consequentially, this will lead to homogen to lead will this Consequentially,

rm h iln o Sardinia of island the from

c Two macroeconomic measures that are most commonly used in used commonly most are that measures macroeconomic Two

level of economic development (there is an ‗unequal diffusio ‗unequal an is (there development economic of level entre and periphery play different roles in in roles different play periphery and entre ate ta epotd uh rltosi wt te centre the with relationship a such exploited that parties

the

when Croatian Bureau of Statistics started publishing county publishing started Statistics of Bureau whenCroatian per capita a capita per

ehns o ueul itiuin s such, as distribution unequal of mechanism

Wallonia 12

nd unemployment unemployment nd 1 . Despitethe of

that industrialization will drive will industrialization that that existed from existed that i € i five in €) (in ublished withtwo ublished Bees V & (Buelens (Geller 1964: 166 in Wi in 166 1964: (Geller

relatively short time period time relatively short p.539) 2008, (Roberts

izing the inhabitants of a of inhabitants the izing Slavonian - year time lag year 1968 until mid until 1968 an Dyck 1998; Roux Roux 1998; Dyck an the a rest of the country the of rest national economy national rvdd by provided

distribution of distribution onis and counties,

the - - 1980es, without level level

. lliams cen , and , This

the the are n‘) n‘) tre

CEU eTD Collection singlecounty. 2 trend and 2002 from drop to started unemployed of number since does, capita per GDP as pattern namely voters, to proximate more well their affect directly not does this since GDP, of rise the perceive not do voters that argue may Critics Figure GDP in decline sharp a notice can one and economy, Croatian on effect an have to started yea the was 2008 2008. and 2006 of years between growth h especially with 2008, until 2001 from capita per GDP of growth constant a been has there frame time this within constant been has general in Croatia and was counties eastern five natio of the under constantly capita per GDP that observed be can it graph, this by covered

Unemployment data are available for county level since 1990, and is measured as the n is measured and since1990, countyfor level available are data Unemployment 10000 12000 2000 4000 6000 8000

0 per capita 1 : GDP per capita and inSlavonia Baranja: GDPper (2001 2001 - being

2002

that follow . Therefore, I will discuss a macroeconomic indicator which is considered to be be to considered is which indicator macroeconomic a discuss will I Therefore, 2003

2004 nal average. Difference in GDP per capita between those five counties five those between capita per GDP in Difference average. nal ed 2005

the crisis.

2006

the 2007

ee o unemployment of level 2008 2009 13

2010 - 2010) we te lbl cnmc crisi economic global the when r

. Croatia GDP_Slavonia Average county Vukovar-Srijem county Osijek-Baranja county Brod-Posavina Slavonski county Pozega-Slavonia county Virovitica-Podravina

More dynamic More . 2

Figure 2 reveals the similar similar the reveals 2 Figure umber of unemployed in a unemployed umberof view

reveals that that reveals

Slavonian

igh s

CEU eTD Collection pp.810 to leads which issues, Muller p.681; at stakes increases 2006, decentralization Brancati p.158; 2007, Brancati are functions making r dec fiscal and political that argues unidirectional. not is phenomena two those between relationship in decentraliza of level consider increasingly parties regionalist in interested Authors Figure capacity,industrial led toriseinunemployment and that to50% rate economy. to started crises economic global the when 2008 in course its reversed egionalist 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

5000 h rs of rise the 2.2.4. 0 – 2 811) : Unemployment in Slavonia and inSlavonia Baranja(1990 : Unemployment

Being fairly developed region before the war, Eastern Slavonia lost 90% of its pre its of 90% lost Slavonia Eastern war, the before region developed fairly Being

Decentralization parties can get representation (and therefore visibility and experience) once decision once experience) and visibility therefore (and representation get can parties .

those

parties

devolved the

ie f einls pris ih oa vtr appeal voter local with parties regionalist of rise

(Muller

rm eta state central from

the entralization -

oml 98 p2; ohlr 00 pp.809 2010, Bochsler p.25; 1998, Rommel local leve local 14 l, and voters are more inclined to vote on local on vote to inclined more are voters and l,

facilitates

o oa level local to - 2012) - oml 98 p.25) 1998, Rommel

h rs o rgoait parties regionalist of rise the

Osijek-Baranja county Osijek-Baranja county Brod-Posavina Slavonski county Pozega-Slavonia county Virovitica-Podravina 2012) (1990- Average_Slavonia county Vukovar-Srijem

Chbe & ola 1998; Kollman & (Chhibber h f The (Smoljan 2010,pp.29 (Smoljan have an effect of Croatian of effect an have rt tad f literature of strand irst (Bochsler 2010, 2010, (Bochsler tion as tion Moreover . – 811)

a factor a – 30) but , - , war . as

- , CEU eTD Collection fo failure as up ended decentralization and follow, not did decentralization fiscal sound powers, administrative 2012, Slijepčević & Alibegović system welfare decision decentralize to aim the in elected government new The regional level represent counties and government of level local the represent cities and towns municipalities, two Nevertheless, nation to as well as modernization, to impediment an faced it that been has Croatia 1990, Since Alonso 2012) circumstances) decentralization on depending of path the on embark to have they parties, level. the national on representation achieve and voters local mobilize to have they policy, decentralization from systems parties regionalist ha other the On te establishment the r territorial reorganization of state power state of reorganization territorial

have a preference for decentralization, in order to gain aforementioned benefits that stem that benefits aforementioned gain to order in decentralization, for preference a have (Petak 2012, p.77) 2012, (Petak . (Jurlina

I (Petak 2012, p.78; Ott & Bajo 2002, p.12; Jurlina p.12; 2002, Bajo & Ott p.78; 2012, (Petak f national go national f d sm atos li ta i i mr cnrlzto ta las to leads that centralization more is it that claim authors some nd, (He - . The biggest problem is the is problem biggest The . ird sys tiered

- ller 2002; Alonso 2012) Alonso 2002; ller Alibegović &Alibegović p.3) Slijepčević 2012, of of hs lcl nt) hc cannot which units) local those - making and administration of several policies, such as education and and education as such policies, several of administration and making verning parties are to reduce the electoral pressure from regionalist from pressure electoral the reduce to are parties verning

in order to eliminate the peripheral electoral threat electoral peripheral the eliminate to order in e o sub of tem a .

unitary and centralized state, mostly due to the challenge of war of challenge the to due mostly state, centralized and unitary M p.5) ore importantly, powerful local governments are often seen as seen often are governments local powerful importantly, ore

2000 elections passed the passed elections 2000 . Even though local government received new political and political new received government local though Even . - ainl oenet a be itoue, where introduced, been has government national

(Lublin 2011, p.6) 2011, (Lublin . It is argued that regionalist parties regionalist that argued is It . 15 rising

building number of local units (due to loose crite loose to (due units local of number . perform

‗decentralization package‘, with an with package‘, ‗decentralization process . To be able to alter the course of of course the alter to able be To .

smercl r asymmetrical or (symmetrical - Alibegović 2002, p.6; Jurlina p.6; 2002, Alibegović

h nw ucin ta were that functions new the

(Keating 2008, pp.61 2008, (Keating (Meguid 2008; (Meguid

in centralized in

the

reform ie of rise – 62) ria ria - .

CEU eTD Collection Source: Aristovnik Figure whichby can influenced thesub be sub the of revenues Jurlina Similarly, drop real the and 2001 but the after index, happened decentralization fiscal the on low fairly scored 1990s in Croatia 3, s by decentralization fiscal of levels compare to governments, subnational of (FI) independence fiscal and (FA) autonomy fiscal of measures combines which (FDI), index decentralization fiscal after state central Aristovnik government Therefore, them. to transferred everal post everal 3 : Fiscal: decen (2012) -

communist countries. According to his calculations presented graphically in Figure Figure in graphically presented calculations his to According countries. communist (Ott &(Ott Petak Bajo2012,p.79; 2002,p.12; Ott 2001,p.315) & - the

lbgvć n Slijepčević and Alibegović (2012, p.12) (2012, hw ta lcl government local that shows - ainl nt ae noe a ad rns from grants and tax income are units national 2001 refor 2001 tralization index in CEE (1993 index inCEE tralization

the

m package. In his analysis, he relies on an aggregate measure of measure aggregate an on relies he analysis, his In package. m oa units local

adoption of (relatively unsuccessfu (relatively of adoption - national units national

eed evl on heavily depend 16 21, pp.12 (2012, .

n Croatia in - 2010)

–

14) a ee mr dpnet on dependent more even was

various

hw ht h ms important most the that show

l) decentralization package. decentralization l) the

rns from grants tt bde, ete of neither budget, state .

