PAULA GUIMARÃES PINHEIRO DE ARAÚJO et al. 371
Technical Article
Characterization and selection of torch ginger for cut flower(1)
PAULA GUIMARÃES PINHEIRO DE ARAÚJO(2), JOÃO CARLOS CÉSAR DE ALBUQUERQUE FILHO(3), SIMONE SANTOS LIRA SILVA(3), CARLOS EDUARDO FERREIRA DE CASTRO(4), CHARLESTON GONÇALVES(4), VIVIAN LOGES(3)*
ABSTRACT Torch ginger, Etlingera elatior, is among the most cultivated tropical flower of its genus. Its great acceptability in the market led researchers to improve production characteristics and to adapt it for commercialization. This study aimed to characterize 10 genotypes of torch ginger in order to select and recommend them as cut flower. The experiment ran from Jan 2014 to Dec 2016 in Paulista, Brazil and nine agro-morphological characteristics were evaluated to build a grading system that determined their suitability for cut flower. The IAC 26 and IAC 34 genotypes were classified as poorly suitable, for they presented fresh mass exceeding 237 g. They also presented less than 19 flower stems per clump and only one month with ≥1 floral stem produced in 2015. The genotypes IAC 1, IAC 2, IAC 3, IAC 11, IAC 13 and the cultivar IAC Prumirim were classified as suitable, although they obtained intermediate scores for most of the evaluated criteria. The genotype IAC 41 and the cultivar IAC Camburi were classified as very suitable for cut flower, beginning of flowering period at 12 months, produce 33.25 and 41.20 flower stem per clump, respectively, and present seven months with production of more than one floral stem per clump in 2016, achieving maximum scores from most of the evaluated characteristics. Keywords: Etlingera elatior, tropical flowers, production.
RESUMO Caracterização e seleção de bastão-do-imperador para flor de corte Bastão-do-imperador, Etlingera elatior, é a espécie mais cultivada de flores tropicais do gênero. A sua aceitabilidade no mercado levou os pesquisadores a melhorarem características de produção e adequá-las para a comercialização. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo caracterizar 10 genótipos de bastão do imperador para seleção e recomendação como flor de corte. O experimento foi conduzido de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2016 em Paulista, Brasil. Foram avaliados nove características morfoagronômicos para classificar e determinar a adequação para a flor de corte. IAC 26 e IAC 34 foram classificados como pouco adequados, com massa fresca superior 237 g, número de hastes florais inferior a 19 por touceira e apenas um mês com produção de uma ou mais hastes florais em 2015. Os genótipos IAC 1, IAC 2, IAC 3, IAC 11, IAC 13 e a cultivar IAC Prumirim foram classificados como adequados, embora tenham obtido pontuação intermediária para a maioria dos critérios avaliados. Os genótipos IAC 41 e a cultivar IAC Camburi foram classificados como muito adequados para flor de corte, inciando o período de florescimento aos 12 meses, produzindo 33,25 a 41,20 hastes florais por touceiras, respectivamente, e apresentaram sete meses com produção de mais de uma hastes floral por touceira em 2016, alcançando maxima pontuação para a maioria dos caracteres avaliados. Palavras-chave: Etlingera elatior, flores tropicais e produção.
