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The First Union Civil War Martyr: Elmer Ellsworth, Alexandria, and the American Flag

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The First Union Civil War Martyr: Elmer Ellsworth, Alexandria, and the American Flag Editor: Linda Greenberg Fall 2011 The First Union Civil War Martyr: Elmer Ellsworth, Alexandria, and the American Flag By Marc Leepson May 24, 1861, was not a great day for the city of Although a significant number of Alexandrians were Alexandria. Less than twenty-four hours after the citizens Union sympathizers, the overwhelming majority in the of Virginia had voted to ratify the Ordinance of city supported the Southern cause, as evidenced by the Secession,1 Union troops invaded the bustling port city reaction to the invasion by one Henry B. Whittington, a of some 12,000 residents—and stayed for the remainder clerk for an Alexandria mercantile business. of the war. That’s why even today some people in “The first instalment [sic] of federal troops,” Richmond refer to Alexandria and its environs as Whittington wrote in the first entry of his Civil War diary, “Occupied Northern Virginia.” “made their advent into our city as the advance guard of The invasion began at two in the morning when Union the northern army intended to subjugate the people of the soldiers crossed over the Chain Bridge and the Long South to the control of one Abraham Lincoln, the first Bridge (today’s 14th Street Bridge) from Washington to sectional President ever elected by the people of the take over Northern Virginia. The invading force included American Union.” six companies of District Volunteers; one Michigan, five As Whittington and others noted, the Virginia militia New York and two New Jersey regiments; a two-gun troops in Alexandria had left hours before the Union artillery battery; and a company of U.S. Cavalry. Other troops crossed the Potomac rather than risk a bloody and Union troops arrived at the Alexandria wharfs aboard destructive showdown in the city. The “Virginia forces three steamships, guarded by two USS Pawnee launches. under Col. Terrett having evacuated the place,” There was no resistance as six companies of 1st Michigan Whittington wrote, “the invaders of course met with no Regiment under Col. Orlando B. Willcox and the 11th resistance; but the frown of the citizens gave unerring New York Zouave Regiment led by Col. Elmer Ellsworth indication of their feelings, in view of this infringement entered Alexandria. upon their rights….”2 The Union command had been concerned since Fort In the days and weeks before the invasion most of the Sumter had fallen on April 13 about a Confederate attack city’s businesses had closed and many residents fled the on Washington. That city’s residents had been startled to city. Slaves who were not taken with their fleeing owners see Confederate flags flying in northern Virginia from were sent to the city jail. All in all, some two-thirds of the high points in the city within days after the Union surren- city’s residents left town by May 24 rather than live under der at Fort Sumter. Federal troops immediately were Union control. rushed into Washington, and within months the Union That day “rose bright and lovely as any May morning began building what became known as the Defenses of ever dawned upon the earth,” Anne Frobel, who lived Washington, a series of sixty-seven connected forts and with her sister on a farm on Old Fairfax Road (now fortifications that rang the city like a beltway. Franconia Road.), wrote in her diary on May 24. “The Several of those forts would be built in Northern turnpike road, and all the roads as far as we could see Virginia, so the next logical step was to secure the south- were filled with vehicles of all sorts and description, ern environs of the national capital, including Alexandria. filled with women and children and goods of all kinds, 1 men on horseback and on foot, a continual stream. Old 1840s. Fairfax surely never knew such commotion before.” It was not until the fall of Fort Sumter in 1861 that the Earlier in May, the sisters rode into Alexandria “to see American flag began to take on something approaching and hear all we could,” Anne Frobel wrote. “Such a dense its current meaning to the American public. Soon after crowd thronged the streets, carriages filled with people, that fort fell to the Confederates, northerners began dis- wagons, carts, drays, wheelbarrows all packed mountain playing the flag ubiquitously as a symbol of the fight to high with baggage of every sort—men, women, and chil- keep the union intact. dren streaming along to the cars, most of the women cry- And—not surprisingly with the nation involved in a bit- ing, almost every face we saw we recognized and all terly contentious shooting Civil War—the flag and the looking as forlorn as if going to