the

central

the

CEU eTD Collection Bor competition party of pattern this from loose break to costly too is it that p.256) 2006, al. et Winter De systems studying in aspect external Another country of language. interms p.178) 1996, al. et party ethnoregionalist no with but language distinctive with regions are there since exists, such where regions the in only but strength, party ethnoregionalist of predictor good a is p.13 1983, Urwin & Rokkan p.126; 2009, (Paasi w that aspect cultural another is Language havedid not Slavonia lines ethnic around divisions of existence empirically supporting lead, will belonging‘) of ‗feeling generally, (more p.126) 2009, Paasi p.260; 2006, al. et Winter fo voting consequentially, and, sentiments likely is region a in community ethnic distinct a of Presence nschier 2008, p.5) 2008, nschier 2.2.6. 2.2.5.

and , they ,

Culture Value cleavage Slavonia and pry ytm ainlzto i negatively is nationalization system party , the

voting preferences that stem from those cleavages those from stem that preferences voting major

do not distinguish themselves ethnically from the rest of the country, and ethnicity and country, the of rest the from ethnicallythemselves distinguish not do party

. influence on

As for for As

. ht lis o ersn te neet o ta region that of interests the represent to claims that

Even though parties are capable of opening up new cleavages, as well as as well as cleavages, new up opening of capable are parties though Even Slavonia

Existing cleavages may structure may cleavages Existing

the

development of th development regionalist ns, they ns,

past votingpatternpast r regionalist parties regionalist r

s on to found as do not differentiate themselves differentiate not do Bcse 21, p.17) 2010, (Bochsler

parties are the existing cleavages existing the are parties 17 .

1) D

. sic ehi iett, agae n religion and language identity, ethnic istinct Hearl and his colleagues his and Hearl e HDSSB eei paribus ceteris

e motn i rgoa vtn choice voting regional in important be n substantially and

(De Winter 1998, pp.214 1998, Winter (De (Muller to lead to emergence of regional regional of emergence to lead to .

party competition to an extent an to competition party .

s o te i the for As - Rommel 1998, pp.25 1998, Rommel t voter to , . (Enyedi 2005, p.700; 2005, (Enyedi

s ohlr shows Bochsler As from the rest of the the of rest the from show that language that show nlecd y the by influenced , as well as party party as well as , i a region a in s hbtns of nhabitants – 219; De 219;

a (Hearl

party – 26;

CEU eTD Collection Coupled Tudjman. of death the after Appendix e national all from Slavonia in results Electoral observe to plausible t especially and Slavonia of history the mind in Having Henjak also left the while HDZ, inter than rather bloc, to connected are that Voters 2007: 13) division up picked 72 2007: (Henjak his and Tito to close were who those and (ustasha), Croatia of State Independent of regime fascist with themselves aligned who those between split society p.2) 2003, Čular into nicely The analyzingparty persistence of systems. ones, old downplaying Croatian party system i system party Croatian

in Croatia in , . and .

There the n politicized and not

e te ore o ftr oeain f rain at system party Croatian of operation future for course the set

e Lipset/Rokkan historical account of account historical Lipset/Rokkan

Te ciia jntr‘ apnd n h Scn Wrd a, hn Croatian when War, World Second the in happened juncture‘ ‗critical The . the was

- do not identify themselves with particu with themselves identify not do 73)

ist high - the a strong d strong a bloc vol bloc value .

ua ad rgrć ae n vriw f o ti ise was issue this how of overview an gave Gregurić and Čular lc s oiae by dominated is bloc a

voting costs thatdefection structural account of party system can provide a plausible toolkit for toolkit plausible a provide can system party of account structural

s strongly influenced bylong influenced strongly s y uja ad Račan and Tudjman by cleavage, atility on atility ominance of HDZ in 1990 in HDZ of ominance record with and

an of Slavonian Slavonian of individual level). individual rarely vote for a party from the opposite bloc (intra bloc opposite the from party a for vote rarely the

of a party a of

the 18 results lection

SDP SDP

the mngd to managed ,

voters of

from blocstructureentails this utl 2003 until s formation of party systems party of formation - Člr Hna 2013: Henjak & (Čular

term historical developments, and it fits it and developments, historical term e vns ht nodd n 1990 in unfolded that events he extreme s lar parties, but with ideological blocs ideological with but parties, lar , who continued this domination even domination this continued who ,

The r The prior to the emergence of HDSSB. HDSSB. of emergence the to prior

r ssac mvmn (partizan) movement esistance - ight right

vrhdw socioeconomic overshadow ist r rpre in reported are

Croatian Party of Rights of Party Croatian bloc is dominated by dominated is bloc (Čular & Gregurić Gregurić & (Čular 18 ) (Zakošek & (Zakošek Č . . al 5 in 5 Table

al on early ular and and ular , t is it s,

the -

CEU eTD Collection t in effective were they importantly, more and organization, ideology, of developers main the been have but party, the founded only not usually leaders those that argues he preacher‘, and ‗father of label Svasand pp.222 1998, Winter (De th often was who the leadership. party the is party regionalist a to success inter main the of One partyfromregional oreven alarger party national the as origin, their in differ also parties Those ground. the on activities their for activists needed much secure to politics patronage to resort usually they and voters), to members of (ratio encadrement of degree lower have to tend parties organization p. 2006, al. et Winter pa the formation internal studying to regional of resources devoted is studies of number increasing resources, external from Apart situated within the right o who (HSP)

regionalist 2.3.1. 2.3. rty leadership, which has often been the been often has which leadership, rty

(Enyedi 2005; Deegan 2005; (Enyedi Internal Leadership r Leadership ften came third in 1990 in third came ften D Wne 19, pp.222 1998, Winter (De

par e founding father of the party and remained the president for a very long time long very a for president the remained and party the of father founding e ties reviewed in the in reviewed ties ransmitting this ideology to common people using simple, yet inflammatory, inflammatory, yet simple, using people common to ideology this ransmitting

approach tothe of case ist nal resources that resourcesnal

253) ist parties. In line with the renewed interest in the role of agency in cleavage in agency of role the in interestrenewed the with line In parties. ole of Branimirole of Glavaš

– bl 2; e itr t al. et Winter De 226; Aohr omny tde itra rsuc i regional is resource internal studied commonly Another . oc in -

the Krause & Enyedi 2010) Enyedi & Krause s

Croatian twoblocdivide.

two Slavonia is – 2; e itr t l 20, pp.253 2006, al. et Winter De 226;

believed to believed

volume y might either rise autonomously or be a splinter a be or autonomously rise either might y , this result suggest result this , strong 19

HDSSB

s (Strmiska 2003,(Strmiska p.4)

that he edited he that 06 p.253) 2006,

influence the strategy and strategythe influence

De Winter De wind i wind

, internal approaches look primarily at primarily look approaches internal , n the sails of regionalist parties regionalist of sails the n

Rfrig to Referring .

points out the fact that most of most that fact the out points had a stro a had s

that Slavonia in aggregate is is aggregate in Slavonia that .

ng charismatic leader charismatic ng –

255) bring a bring the

Regional . aml and Harmel n electoral n ist

party

(De ist

CEU eTD Collection as time he interruption, was Zagreb in 1989 June 17 on held HDZ of Committee Executive first the of meeting the at participated career, military his from Apart kept ofthe out city. b Osijek, for period worst the in defense Osijek of commander outskirts its at villages the fall ground ofVukovar,Serbian forcesand towards advanced managed Osijek several toseize in defense Osijek Osijek in Šišlj Vladimir having president, party the despite HDSSB, in figure prominent most the is Glavaš Branimir (Agnew 1995,pp.160 me is League The said: have to reported was he instance one at and movement, the in personality p.458; as well as leadership, of style authoritarian using ‗Padania‘, of umbrella the under regions Italian northern distinct previously of One forpoint partyand supporter opponents. language. appointed

Tarchi 2002, pp.125 2002, Tarchi

wher the the most most the , as , In a way, a In head of Osijek of head e the HDZ was founded was HDZ the e he was he

to the chief chief the to was November famous

in charge of organizing of charge in a leader a the – 161)

agić. head of executive in the county from 1992 until June 2 June until 1992 from county the in executive of head n ws urudd rm he sides three from surrounded was and

executive - . – example Baranja

126) 1991

becomes an embodiment of the movement, and the main reference main the and movement, the of embodiment an becomes During

Glavaš had a notable political career before founding HDSSB. founding before career political notable a had Glavaš . As Agnew argues, Bossi has been by far the most important most the far by been has Bossi argues, Agnew As . , and he held this position this held he and ,

County position in position

. is the Homeland War, Glavaš had an important military role military important an had Glavaš War, Homeland the In 1993, he capitalized on his military achievements and achievements military his on capitalized he 1993, In

ea Nord’s Lega , he gradually he , effective communication strategies communication effective and was later was and 20

Osijek

- Um Baranja County in April. in County Baranja

a et Bsi w Bossi, berto built up his up built ppointed as a as ppointed

until April of 1992 of April until ut Serbian forces were eventually were forces Serbian ut .

hrfr, lvš evd s a as served Glavaš Therefore, charisma and charisma

Commander in Chief of of Chief in Commander ho

was able to unite unite to able was .