1. INTRODUCTION germplasm classification and utilization, as they allow the identification of promising cultivars that either can The increasing consumer demand for versatility, integrate breeding programs or be validated by farmers for durability and low cost of flowers in the last few years, cultivation. has made markets constantly seek out for new products. Among the tropical flowers, Etlingera elatior (Jack) Thereby, new varieties are constantly introduced into the R. M. Smith is the most cultivated species of the genus flower market every year, contributing to its renewal. Etlingera, and popularly known as torch ginger. It is an Several steps are required to obtain and recommend herbaceous, perennial, and rhizomatous plant that belongs improved genotypes. The conservation, characterization, to the Zingiberaceae family. The clumps are vigorous, with evaluation and records of germplasm banks are essential the emission of vegetative and floral stems in the periphery steps that may not be underestimated (NASS and and in the center of the clump. The inflorescences show PATERNIANI, 2000). Those are essential stages for colors that vary from red and pink to white, which grow
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v24i4.1207 (1) Received in 15/05/2018 and accepted in 20/09/2018 (2) Instituto Federal de Pernambuco, Campus Vitória de Santo Antão/IFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, Brazil. (3) Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife-PE, Brazil. *Corresponding author: [email protected] (4) Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Centro de Horticultura, Campinas-SP, Brazil. Licensed by CC BY 4.0
V. 24, No. 4, 2018 p. 371-379 372 Characterization and selection of torch ginger for cut flower directly from the rhizomes (LOGES et al., 2008b). It is a market. These cultivars have post-harvest durability, shape species used for many purposes such as culinary, medicinal, and weight that allow greater efficiency during transport essential oil extract, and ornamental (CHAN et al., 2011; and commercialization (GONÇALVES et al., 2015). CHOON and DING, 2016). It is important to analyze the environmental adaptability In Brazil, Pernambuco state in the Northeast region and market fit of genotypes or new cultivars by regional stands out for the cultivation of white, red, and pink torch field testing. This study aimed to characterize ten torch ginger to be used as cut flower (LOGES et al., 2008b). ginger genotypes and to select the most suitable for However, inadequate characteristics, i.e. low productivity, cultivation as cut flower. seasonality, large and heavy flower stems, and low durability were observed in some genotypes, deeming 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS necessary to conduct further screening for suitable species and cultivars to the market. The experiment was carried out between January 2014 Hoult and Marcsik (2000) in Australia evaluated four and December 2016 in Paulista, in the so-called Zona da cultivars of torch ginger that produced from 50 to 200 flower Mata of Pernambuco State, Brazil (located at 08°01’19 ‘’ stems per clump, with post-harvest durability ranging from South, 34°59’ 33” West, at 100 a.s.l.). The region presents 3 to 10 days. Gonçalves et al. (2014) performed the agro- a tropical climate (Am’) according to the classification morphological and molecular characterization of 75 half- of Köppen’s (ALVARES et al., 2013). The monthly siblings of torch ginger from the germplasm collection of temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity data the Agronomic Institute (IAC, Brazil), and observe a high were obtained from the National Institute of Meteorology genetic diversity. In 2015, the cultivars IAC Prumirim, IAC (Figure 1). The photoperiod or effective period was the Itamambuca, IAC Camburi, and IAC Cacheffo (E. elatior x number of hours of sun exposure of the experimental area E. haemespherica) were introduced to the Brazilian flower during the 24-hour period (VAREJÃO-SILVA, 2006).
Figure 1. Precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, and photoperiod from January 2014 to December 2016.
Ten half-siblings genotypes of torch ginger (Figure IAC 3, IAC 11, IAC 13, IAC 26, IAC 34, and IAC 41) and 2) originated from a random cross-section from the two cultivars (IAC Prumirim and IAC Camburi) registered Germplasm Collection of the Agronomic Institute, were in SNPC-MAPA-Brazil, were cleaned, submitted to the evaluated. In January 2014, rhizomes bearing 20 cm of regular disease and pests control treatment, and planted in pseudostem of eight pre-selected genotypes IAC 1, IAC 2, beds for rooting.
V. 24, No. 4, 2018 p. 371-379 PAULA GUIMARÃES PINHEIRO DE ARAÚJO et al. 373
Figure 2. Genotypes of the Etlingera elatior, cultivated in half-shade.