execution.” Confederate flag were involved in violent, sometimes Frobel said that she thought that “every body from both deadly, incidents. Southern sympathizers in the North town and country that could possibly get away left at this risked mob violence if they displayed the Confederate time, and for the first time, it dawned upon me that it was flag publicly. The same was true for northern patriots in something more than pastime and O what a feeling of the South. In some cases, mobs in the North carried out loneliness and utter despair came over us when we attacks against individuals and business that failed to fly thought of every friend and acquaintance gone...” 3 the Stars and Stripes. “Our friends and neighbors have left us,” Judith B. The first fatal incident during a Civil War engagement McGuire, the wife of the Headmaster of Episcopal High involving a flag took place on the day of the Union inva- School (known then as “High School”) wrote in her dairy sion of Alexandria, May 24, 1861. Twenty-four-year-old two and a half weeks before the invasion. “The Elmer Ellsworth, a native of the small upstate New York Theological Seminary is closed; the High School dis- State village of Malta in Saratoga County, was marching missed.... Scarcely any one is left of the many families a small detachment of his Zouave regiment down King which surrounded it. We are left lonely indeed; our chil- Street on their way to the telegraph office. As they did so, dren are all gone—the girls to Clarke where they may be Ellsworth noticed that the Marshall House was flying a safer…and the boys, the dear, dear boys, to the camp to large, sixteen-by-thirty-foot, Confederate Stars and Bars be drilled and prepared to meet any emergency. Can it be from its roof. that our country is to be carried on and on to the horrors Proprietor James W. Jackson had raised that flag the of Civil War?”4 night before in front of a large crowd that had gathered there to cheer the vote for secession. Jackson, a staunch The Confederate Flag Confederate supporter, had moved to Alexandria in January to reopen the Marshall House, which was more Before the horror started in earnest, the otherwise non- of what we would consider a boarding house than an inn. violent Union invasion of Alexandria turned deadly when Ellsworth had gained national fame in 1859-60 as the Col. Ellsworth was shot and killed at the Marshall House founder and leader of United States Zouave Cadets of Hotel by its proprietor, the Confederate partisan James Chicago, a group of young men recruited from the Jackson. The Death of Ellsworth—as the demise of the Illinois State Militia that specialized in close-order first Union officer killed in the Civil War became known 6 in the North—was tied directly to the Stars and Bars, the drills. The cadets wore flamboyant uniforms that newly adopted flag of the Confederate States of America. Ellsworth designed featuring fezzes, balloon pants, and Which is a telling indicator that the Civil War ushered red vests, and they performed in front of large, adoring in a significant change in Americans’ (North and South) crowds in cities and towns from Chicago to New York. feelings for the national flag. The fact is that the reverent At that time Ellsworth was “the most talked-of man in feelings that 21st century Americans have for our nation- the country,” the Atlantic Monthly magazine noted. “His al flag date not from the Revolutionary War, but from pictures sold like wildfire in every city in the land. 1861 and the start of the Civil War. Before the Civil School-girls dreamed over the graceful wave of his curls, War—for the first three-quarters of this nation’s history, and shop-boys tried to reproduce the Grand Seigneur air in fact—it was almost unheard of for private individuals of his attitude…. The leading journals spoke editorially 7 to fly the American flag.5 Until 1861, the flag was flown of him and the comic papers caricatured his drill.” almost exclusively at federal facilities and by the The name “Zouave” came from a regiment of the American military, primarily on U.S. Navy ships. French colonial army made up of fierce warriors from the Contrary to images promulgated well after the fact, the Kabyli tribe that lived in the hills of Algeria and Continental Army did not officially fight under the Stars Morocco. The French Zouaves made their reputation dur- and Stripes against the British, and the U.S. military did ing the Crimean War of 1854-56. During the American not officially adopt the Stars and Stripes until the early Civil War, American Zouave units fought on both sides of the conflict. 2 “The dashing young commander,” as The New York Times referred to Ellsworth,8 had met and befriended Abraham Lincoln in Springfield, Illinois, in 1859, after Lincoln had attended a Zouave performance.
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