(Giordano 2000, (Giordano

With 000. Especially clientelistic

a During his During a

a close one

formal - after year -

He to -

CEU eTD Collection sudjelovao/333001.aspx 3 visit regularly elite party the before days Zagreb in court county by prison in years 10 A Januar custody parliame to elected was and elections, national 2007 in HDSSB of nominee a was 1991 in civilians Serbian against in appeared sen 8 to led which charges crime war the by marked been has HDSSB of leadership His as ‗preaching‘ role. role his from Apart (Alliance). party political members,HDZ Slavonian of attractnumber high to managed he Moreover, Initiative. the of Circle Initial as known also ‗noblemen‘, Slavonia of group a together bring to able was he general, war a of charisma and HDZ Slavonian of leader a regionalist new his announced Glavaš event, this before days Several 2005. April in party the from Glavaš expel to decided Desp the ‗master of and inSlavonia death‘ life Slavonia in people influential most the of one became and network

http://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/glavas nother chapter in chapter nother tence. t te at ht lvš scrd 30 oe ta kp hm s h ha o HDZ of head the as him kept that votes 300 ‗secured‘ Glavaš that fact the ite ywas 2008,he releasedprison. from .

ic h Since Two . From this this From . ea Tribune Feral

months after the 2005 local elections, a testimony of former Glavaš‘s subordinate Glavaš‘s former of testimony a elections, local 2005 the after months

mngd to managed e

the

history of HDSSB of history point point

magazine, claiming that Glavaš ordered and committed war crimes war committed and ordered Glavaš that claiming magazine,

Glavaš and holds consultations with him. Before September 2010, September Before him. with consultations holds and Glavaš

initiative, in form of HDSSB (A HDSSB of form in initiative, , all major decisions wit decisions major all , get , and he ended up in prison. in up ended he and , - iz into - pritvora

h primn and parliament the

began

- , but escaped to escaped but , optuzuje 21

in May of 2009, when Glavaš was sentenced to to sentenced was Glavaš when 2009, of May in who represented the core of what is later to be a be to later is whatof core representedthe who

- sanade ‗ founder h regard to HDSSB to regard h ra - za

i M imnt ws etrd in restored was immunity MP his Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnia It is impor is It - ssembly). kradju , e ucsfly ufle his fulfilled successfully he ‘, ,

- named by various critics various by named glasova tant to note that note to tant With -

u are made in B in made are - kojoj

his background as background his nt while still in still while nt - je - - i year prison prison year -

3 sam ( ,

BH Sanader

- Glavaš Glavaš ) H, as H,

few few

as as

CEU eTD Collection thrive‘ of party splinter only the as HDSSB see They elections. first their face they once parliament the in stay to struggling often are HDZ of parties splinter argue, Henjak and Čular as hand, other the On party. young a form to needed cadre experienced attract and Slavonia in HDZ crippled certainly They HDSSB. help HDZ of party splinter Šišlja president himself, of many attracted he 2006, in party party the within positions leading the at found be can they and members, HDZ Slavonian the formed Glavaš When HDZ. of splinter a is party feat organizational on influence largest The have torely on performratherpoorly to pp.253 2006, follow. parties those that framework organizational uniform no is there since parties, regionalist different questi is it structure organizational resource internal Another Zenica and then From September. in Glavaš arrestedand sentence b years) 8 to lowered (but confirmed i held were meetings 2.3.2.

(Čular & Henjak 2013, p.25) &(Čular Henjak eetees tee r sm faue ta they that features some are there Nevertheless,

onable to what extent organizational aspect has served as an actual resource across across resource actual an as served has aspect organizational extent what to onable Organization currently in – 254) material incentives inattracting mostly members, through patronage networks. . With regard to degree of encadrement (ratio of members to vo to members of (ratio encadrement of degree to regard With . n Glavaš house in Drinovci in house Glavaš n

Mostar.

gić and MP Drmić) MP and gić (De Winter 1998, pp.226 1998, Winter (De compared to nation comparedto al features

frgoait parties regionalist of

y Croatian Croatian y - . ures of HDSSB comes from comes HDSSB of ures wide parties. From that fact it follows that theythat often follows factit that From parties. wide It is arguable to what extent did the fact of being a being of fact the did extent what to arguable is It 22

Supreme court, and B and court, Supreme noted b noted . In June 2010, prison sentence for Glavaš was was Glavaš for sentence prison 2010, June In . –

230; De Winter et al. 2006, pp.253 2006, al. et Winter De 230; on, he has been imprisoned in B in imprisoned beenhas he on, y De Winter De y

ae n comm in have HDZ

that managed to ‗survive and ‗survive to managed that

n i colleagues his and H authorities accepted the the accepted authorities H

its origin, namely this this namely origin, its on (De Winter et al. al. et Winter (De ters), they tend tend theyters), managed to managed – H cities of of cities H 254)

(Glavaš is their their is . Yet, .

CEU eTD Collection network was from times HDZ simply Glavaš‘s since HDSSB, of case the in itself show to seems network patronage of product a be Winter De implausible. seems explanation second rise, the on is party the that mind in Having members. of number respectable a maintain still swor edged double is which 2011, of Interms degree of encadrement of degree

osdrdt be to considered d, d, since since high figure can also mean that party is declining electorally but can but electorally declining is party that mean also can figure high

epcal figure. respectable a , they are reported to have 25000 have to reported are they , transferred into the new party.transferred into 23

‘ s assertion that high party members party high that assertion s Degree

fecdeeti ne is encadrement of

members members

and 69000 voters in voters 69000 vertheless a a vertheless hip might might hip CEU eTD Collection p.7) 2008, Reino self of form of ownership‘ ‗issue an have to considered often are regional of issue important most the been has autonomy regional for Claim of regionalistcombines parties those twodimensions. that fi the is study this parties, regionalist of programs in salient p.10) 2007b, Hepburn regional territory to connected fo territorial those of neither Yet, location inEuropeorigin. ortheir them. pp.199 of each on based parties regionalist of categorizations Gomez pp.10 2007, Sandri as such placed, be can parties regionalist number. which along big competition relatively their by but parties, regionalist Comparative llow Jović llow 3.1. 3.

– - Categorization

en Ccaer 20, pp.490 2002, Cachafeiro Reino 203)

population sharing the same identity same the population sharing politics dimension selfAttitudes towards

and Aguilera De Prat, who identify who Prat, De Aguilera and government it svrl aeoiain bsd n chara on based categorizations several lists wo k n einls parties regionalist on rk . In . O te ead o dcnrlzto, e itr oe that notes Winter De decentralization, for demand the On . – 14) dimensions : bringing the territoriality back into the study of regiona of study the into back territoriality the bringing . demanding territorial autono territorial demanding

Even though Even

and Dne Huh 00, .2; ady Sandri & Dandoy p.129; 2000b, Hough (Daniel andoperationalization

the

represents the ‗core business‘ of regional of business‘ ‗core the represents uoen integration European - those two dimensions of competition are arguably the most most the arguably are competition of dimensions two those government: the government: – 49 is

(Jović 1992,pp.176 (Jović

1) mee nt y h lc o ctgrztos of categorizations of lack the by not impeded 24

two

dimensions my, as well as demanding as well as my,

major aspects major

demand for demand

Jly 07 pp.111 2007, (Jolly

centralist trsis uh s hi geographical their as such cteristics rst to develop a categorization matrix categorization a develop to rst ofregional

wih e atos o develop to authors led which , hr ae eea dmnin of dimensions several are There –

177; Aguilera De Prat 2002; in 2002;in Prat De 177; Aguilera

Furthermore,

decentralization of regionalist party programs party regionalist of

–

the secessionist

ist ist left

– ist

07 p6 Gómez p.6; 2007, 1; e itr & Winter De 114;

parties - parties list parties list

autonomy r

partie ight Dandoy te defining ―the

or any other any or , Dno & (Dandoy s, and they and s, namely the the namely

, I will I , for the the for (2010, -

CEU eTD Collection state; divided f The state. the to competencies transfer to right the with entities sovereign as regions view but federalist, region; their to only federal granted be to autonomy demand which leg and executive demand and power, namely s The are for restricted todemand proportional often re regional status a preserve to between it dividing by category but population, regional f The refined par regionalist p.204) 1998, Winter organiz ethn of characteristic irst category is that of that is category irst inal econd and third third and econd

parties that seek to incorporate a piece of external territory to the existing state existing the to territory external of piece a incorporate to seek that parties ization of the state involving all sub all involving state the of ization

ation of the exi the of ation and reduced tothree ist in decentralist category is category to

parties

the ties along this dimension, where he proposes he where dimension, this along ties

following sub following

islative institutions. Among the Among institutions. islative are those who are those - quo with regard to their current cultural and political rights. political and cultural current their to regard with quo

parties. Those parties challenge the present territorial structure of state state of structure territorial present the challenge parties Those parties.