In April 2014, four clumps (the rhizome with roots and of the pseudostem to the inflorescence apex; SD - floral new shots) were transplanted in randomized blocks to the stem diameter, measured 20 cm below the inflorescence; experimental area, spaced by 1.5 x 1.5 m. The area was partially FM - fresh mass with the floral stem length standardized shaded by trees, with a high sprinkler irrigation system used at 80 cm; and PHD - postharvest durability of semi-open in alternate days, except on rainy days. Local agricultural inflorescences. For the evaluation of PHD, the floral stems practices were adopted and the clump was fertilized with NPK were placed in containers with tap water and evaluated (200 g) and organic compost (1 Kg) each three months. every two days. They were discarded when signs of As like in May 2014, the clumps were periodically senescence, such as darkened and dried edges of the bracts, evaluated for the following characteristics: BF - beginning were observed. The storage conditions were constant at 25 of flowering; NFS - number of floral stems per month in °C with relative humidity approx. 77%. the clump; and NVS - number of vegetative stems per Following the score to the agro-morphological month. The vegetative stems, that present conical shape characteristics (Table 1), the genotypes were classified for with the upper part pointed, and the floral stems, that was cut flower use as: Very suitable - score ≥ 27; Suitable - score more cylindrical shape, were marked at 8 cm. The ratio between 22 to 26; Poorly suitable - score ≤ 21. (r) between the NVS and the NFS emitted three months For the analysis of the NFS data, the plot was subdivided later, period necessary for the emission of the floral stem in time (plot being the genotype and the time as subplot). after the emission of the vegetative stem was calculated. The NFS data was grouped by semester starting in January All inflorescence flower stems were harvested closed (base 2015, beginning of the flowering period: 1st semester - from bracts closed), semi-open (base bracts beginning to open 13 to 18 months after planting (MAP); 2nd semester - from and central part of the inflorescence visible) or open (base 19 to 24 MAP; 3rd semester - from 24 to 30 MAP; and 4th bracts completely open and flower opening). From the data semester - from 31 to 36 MAP. The Scott-Knott clustering collected, the development period from the emission of the and Tukey tests were used, both at 5% probability, using the floral stem to the harvest (CYCLE) was obtained. Sisvar software version 5.7 (Build 77). For the variables LI, The flower stems were evaluated for: IW - inflorescence WI, LS, DS, MF, CYCLE, and PHD, the 4th semester data width, measured in the largest part of the inflorescence; IL were used with the randomized block scheme using Tukey – inflorescence length, from the base of the inflorescence test, 5% probability, with the Genes program VS 2013.5.1 to its apex; SL - floral stem length, distance from the base (CRUZ, 2013).
V. 24, No. 4, 2018 p. 371-379 374 Characterization and selection of torch ginger for cut flower
Table 1. Score to agro-morphological characteristics of E. elatior for cut flower use (adapted from GONÇALVES et al., 2014).
Score Characteristics 1 2 3 IL - ≤ 11 ou ≥ 16 12 a 15 IW - ≤ 13 ou ≥ 18 14 a 17 SL - ≤ 99 ou ≥ 129 100 a 128
SD - ≤ 0.90 ou ≥ 1.66 1.00 a 1.65
FM - ≥ 237 166 a 236 CYCLE ≥ 60 41 a 59 ≤ 40 PHD ≤ 3 4 a 6 ≥ 7 BF ≥ 19 13 a 18 ≤ 12 NFS ≤ 19 20 a 29 ≥ 30 MP for 2015 and 2016 ≤ 3 4 a 6 ≥ 7
IL – inflorescence length (cm); IW – inflorescence width (cm); SL - floral stem length (cm); SD - floral stem diameter (cm); FM - fresh mass (g); CYCLE - development period from the emission of the floral stem to the harvest (days); PHD - post-harvest durability (days); BF - beginning of the flowering (months); NFS - number of floral stems e MP for 2015 and 2016 – (months with production ≥ 1 floral stem, per year).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION development of the floral stem, but those that develop are high quality stems. The experiment highlighted differences between the The genotypes IAC 1 and IAC 3 presented less than one evaluated genotypes. The agromorphological characteris- floral stem in all months of 2015 (Figure 3). The number of tics led to understand the development of the torch ginger flower stems (NFS) per clump was higher in the IAC 41 and in the period of three years, being possible thus, to select IAC Camburi, with more than three flower stems in several two genotypes for cut flower use in the Zona da Mata of months of the year (Figure 3). The genotypes IAC 2, IAC Pernambuco State, Brazil. 11, IAC 13, IAC 41, and IAC Camburi showed a peak of The genotypes IAC 1, IAC 3, IAC 11, IAC 13, IAC 26, NFS between November and December 2016. Loges et al. IAC 41, and the cultivars IAC Prumirim and IAC Camburi (2008a) observed at the same location that torch ginger red stood out with the beginning of the flowering (BF) at 12 and light pink showed peak of production from September months after planting (MAP) (Figure 3). Only IAC 2 and IAC to November 2005. Producers prefer genotypes with high 34 showed BF at thirteen and fourteen MAP, respectively. monthly production throughout the year, since demand is According to Ribeiro et al. (2012), the torch ginger flower- equally distributed throughout the year. ing begins from 12 to 18 MAP. Early flowering genotypes are Only the cultivar IAC 41 showed a significant difference more indicated, as they provide faster production and harvest; for NFS over time, with higher production (17.25 NFS) in as well as earlier return to the production investments. the fourth semester (Table 2). The genotypes IAC 1, IAC 2, It was possible to observe the absence of production in IAC 11, and the cultivars IAC Prumirim and IAC Camburi some genotypes in several months of the year. However, showed higher production in the second (2.00, 5.50, 9.75, there was no evidence of seasonality or influence of 6.00 and 13.00) and fourth semester (3.00, 6, 75, 5.75, 10.00 the temperature, precipitation, and photoperiod on the and 12.75). The genotypes IAC 3, IAC 13, and IAC 26 yield, once there was no concentration of production in increased production over time. The genotype IAC 34 alone a periodically manner. According to Nascimento et al. reduced the production in the fourth semester (1.50 NFS), (2015), shading in the base of the plant may reduce the but there was no statistical difference between the genotypes.