- secessionist of De Winter‘s categories Winter‘s De of icl amnsrtv ad oiia atnm in autonomy political and administrative fiscal, De Winter Winter De regionalist parties‘ programs parties‘ regionalist sting national power struc power national sting

not question not protectionist

by Dandoy by Dandoy -

categories: conservative and participationist. and conservative seek more rights to political participation in national politics, but national politicalpolitics, participationrights in to more seek

19, pp.205 (1998, parties ing (2010, pp.203

the political institutions of the state. Dandoy refines Dandoy state. the of institutions political the partie , which ,

- independist state entities; and entities; state s aiming to protect cultural and political rights of of rightspolitical and cultural protect to aiming s 25 presentation ori

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ture, seek 207) is undoubtedly their demand for political re political for demand their undoubtedly is –

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which is also the most studied, studied, most the also is which the Spanish nation. nation. Spanish Scottish National Party (SNP), which seeks independence from independence seeks which (SNP), Party National Scottish participation in the devolved Home Rule institutions Rule Home devolved the in participation Ti ctgr i b fr h ms suid n, u t is often its to due one, studied most the far by is category This .

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Glas Slavonije

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2005 local election local 2005 in 1991, and it is still believed to be under his control his under be to believed still is it and 1991, in – 37; Forman & Damschroder 2008, p.43) 2008, Damschroder & Forman 37;

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Glas Slavonije Glas

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range from exclusive regional to exclusive national appeal.nationalexclusive to regional exclusive from range ( the arbitrationthe agreement between Slovenia and Croatia:

Vecernji list

might the

the

u te non the out a re a Rome treaties in May 1941. According to this agreement, HDZ, HDZ, agreement, this to According 1941. May in treaties Rome

HDSSB has HDSSB e considered be gionalist party program party gionalist Address Glavaš of rcle of HDSSB (A , 25.4.2005). opponents - eaait aue f i mvmn, n tu rftn the refuting thus and movement, his of nature separatist

strong positive feelings toward feelings positive strong

proportion of transfers from the central state state central the from transfers of proportion as

the

nationalist. nationalist. 39 , most notably, most HDZ:

, 28.8.2010.)

first president Tudjman and Croatian generals. Croatian and Tudjman president first ssembly)asserts: e severe threat severe e

in the cludes the attitudes towards a towards attitudes the cludes

In t In o symbols the and state Croatian th . he press release that followed the the followed that release press he e

arbitration agreement with agreement arbitration

mpared to the act of of act the to mpared

the

national interest national

Croatian

Ante Pavelić Ante To start with, start To

others

state, up to to up state, population population

the s

its f it is it CEU eTD Collection that fact hand, other the On country. Croatia that war Homeland of legacy the respects only not HDSSB quote, previous the in hinted As people. Croatian the with has HDSSB capture to order in narrative, official the to corresponds story their which 11) how on narrative official the of part a The Šišljagić pointedout: war. Homeland the during martyr a as Slavonia of there sinceCroatia, of restthe Slavon Eastern earlier, mentioned Slavonia Eastern foundation the in being Croatia protecting of aim Their . Homeland war is deeply is war Homeland It is therefore useful to look into the HDSSB interpretations of the war and the degree to degree the and war the of interpretations HDSSB the into look to useful therefore is It and allowed and 8.10.2009.). parts and Dalmatia 28.11.2011.). right and left by destroyed been has it after years, 20 after people Croatian to pride bring to have we fin created, was Croatia will children our where education andthen befor decentlythat, and paid Croatia we the all, to about available is dreaming education were where Croatia, rich the about dreaming were We Croa ,

the the tia, even though declaring independence on 21 June 1991 June 21 on independence declaring though even tia, s n needn country independent an as emphasizes the defensive and defensive the emphasizes

Homeland war, but is one of its loudest defenders. loudest its of one is but war, Homeland

inse sm o te iret ate ta to pae in place took that battles fiercest the of some witnessed the

Croatian army to regroup. to army Croatian

of conquering this territory conqueringthis of Croatian Primorje and Gorski Kotar to Italy‖ ( Italy‖ to Kotar Gorski and Primorje Croatian of the those who claim that claim who those e mbedded into the collective memory of the Croatian people and is is and people Croatian the of memory collective the into mbedded ‘s national interests national ‘s Croatian statehood achieved in the bloody Homeland war Homeland bloody the in achieved statehood Croatian ia in general and Vukovar in particular serve particular in Vukovar and general in ia

the ,

Croatian state was founded was state Croatian was attacked by Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia, by attacked was h soe rm hi pe their from stole who

international character of this war, as it is argued is it as war, this of character international 40

Leaders of HDSSB often referred to the no the to referred often HDSSB of Leaders the required

stems from t from stems

war t h HSB al in rally HDSSB the At deservedlyretire in Croatia was Croatia in

the

Serbian forces to focus to forces Serbian heir perceived role of Slav of role perceived heir

ople The . In where Slavonia, . d a job after their their after job a d (Banjeglav 2012, pp.10 2012, (Banjeglav , a ‗civil a

‖ o was not internationally not was

fficial narrative of the the of narrative fficial (

lo an also ls Slavonije Glas the relationship that relationship the the rs release press aoo Vladimir Đakovo, d as the as d

war early 1990s. As As 1990s. early

‘ independent

point to the the to point their troops their

shield to shield , where , onia as onia ,

tion tion – CEU eTD Collection statements, In position. favorable a such in not was Glavaš public, Croatian the of majority by pe crime war as background military negative their revealed them of some against led were that processes trial are war Homeland of Generals Croatians theSerbian whofought forces: against for stands ruling court HDSSB, leg no had and Yugoslavia of part As crimes. st was Nowhere issued a press condemning release this of recognition his as many interpretedby between parallel the drew then (back Serbia from interference no was Recently, Yugoslavia). there that and state Croatian formed newly EC/EU of majority only that the claim they Moreover, independence. when 1992, January until recognized atements following atements rain eedr, u a otas mmes f iii ad etoes of destroyers and militia of members outlaws, constitutional order of Yugoslavia‖ ( as but defenders, Croatian 19 all mean that would Accepting verdict this Republic ofCroatia,act ( isan ofnational treason‖ and consequence the as war Homeland the during aggressors četnik and war the regards he where and destruction Milanović, Zoran Minister Prime the of statement ―The 91 took weapons and stood at the bulwark of Croatia became marked not as not marked became Croatia of bulwark the at stood and weapons took 91

o as not

the achievements rpetrators

the part of the explanation of its ruling, court argued that in 1990, Croatia was still was Croatia 1990, in that argued court ruling, its of explanation the of part

h ciia ageso o Sri, otngo n so and Montenegro Serbia, of aggression criminal the HDSSB

B the

ranimir Glavaš being sentenced to 10 years in prison for committing war war committing for prison in years 10 to sentenced being Glavaš ranimir (Soldić 2009, pp.1 2009, (Soldić the the

of generals, of Serbian Great by people Croatian towards committed atrocities defense of dignity of of dignity of defense

current Croatian PM Zoran Milan Zoran PM Croatian current the

usually

oead a ad the and war Homeland e facto de al authority to organize the d the organize to authority al

as well as well as act‗treason‘: of portrayed as heroes as portrayed

the – Speech by Dinko Burić Dinko Speech by 5)

rmnlzto o te oead a, s wel as war, Homeland the of criminalization ‗civil war‘ thesis. Soon after this statement, HDSSB statement, afterthis Soon war‘thesis. ‗civil . While the imprisonment of Gotovina was decried was Gotovina of imprisonment the While . the 41

the

the the their

ethnic Serbs from Croatia stood up against up stood Croatia from Serbs ethnic

Croatian patriots who before 8 October 8October before patriots who Croatian Homeland war more pronounced as pronounced more war Homeland

possible guilt possible press release

97 ins Cvl war Civil Finnish 1917 among the Croatian public Croatian the among ović ga ović , 28.8.2010). efense of efense ,

are usually collecti usually are 17.3.2013.). ve the ve countries s

- of Osijek. ald N on JNA called

statement where he where statement

‗civil

eonzd its recognized According to to According wih was which ,

the

, but recent but , war‘, war‘,

the the

vized

HDSSB HDSSB in their their in

as l the

CEU eTD Collection to ethnonational the of pole national HDSSB towar orientation strong its Despite 1990s and towards Tudjman Tudjman is, HDZ of party splinter a accordi being despite thriving‘, and ‗surviving HDSSB for reason the worth is it members, HDZ former Tudjman. Franjo president first the is mentioned commonly is that war Homeland Croatian the of symbol Another translated campaign theelectoral into as framed therefore is Glavaš order

the

this country did not die so that Croatian generals Croatian that so die not did country this for lives gave who Those salary. their from live cannot or paid, getting without work no were ―We javno.com for ‗yes‘ say and an secret this at honor, the given was other taking just are system…They joined only others the ― ― Gotovina intheHagu to make sure that Glavaš remains included into the into included remains Glavaš that sure make to Slavonian population: They all say that they are the founders, but they are not. are they but founders, the are they that say all They Vote forHDZ for imprisonment!( my isthevote ng to Čular and Henjak, its commitment to HDZ in HDZ to commitment its Henjak, and Čular to ng

do 48 people on people 48 Člr Hna 21, p.25) 2013, Henjak & (Čular contain , 25.5.2009.). With Gla With t dreaming of such Croatia, with 300000 unemployed, where people people where unemployed, 300000 with Croatia, such of dreaming t

appeal

the rno uja as Tudjman Franjo the movement, to its core which unstoppably ran against the old the against ran unstoppably which core its to movement, the

e and Branimirand e GlavašinMostar‖ ( a bigtefudro D n 99adhs associates his and 1989 in HDZ of founder the being vaš lake of Jarun a Jarun of lake s

shows itselfnicely inthe data

o Slavonians to a

witch hunt against all Croatian generals Croatian all against hunt witch while

dimension. ds the Croatian population in the centre, the in population Croatian the ds :

to note his opinion on the HDZ during the 1990s. Part of of Part 1990s. the during HDZ the on opinion his note to Oiin f lvš n HSB oad HZ in HDZ towards HDSSB and Glavaš of Opinion .

people‘s merits people‘s t 17 June 1989. Those are the founders, and all and founders, the are Those 1989. June 17 t d illegal founding committee, to rai to committee, founding illegal d tu mvn th moving thus ,

the

The n The 42

rsdn o HZ ( HDZ‖ of president

ext two quotes show h show quotes two ext would Vecernji list . I am very proud of the fact that I that fact the of proud very Iam .

: ‗heroes‘

the

e party away from the exclusive exclusive the from away party e Glas Slavonije be imprisoned; be

The f The 1990s and to the late president late the to and 1990s

n , 4.11.2007) arrative. Issue of sentencing of Issue arrative. ounders of HDZ are HDZ of ounders lvš inte Glavaš , and this was effectively was this and , ow

the statements of the of statements the , 28.11.2011.)

such as such the se my hand hand my se ‖

HDSSB refers refers HDSSB ve to rview

Ante Ante

being the being

the

CEU eTD Collection identity. dual its on testifies which name, party‘s the in present are identities both HDSSB, of case the in Yet, name. their in democracy, with satisfaction i However, identities different include to ready are study, recent As Baranja. and Slavonia to as well as Croatia, to reference party the of name full the since tension, this see to symbols and name party‘s the than further go to have doesn‘t One credibilityhas tobe surpassed. constrainthat successful for demand another yet as regarded be circumstances other in would that Something facts. unconnectable seemingly a Glavaš other, the on Slavonia of regionalization of idea his forward put to trying and hand, one the on allies Tudjman‘s closest in occurs dimension ethnonational of case the ‗autonomist‘, being of accusations the refute repeatedly to had HDSSB the where decentralization of case the in As 12.5.2005). in live to want ― have we region, entire our and people Slavonian of path‖chosen ( the more difficult life better a for struggle the sticki a with hands of raising mechanical the ―Between It is time that Slavonians and Baranians raise their voice and say that they no lon no they that say and voice their raise Baranians and Slavonians that time is It

the nation ter study their n

by adopting a certain name, certain a adopting by HDSSB demands. Being the founder of the HDZ, Croatian general and one of the the of one and general Croatian HDZ, the of founder the Being demands. HDSSB - building project coupled with the idea of unified territory, it becomes it territory, unified of idea the with coupled project building

oe self more the (Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja) contains both both contains Baranja) and Slavonia of Alliance Democratic (Croatian

n h ipc o a ehi party ethnic an of impact the on iey with misery,

In the data, data, the In they only consider the parties that have have that parties the consider only they - government nd HDSSB face HDSSB nd Glas Slavonije

the the a n hi program their in

ethnic parties ethnic ih ee o uepomn‖ ( unemployment‖ of level high i Cota crusacs mre b srn and strong by marked circumstances, Croatian in ,

truggle with the dual identity is best seen when the the when seen best is identity dual the with truggle 43 s

the , 22.4.2005.).

challenge in trying to reconcile those two two those reconcile to trying in challenge

signal to voters the extent to whi to extent the voters to signal

also

Ihym & ruig 01 p.231) 2011, Breuning & (Ishiyama Ishiyama and Breuning argue in the in argue Breuning and Ishiyama ‘s

ng plaster on our mouth and mouth our on plaster ng po

name ints to conflict to ints

one or no groups men groups no or one

h pry supporters‘ party the ls Slavonije Glas of

interests that interests ger a strong strong a ch they ch , tioned .

CEU eTD Collection for aiming thus them, of one being Baranja and Slavonia with createdbeby would tierjoining regional This government. for second self the to regard With r o overview an with conclude will section the and category, this into falling party only the placement. this to led that constraints and opportunities internal and su from result that tensions the in rarity a be should decentralization) of emergence the categories, identity. Croatian Slavonian the the to to than appeal identity stronger a has it dimension, ethnonational the on while power, state patriot a The that wouldhelp thecountry. entire fro transfers financial substantial demands HDSSB egionalist

5.3.1. 5.3. a

nalysis of the HDSSB messages suggests that the party should be placed into the region the into placed be should party the that suggests messages HDSSB the of nalysis Te rvr ‗hn goal, c lcly I rnlt a translate I locally‘ act globally, ‗Think proverb ―The country‘‖ ( ‗ Burić. knows Dinko said better‘, deserves Croatia and more deserves ―‗Slavonia Slavonian‘. In other words, without the strong Slavonia, there is no strong Croatia‖ ( strong no is there Slavonia, strong the without words, other In Slavonian‘. tra

Glas Slavonije

category. On the self the On category. category developed categorydeveloped

se o pltcl power political of nsfer

patriot Discussion of the results oftheDiscussion Self

how - government dimension Glas Slavonije s . the of advancement the for Baranja and Slavonia of wealth the use to

, 28.11.2011) - government dimension government in the conceptualizationsection,the in - government dimension, it is arguing for a territorial restructuring of restructuring territorial a for arguing is it dimension, government ch placement in the two the in placement ch , 25.11.2011.). a

. at sc a HSB ntoait pel n agig for arguing and appeal (nationalist HDSSB as such party

n eooi pann cpblte t te einl ir of tier regional the to capabilities planning economic and

the

aig n id t mind in Having

territorial party competition party territorial

, the results suggest that HDSSB goes beyond th beyond goes HDSSB that suggest results the , 44

m the state budget, justifying it as the move move the as it justifying budget, state the m - dimensional space, as well as the external the as well as space, dimensional

the he high correlation between the two two the between correlation high he namely protectionism, since it arguesitsince namely protectionism,

existing counties into five regions,five into counties existing a s ‗Think Croatian, act act Croatian, ‗Think s territor Nevertheless .

This section aims to show to aims section This ial restructuring of of restructuring ial , HDSSB is not is HDSSB , HDSSB f oth f alist the er er e CEU eTD Collection Wallon as such developments the ‗forget‘ to researchers led has Italy Northern and Flanders Catalonia, pp.336 2006, Fitjar sentiments regionalist develop regions rich only that view dominant the bring average. national the to to closer capita per GDP Slavonian failed who governments SDP and HDZ both and privatization, subsequent war, the post it saw Slavonia of region affluent once hinted, already As approaches? internal and external of self the of politicization the can How parties.between autonomist and protectionist t filling thus category, separate a as viewed be should category decentralist that argue I parties, confederalist and federalist autonomist, subsumes that category a as than bei HDSSB The are category this in placed s which parties includes parties, category this in category p to enough strong decen not are HDSSB of demands hand, other the On the of revival the for argue they by either collected tasks, acquired newly finance to funds substantial require would regions new Those power. state regions,rather than

- DS i b toe tnad rgt o ru ta te ae o ‗uooit‘ Ta leaves That ‗autonomists‘. not are they that argue to right standards those by is HDSSB war economic indicators constantly below the national average. This is mainly the result of result the mainly is This average. national the below constantly indicators economic war rls category tralist a and ian ng stuck somewhere in between the first and the second Dandoy‘s categories. Rather categories. Dandoy‘s second the and first the between in somewhere stuck ng at emn regionalism German East

– the 339)

s eie b Dandoy by defined as

the regions themselves or transferred from the state budget. On top of that, that, of top On budget. state the from transferred or themselves regions . Recent rise of regionalism based on economic success, such as that of of that as such success, economic on based regionalism of rise Recent .

counties, as well as for bringingcounties, as Agriculture aswell for of theMinistry toOsijek. n em o dge o self of degree of terms in Convergencia

the

seco eek the full autonomy of their region, and some of the parties parties the of some and region, their of autonomy full the eek nd chamber, this time in the role of representing interests of of interests representing of role the in time this chamber, nd - government dimension be explained using the framework framework the using explained be dimension government i Bees Vn yk 98 Dne Huh 2000a) Hough Daniel 1998; Dyck Van & (Buelens

Unio

Dno 21, pp.208 2010, (Dandoy 45

(CiU) and (CiU) - oenet sought government This explana This Partido Nacionalista Vasco Nacionalista Partido tion does not fit nicely into into nicely fit not does tion – 210) ae hs at i the in party this lace (Keating 1997, p.389; 1997, (Keating nml autonomist namely , he large empty space empty large he Te mlet sub ‗mildest‘ The .