V. 24, No. 4, 2018 p. 371-379 PAULA GUIMARÃES PINHEIRO DE ARAÚJO et al. 375
Figure 3. Number of vegetative stems (NVS - green column) and number of floral stems (NFS - pink column) per clump of genotypes Etlingera elatior from May 2014 to December 2016.
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Table 2. Number of floral stems (NFS) per semester in torch ginger genotypes Etlingera( elatior), from January 2015 to December 2016, Paulista-PE.
Genotypes IL(cm) IW(cm) SL(cm) SD(cm) FM(g) CYCLE (day) PHD(day) IAC 1 7.22a 7.31b 79.39a 1.08a 171.14a 52.37a 5.00a IAC 2 10.82a 13.86ab 118.30a 1.21a 195.36a 66.17a 6.45a IAC 3 9.36a 10.97ab 100.28a 0.87a 147.69a 52.28a 5.29a IAC 11 7.51a 9.47ab 87.41a 1.05a 140.48a 69.49a 6.10a IAC 13 9.59a 12.17ab 128.49a 1.21a 165.25a 70.97a 7.90a IAC 26 11.18a 14.20ab 150.59a 1.39a 248.85a 68.59a 6.71a IAC 34 8.89a 11.59ab 116.22a 1.35a 277.03a 59.52a 5.93a IAC 41 12.57a 15.93a 134.59a 1.43a 273.75a 61.16a 8.09a IAC Prumirim 10.23a 11.89ab 95.79a 1.03a 144.35a 70.34a 4.89a IAC Camburi 9.48a 11.42ab 114.23a 1.19a 179.09a 63.78a 5.86a
* Averages followed by the same letter in the column. do not differ from each other. by the Tukey test at the level of 5% IL – inflorescence length; IW – inflorescence width; SL - floral stem length; SD - floral stem diameter; FM - fresh mass; CYCLE - development period from the emission of the floral stem to the harvest e PHD - post-harvest durability.
The IAC 41 and IAC Camburi flower stem productions related to the clump age, once after the planting, the clumps stood out ahead of the others during the evaluated period, pass through a period of development and establishment of with 33.25 and 41.25 NFS, respectively (Figure 4). Loges the production (LOGES et al., 2008b). Ribeiro et al. (2012) et al. (2008a), evaluating the production of a red and light assures that a torch ginger clump produces around 50 floral pink torch ginger in a five years old clump, observed stems per year after the establishment. Hoult and Marcsik 109.66 and 68.00 flower stems per year, respectively, (2000) in Australia observed from 50 to 200 floral stems in values above those observed in this experiment. It can be four cultivars of torch ginger.
Figure 4. Ratio between the number of vegetative stems (NVS) and the number of floral stems (NFS) per clump, from May 2014 to December 2016, Paulista-PE.