(PNV). s - .

CEU eTD Collection nationalists. considered be might they where point the to even t As the for afford hardly could HDSSB tobeportrayed ‗autonomist‘. as Glavaš allies, Tudjman‘s closest the of one and defense Osijek occupied. was territory Croatian the whenespeciallyCroatian dating 1990s population,and among Slavonians, tothe back being ‗autonomist‘? have HDSSB the did why But as ‗the of lender lastresort‘. state central the keeping thus far, too go to wanting not though even solution, first the for opted money state of inflow regio poor that argues Keating hand, state central the from autonomy one the On for. argue will region B Slavonia. the as portrayed not H or rich, plausible istheone most where account, poor is diffusion‘ region a whether matter no distribution unequal of perception ‗unequalthe on based is regionalism Geller‘s the that be well may It sentiments. regionalist r poor a that found study this point, a have do theories region‘ ‗rich While eavy centralization eavy 5.3.2. he analysis shows, analysis he

Ethnonational dimensionEthnonational ut

the

theory is ambiguous on the degree of self of degree the on ambiguous is theory As mentioned earlier, there

of the Croatian state also has to be taken into into taken be to has also state Croatian the of problem problem

no h region the into HDSSB

e se per

o eed t self its defend to to be able to able be to (Geller 1964: 166 in Williams 1977: 275) 1977: inWilliams (Geller 1964: 166 has a strong reference to the Croatian state and its population its and state Croatian the to reference strong a has hand,

bt s rmd s rao fr h eooi dwtr of downturn economic the for reason a as framed is but , Be

n wl am o mr cnrlzto t make to centralization more for aim will s

ing the decorated Croatian general, chief commander of of commander chief general, Croatian decorated the ing s o jeopardized not is

t a b age that argued be can it fully realize their realize fully 46 exists

- oenet oiin rm h acstos of accusations the from position government

a strong antia strong Kaig 97 p.389) 1997, (Keating - government that parties in parties that government

economic poor - autonomist feeling among the feeling among autonomist the

Particularly strong are the the are strong Particularly ein wl am o mo for aim will regions account . egion can also develop also can egion potential

. Centralization is Centralization . . . The ue ht the that sure On the third the other the HDSSB HDSSB

poor of of re ,

CEU eTD Collection England of version ideal the as portrayed was which Cotswolds, of region the for allows that response surface. the to emerge to tend to tensions centre. the in population the from, separate considered are Slavonians Nevertheless, successful the determines, not if implementation ofterritorial reform. facilitates, identity regional coherent a with population a of thought be can distinctiveness its and identity Slavonian the to reference region, Baranja and Slavonia single a creating at aims party the since run, long the In parliament. national the in regionalization for demands its to strength Slavonia, in support electoral the of maximization the seeks HDSSB the run, short the In plans. term long and term short both to regard with explained be can war, Homeland their poverty desp voters. Slavonian of votes the capture to is goal primary their since Croatians, to exclusively appeal not does HDSSB hand, other the On was which regarded as t Slovenia, and Croatia between signed agreement arbitration the to reaction their to regard With party. lea current the with positively, viewed thesis. this from stem that tendencies criminalization the and thesis war‘ ‗civil the against defended are operations military successful the of some led an war Homeland the as statehood, Croatian the of symbols the to references he (yethe the another) sale Croatian of territory. ite being once aregion their successful agricultural anddespite noblerole inthe the territorial sovereignty of Croatia, another point worth emphasizing is emphasizing worth point another Croatia, of sovereignty territorial

effective

dership of HDZ being unworthy of leading the Tudjman‘s Tudjman‘s the leading of unworthy being HDZ of dership

vroig f hs tensions. those of overcoming

at most at The HDSSB appeals to Slavonians, more precisely to precisely more Slavonians, to appeals HDSSB The Still

a at f h region the of part a s In those shifts between the two identities, however, identities, two the between shifts those In , 47

the as a subpopulation of, ra of, subpopulation a as

HDSSB Furthermore, the first president Tudjman is Tudjman president first the Furthermore,

leadership has managed to find the find to managed has leadership - building process. Having the the Having process. building

Similarly to the English English the to Similarly ther than the population the than ther (Brace 1999, pp.90 1999, (Brace d the generals who generals the d which would give would which – CEU eTD Collection HDZ, withrespectbothparty to namel HDSSB, of origin organizational the internal is constraint Another HDZ. Sanader‘s by led hunt witch the to exposed general Croatian another the to more appeal to trying in constrain to exclusively credibility serious a was HDZ, of founder and defense int the for As invoking Tudjman‘s theprinciples of HDZ could: they way have Slavonians that HDZ for record voting the from two the from loose Slavonians con to exposure their and (Yugoslavia), Serbia and Croatia between region border the as history their is pole nationalist the the coun the of rest the in population the from different ethnically the dimensio generally,How strugglesand, might more HDSSB ethnonational those identity positioning onthe and 92)

, flourishing of Slavonia Slavonia of flourishing ,

external constraints, one of the most stringent is the fact that the Slavonian population is not is population Slavonian the that fact the is stringent most the of one constraints, external good the

prosecuted

Slavonian identityessenceis portrayed as of the

n be explained within the framework of external and internal resources internal and external of framework the within explained be n indicator of ethnicity of indicator , on behalf of the rest of Croatia of rest the of behalf on , ernal constraints, leadership role of Glavaš, former Commander in Chief of Osijek of Chief in Commander former Glavaš, of role leadership constraints, ernal

the

staying loyal to the rightist bloc and even emphasizing the division further division the emphasizing even and bloc rightist the to loyal staying Croatian

Slavonian population. Slavonian - bloc pattern of party competition revolving around value issues, value around revolving competition party of pattern bloc flict which produced the narrative of both martyrdom and victimhood of victimhood and martyrdom both narrativeof the produced which flict

generals certainly had an instrumental role in role instrumental an had certainly generals is presented as presented is , is Croatian. Yet, the constraint that drove them further towards towards further them drove that constraint the Yet, Croatian. is , - in - the - central Moreover, adopting the nationalist rhet nationalist the adopting Moreover, . . Another external constraint was the inability to break to inability the was constraint external Another .

the - office and theparty 48 condition for the flourishing of the entire state, entire the of flourishing the for condition

Therefore, the te at that fact the y Croatian identity.Croatian try,

- since the language in Slavonia, in language the since HDSSB on - the

portraying - it is a splinter party of of party splinter a is it groundfaces.

responded in the only only the in responded

? oric

With regard to regard With

Glavaš as yet as Glavaš with regard with

as wel as

l as l

CEU eTD Collection 9 8 7 6 ‗Strongstrong regions, Serbia‘. ( Serbia of Regions United parties, regionalist t with affiliated is party The population. Serbian among sentiments anti pronounced the to due mostly appeal, national a having as regarded be can and Serbi program their Šumadiju) za centralized heavily is SerbiaSeeing that post Another its for public promotion ofregional ident Croatian the in known party the is nor identity, regional specific the mentions documentsparty Neitherprograms.of developmental to comes it whenapparatus, especiallystate reform territorial such devolution, with as well as level), regional the to agencies state and ministries some counties (transferring deconcentration decentralization, of abandonment the and Croatia of regionalization demand domain fiscal the in particularly Croatia, of centralization heavy Primorje p regionalist Another

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osi oa (G) Smlry o DS, n o te an ocrs f G i the is PGS of concerns main the of one HDSSB, to Similarly (PGS). Kotar Gorski Other parties from R egionalist egionalist - 8 decided to bring this issue into the party competition. The most important point of point important most The competition. party the into issue this bring to decided Yugoslav country, Serbia, recently experienced the rise of territorial politics. politics. territorial of rise the experienced recently Serbia, country, Yugoslav

is decentralization of state power, not only to the region of Šumadija, but to all to but Šumadija, of region the to only not power, state of decentralization is

olitical party from Croatia falls into this category, namely the Alliance of Alliance the namely category, this into falls Croatia from party olitical patriot ity thatwouldovershadow (in theidentity). extent national its - zajedno

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doc 49 Srbije Regioni Ujedinjeni - d182110867

implications should increase the efficiency of the the of efficiency the increase should

, Together for Šumadija ( Šumadija for Together,

6 . In light of this conce this of light In .

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http://www.pricentro.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=110 5.4.2. – 27) Unidad Nacional Unidad

ectoral system favors the two largest parties, PAR had little chance of getting into the into getting of chance little had PAR parties, largest two the favors system ectoral saw the rise of regionalist party named Regionalist Action Party of Chile ( Chile of Party Action Regionalist named party regionalist of rise the saw n B

ack to the rootsterritorial of party competition the

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La Patria Somos Todos Somos Patria La s that is - wide Regionalist Partywide of 50 iirt. hy r piaiy iapitd with disappointed primarily are They sidiarity.

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- government. Partido de de Partido ional

a CEU eTD Collection have parties t bet Nevertheless, correlation high a is there since understandable point centre identity group exclusive an having as seen usually are parties those that be might reason One discussion. the from parties non eliminating effectively thus parties, ethnoregionalist are analysis of units p.2) (2006, p.5 (1998, its in Türsan and Winter De par regionalist on work seminalThe partiesethnoregionalist with them equating been hasparties regionalist to done injustice Another the mainstream literature. centra pp.213 2003, (Deschouwer multi in parties regionalist studying towards themselves repositioned in parties regionalist of analysis the abandoned have scholars party regionalist competition, party of level pp.657 2006, Brancati p.5; 2013, the affects which i the as but parties, regionalist of success the by caused variable, dependent title lized countries and regionalist parties that operate within those countries being left out of out left being countries those within operate that parties regionalist and countries lized - periphery cleavage, and reinforced by the afore m afore the by reinforced and cleavage, periphery , a )

, and all other authors in t in authors other all and , right in the introduction of the book the of introduction the in right argues for bringing the territoriality back into the study of territorial politics, but his but politics, territorial of study the into back territoriality the bringing for argues single xlsv gop dniy ad nw aeoiain f einls pris was parties regionalist of categorization new a and identity, group exclusive his work responds to the call of Gomez of call the to responds work his - strategies level party competition, which is c is which competition, party level

(1998) , a notion first established by Lipset/Rokkan account of development of of development of account Lipset/Rokkan by established first notion a ,

, organization , – 1; ebr 21, pp.527 2010, Hepburn 214; , testifies on this problem. Even though the though Even problem. this on testifies , – 660) ties, namelyties, his volume accepted this label this accepted volume his .

oevr de o h icesn sae a te regional the at stakes increasing the to due Moreover, and success of regionalist parties regionalist of success and 51

Regionalist parties in WesternEurope,in parties Regionalist Türsan

haracteristic of centralized states, and have have and states, centralized of haracteristic - Reino labels this category as ‗ethnoregionalist‘ as category this labels – entioned 1998 volume 1998 entioned 528)

(2008, p.6) (2008, (0.85). dimensions two the ween .

hs dvlpet rsle in resulted developments Those . Paradoxically, Miodownik Miodownik Paradoxically, . - , who argues that argues who , ee pry competition party level

label

(Massetti & (Massetti ndependent variable ndependent

- regionalist ethnic . This is up to a to up is This .

region edited by edited Schakel

not all not stands alist .

CEU eTD Collection future decentralization reforms. states, centralized in reform territorial of issue the up bringing in they since worthwhile, is patriots regionalist of consequence rediscover a and as roots, decentralization its to return to have might competition party territorial on scholarship reforms devolution may countries h ethnically but centralized, heavily other and Chile Serbia, Croatia, for implications policy has theory This regionalist parties have. thems parties regionalist of voters its capturing s centralized Alonso Sonia decentralizat this of once were states. severe be to patriots regionalist of category the in resulted paragraphs two previous the into described were that Developments on territorialcompetition. party n for allow to developed le a dcnrlss tu eiiaig h ‗su onrhp o dcnrlzto that decentralization of ownership‘ ‗issue the eliminating thus decentralists, as elves By looking back several decades ago, one may realize that many federalized countries countries federalized many that realize may one ago, decades several back looking By centralized, and that the development of regionalist party was one of the main c main the of one was party regionalist of development the that and centralized, omogeneous countries. Development and strengthening of regionalist p regionalist of strengthening and Development countries. omogeneous tates perceive that a regionalist party regionalist a that perceive tates

(2012) n future in , Tertcl mlcto o ti psil cus o event of course possible this of implication Theoretical . ion

. This devolution will allow statewide governing p governing statewide allow will devolution This . they will respond by initiating devolution program devolution initiating by respond will they .

n nutshell, a In

(e.g. Belgium) (e.g. on

opl ttwd gvrig parties governing statewide compel - ethnic parties ethnic ly understudied, espec understudied, ly

s . e rus ht once that argues he ucs o rgoait parties. regionalist of success This process was nicely explained in the recent study by study recent the in explained nicely was process This

from homogeneous states homogeneous from have already have 52

is threatening their survival in one region by region one in survival their threatening is ially the ially

proven h gvrig state governing the

parties

n hs countries those in themselves as important actors important as themselves and might be a crucial link of link crucial a be might and

to be included into the study the into included be to

that operate in centralized in operate that tdig h ctgr of category the Studying , the most important aim important most the , arties to credibly portray credibly to arties - wide s arties

s t is

to initiate initiate to ate in parties

in those in hat the the hat auses CEU eTD Collection not though even dimensions, two those Juxtaposing centre. to the population appeal identity only or mixed have population, theregional appeal to only namel seek. they that power state the of restructuring territorial of scope the on istheself dimension salient most two the on based parties regionalist of categorization new a proposes work this HDSSB, of strategy the capture better To Glavašleadership Branimir roleand of cleavag existing of strength the and region the in culture different of absence or presence decentralization, of level centre, the with relationship history, Slavonia‘s covers work this HDSSB, Türsan Huri and Winter resources internal framework the used I competition, party of dimension territorial the politicizing in assistance the As came likeathe blue. from bolt Bar and Slavonia in HDSSB party, regionalist another of rise recent the to Yet, expectable. response in regionalism Istrian of rise the fo being of history Istrian the mind in Having IDS. Istrian namelyparty, regionalist a of rise the saw Croatia history, its in elections first the At trend. the followed democracy, young a being though even Croatia, The 6. uoe a wtesd n pug o trioil poli territorial of upsurge an witnessed has Europe ethnonational, y

Conclusion

r a long time separated from the rest of Croatia and Croatia of rest the from separated time long a r developed -

government dimension, on which regionalist parties take position depending regionalistgovernment position take onwhich parties dimension, ytmtzn the systematizing

captures D Wne & usn 1998) Tursan & Winter (De

in the seminal volume on regionalist parties edited by Lieven De De Lieven by edited parties regionalist on volume seminal the in

h apa twr te ouain n h centre the in population the toward appeal the HDSSB organization HDSSB

potnte ad osrit ta HSB ae while faced HDSSB that constraints and opportunities iesos n ertra pry competition. party territorial in dimensions

es. Among the internal resources studies there are there studies resources internal the Among es. Croatia‘s territorial history, Slavonia‘s history, territorial Croatia‘s 53

unifying tendencies pursued pursued tendencies unifying . rm the From is n h ls cul o dcds and decades, of couple last the in tics being al

features. per eore ta are that resources fectly orthogonal, produced orthogonal, fectly Istria‘s

The second dimension second The

diverse population, population, diverse

, as parties can can parties as , of external and and external of by

xenl to external

HDZ was was HDZ economic h first The

in the anja , CEU eTD Collection and victimhood Slavonian not followe population, the are of rest the from different linguistically and ethnically they that is Slavonia of inhabitants the to more appealing against constraint external popul the towards appeal the position The ‗autonomist‘. to them required even and autonomy, anti and Slavonia. and centre the place se accompanieddecentralization, byas devolution andsubstantialfiscal well as for therevivalof the self the on HDSSB of position The that theHDSSB can placed into be self and articles newspaper of analysis content qualitative the of results voters? Slavonian of mobilization of strategy its devising while constraints external and that question research The patriot party regionalist unionists, regionalist parties: regionalist of categories four cond chamber. On the o the On chamber. cond

external opportunities, such as the unfavorable economic relationship of Slavonia with Slavonia of relationship economic unfavorable the as such opportunities, external

the s and ethnoregionalistparties. -

uooit topee n h Cota public Croatian the in atmosphere autonomist HDSSB in HDSSB As for the constraints, the fact that fact the constraints, the for As

the of

heavy centralization which was framed as the facilitator of economic downturn of of downturn economic of facilitator the as framed was which centralization heavy

the

HDSSB on HDSSB

the

autonomist group as defined by Dandoy. This positioning This Dandoy. by defined as group autonomist ther hand, the degree of self of degree the hand, ther the was set in the introduction is introduction the in set was ation in the centre prevails over the appeal to Slavonians. The major The Slavonians. to appeal the over prevails centre the in ation role of martyr of martyr of role

the

the regionalist ethnonational dimension is marked by its dual identity, where identity, dual its by marked is dimension ethnonational

- oenet ieso is dimension government

fiercely Slavonia has a record of voting for voting of record a has Slavonia

54 Croatia in the war. As for the internal constraints, internalthe for As war. the in Croatia

patriot

eed gis te cuain o being of accusations the against defend - government sought is not is sought government : how did HDSSB respond to t to respond HDSSB did how :

category et DS aa fo dmns for demands from away HDSSB kept

the

of regionalist parties. of

demand for regionalization regionalization for demand - produced content suggest content produced d by the na the by d via facti via

high enough to enough high

rightist parties rightist is the result of result the is , regionalist regionalist , he internal he

rrative of of rrative

The the

CEU eTD Collection the more putting of give capable themselves proven should already have research they since parties, Future those to prominence countries. centralized heavily in originate to likely are t patriots regionalist Particularly, countries. homogeneous ethnically from come to likely most are that parties regionalist patriots, regionalist of category understudied important most the of of dimensions two on based parties, regionalist of categorization new the proposes note conceptual more a On government. but regions, poor in regionalism of rise a be can self for demands their namely and regions rich regionalism, of c But Slavonia. of case explanation the in present not is common distinctiveness, most the since regionalism, Croatia. in parties regionalist and regionalism explored first the is this knowledge, my To a several in parties political regionalistand regionalism on literature the to addsstudy This the party MP‘s. by forward put were that amendments and proposals policy the into looking or leaders HDSSB Th for. argues HDSSB that structure institutional and tasks decentralized of review detailed a for allow not does content produced limitation One nationalist rhetoricHomeland ofdefending w the strong maintain they Glavaš, against charges crime war the dropping for argue to have they since

territorial party competition party territorial of this study stem study this of

n wt a am f rnig h trioilt bc in back territoriality the bringing of aim an with and s

from the from

systematic - s limitation is government, this study aimed to show that not only there only not that show to aimed study this government, . Using the case of HDSSB, this study elaborates on an on elaborates study this HDSSB, of case the Using . nature of the data, since newspaper articles and self and articles newspaper since data, the of nature 55

study study ar againstar criminalization.

this regionalism can lead to lead can regionalism this

ih by might of of

the HDSSB, and one of the few that that few the of one and HDSSB, the h HSB s cs o economic of case a is HDSSB The ontrary to the mainstream study of study mainstream the to ontrary

vroe y n neve with interview an by overcome hat demand decentralization demand hat

demands for self for demands

, this study study this , the ethnic ethnic the spects. - - CEU eTD Collection place inthose countries. taking decentralization actual in role a play certainly will and nation, homogeneous ethnically territo il eom n h aed in agenda the on reform rial

cen tral zd onre, vn hl fcn te osrit of constraint the facing while even countries, ized 56

CEU eTD Collection Appendix Table 2: Results of head of executive elections in the five Slavonian regions (2009-2013)

CEU eTD Collection

Table 3: Results of county assembly elections in five Slavonian counties (2005-2013)

CEU eTD Collection

Table 3: Results of county assembly elections in five Slavonian counties (2005-2013) (continued)

Table 4: Results of European Parliament election (2013) CEU eTD Collection Table 5 HKDS SKH HDZ KNS HDS/HKDS/DSSH HDZ SK SS Independent SKH HDZ Independent SS HDZ - HDZ SKH :

Results ofnationalResults elections Slavonia (1990 in - - H SSH/SKH SSH -

- - -

SDP SDP SDP SDP

9. 7. 5. 3. 1. 11.

Vinkovci IIVinkovci (voted: 25820) Vukovar (voted: 52310) Našice 40945) (voted: IIOsijek (voted 32802) Beli Manastir 27645) (voted: Đakovo (voted: 31442)

- SDP

- 15723 - 19224 31762 5204 9633 14919/11576 3735 13823 14284 2529 5565 11610/3994 19362 2269 6900

1990

60 JSDS SKH HDZ - KNS HKDS/HDS/SDH HDZ HDZ SKH HSS/KNS HDZ Independent SKH HDZ Independent SKH HDZ

- - - - -

SDP SDP SDP/SS SDP 2003) 4. 2. 12. 10. 8. 6.

Osijek IIIOsijek 34307) (voted: IOsijek (voted 32072) lvnk Bo I (voted: 26957) I Brod Slavonski Ţupanja (voted: 27142) Vinkovci 45356) (voted: Slatina Podravska

- SSH -

I (voted: 33679) 4319 11983 14919 - 9797 15611 13211 4818 5515 13750 2419 8865 19634 5165 6849/5033 22713

CEU eTD Collection

HDZ HDS SS - SKH HDZ SKH HDS/KNS HDZ KNS SKH HSP HSLS HDZ HSP HSLS HDZ HNS HSLS HDZ

- SSH 5. 3. 1.

- - -

SDP SDP SDP

Electoral37243) (voted: district 17. 15. 13. electoral distr Electoral28303) (voted: district

Garešnic (voted: 36552) Gradiška Nova 35364) (vot II Brod Slavonski

a (voted: 30244) ict (voted: 38750) ict (voted: 4253 (15.03%) 5509 (19.46%) 10158 (35.89%) 8046 9065 11295 - 11369 24491 4600 5646 19470 3970 4460 3747 (9.67%) 4488 (11.58%) 17207 (44.41%) 5399 (14.50%) 8517 (22.87%) 9991 (26.83%)

ed:

1992

61 SS SKH HKDS/KNS HSLS/HDS/SDH/ SKH HDZ HDS SKH HSLS HSS HDZ HSLS HDZ Independent HSP HSLS HDZ SS SKH HDZ -

- - SSH SSH 6. 4. 2.

- - -

SDP SDP SDP

SDP

16. 14. electoral44955) (voted: district Electoral16418) (voted: district 18. Electoral47369) (voted: district

Daruvar (voted: 36583) 45261) (voted: Poţega Slavonska Virovitica (voted: 30343)

7922 20917 4318 9688 24934 2972 10245 4897 (10.89%) 5966 (13.27%) 19259 (42.84%) 1163 (7.08%) 5934 (36.14%) 7241 (44.10%) 5105 (10.78%) 11 16080 (33.95%) 2832 7666 17098 -

718 (24.74%)

CEU eTD Collection

HSP HND/SDP HSS/HSLS/HNS/ HDZ 11. electoral 109524) (voted: district HSLS Independent HDZ HSP HSLS HDZ HNS HSP HDZ HDZ HSLS/SDP/SBHS 4 Independent HSS/SBHS HDZ 17. electoral 81125) (voted: district HSP HSLS HDZ 14. electoral 85751) (voted: district th

electoral 11. 9. 7.

electoral40901) (voted: district electoral47729) (voted: district electoral49025) (voted: district

district (voted: 262552)

44983 (57.37%) 7365 (8.84%) 23607 (28.32%) 44853 (53.81%) 8655 (8.16%) 40321 57054 (53.81%) 2561 (6.26%) 3055 (7.47%) 23999 (58.68%) 3381 (7.08% 5826 (12.21%) 26083 (54.65%) 5669 (11.56%) 5977 (12.19%) 21037 (42.91%) 61957 (24.03%) 98084 (38.04%) 9505 (12.12%) 17674 (22.54%)

)

2000 1995

62 SDP HSLS HDZ HNS HDS HDZ HSLS HNS HDZ SDP/HSLS) HDZ 5 HSP HSLS HDZ 15. electoral 63671) (voted district HSP HNS/HND SDP/HSLS/HSS/ HDZ 12

. electoral 85273) (voted: district

electoral (voted: district 275172) 12. 10. 8.

electoral24754) (voted: district electoral43253) (voted: district electoral47630) (voted: district

3373 (13.63%) 3585 (14.67%) 8465 (34.20%) 3518 (8.13%) 6656 (15.39%) 19063 (44.07%) 6063 (12.73%) 6676 (14.02%) 19648 (41.25%) 71780 (26.63%) 82872 (30.75%) 5752 (9.29%) 17479 (28.23%) 36001 (58.15%) 4716 (5.71%) 22328 (27.05%) 45263 (54.84%)

CEU eTD Collection

HSP SDP/LS/LIBRA HDZ 4 HSS/LS/HNS th

electoral (voted: district 2

18972 (9.05%) 38508 (18.37%) 74900 (35.72%) 37522 (14.55%) 14859)

2003 63 HSS SDP HDZ 5 HSS/LS/ HNS

electoral (voted: district 220421)

19726 (9.20%) 31659 (14.77%) 88247 (41.17%) 51342 (19.05%)

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