According to Choon and Ding (2016), the growth stem to senesce from the basal part towards the apex and of the torch ginger plant is divided into a vegetative its tipping later. The authors affirm that in torch ginger phase, with the growth of the vegetative stem, and a plants one vegetative stem produces only one floral reproductive phase, when the flower stem emerges from stem and the mechanisms that regulate the production the rhizome. In the reproductive phase was observed the of flower stems in torch ginger clumps have not been remobilization of photo-assimilates from the vegetative studied yet. In this experiment was observed higher stem to develop the flower stem. It caused the vegetative NFS than vegetative stems (NVS) only in IAC Camburi
V. 24, No. 4, 2018 p. 371-379 PAULA GUIMARÃES PINHEIRO DE ARAÚJO et al. 377 and IAC 11, with ratio (r) of 1.2 and 1.07, respectively characteristics are directly related to packaging and (Figure 4). The other genotypes showed higher NVS transportation processes. Very long and wide inflorescences than NFS. IAC 3 presented the lowest ratio (r = 0.38), are not appreciated as it may present friction between the followed by IAC 1, IAC 26, and IAC 34 (r = 0.44, 0.41 bracts and impacts from the carton, causing mechanical and 0.48, respectively), indicating that further researches damage and depreciation. Besides, it also reduces the amount are needed to improve these ratios and to study the (units / box) to be transported. Gonçalves et al. (2015) aspects that regulate flowering and senescence in torch indicated that torch ginger ideal genotypes for cut flower ginger plants, as well. should have inflorescence length between 12 to 14 cm and Among the flower stem characteristics evaluated, inflorescence width between 14 to 17 cm. Nevertheless, the only the inflorescence width (IW) showed a significant length and width of torch ginger inflorescence is associated difference among the genotypes. The IAC 41 presented with the maturation sequential development (CHOON and the largest IW with 15.93 cm, while the IAC 1 presented DING, 2016), and the market accepts different opening the lowest with 7.31 cm (Table 3). Inflorescence length points (closed, semi-open or open) depending on the floral (IL) ranged from 12.57 (IAC 41) to 7.22 (IAC 1). Those design and durability required.
Table 3. Characteristics of the flower stems of torch ginger Etlingera( elatior) genotypes evaluated from July 2016 to December 2016.
1st Sem. 2nd Sem. 3rd Sem. 4th Sem. Genotypes 13 a 18 MAP 19 A 24 MAP 25 A 30 MAP 31 a 36 MAP IAC 1 1.00Aa 2.00Aa 1.75Aa 3.00Aa IAC 2 1.75Aa 5.50Aa 3.25Aa 6.75Aa IAC 3 0.25Aa 1.50Aa 3.00Aa 6.25Aa IAC 11 4.70Aa 9.75Aa 5.25Aa 5.75Aa IAC 13 2.50Aa 3.75Aa 5.5Aa 9.75Aa IAC 26 0.25Aa 1.75Aa 1.75Aa 7.00Aa IAC 34 0.75Aa 2.75Aa 4.00Aa 1.50Aa IAC 41 1.50Ba 7.00ABa 7.5ABa 17.25Aa IAC Prumirim 2.00Aa 6.00Aa 5.20Aa 10.00Aa IAC Camburi 6.00Aa 13.00Aa 9.25Aa 12.75Aa
* Averages followed by the same horizontal capital letters do not differ from each other, (Tukey test) ** Averages followed by the same lowercase and vertical letters do not differ statistically from each other, (Scott-Nott’s test)IL - comprimento da inflorescência (cm); IW - largura da inflorescência (cm); SL - comprimento da haste floral (cm); SD - diâmetro da haste floral (cm); FM - massa fresca (g); CICLE - período de desenvolvimento da emissão da haste floral até a colheita (dias); PHD - durabilidade pós-colheita (dias);AM - início da floração (meses); NFS - número de hastes florais e MP para 2015 e 2016 - (meses com produção ≥ 1 haste floral, por ano).
Regarding to the floral stem length (SL), it should be Nevertheless, it is not interesting to have very large stem approximately 80 cm for a better use by the florists, al- diameters, once it is directly related to the final weight of lowing them to make compact or taller arrangements, and the floral stem. this length was observed in all genotypes. Gonçalves et The fresh mass (FM) of the flower stem were between al. (2014), indicated ideal genotypes for cut flower should 140 and 277 for all genotypes. According to Gonçalves et have SL between 100 to 128 cm. The genotypes IAC 2, al. (2014) despite, the great acceptability of torch ginger by IAC 3, IAC 34, and IAC Camburi presented averages the consumers, its commercialization is restricted due to the within that range (118.30; 100.28; 116.22 and 114.23 cm, high weight of the flower stem. It may difficult harvesting, respectively). Loges et al. (2008a) and Choon and Ding packing, and transportation processes, indicating FM (2016) observed that after the development of the inflores- between 166 to 236 g. The genotypes IAC 1, IAC 2, and cence bud, there is no elongation of the floral stem and, if cultivar IAC Camburi showed the suggested range, but it does not have a commercial length, it may be removed lighter floral stems should be selected. from the clumps and discarded. The CYCLE, period between the floral stem emission The IAC 3 was the only genotype that presented stem until the harvest, ranged from 52 to 70 days. Gonçalves diameter (SD) smaller than 1 cm (0.87 cm). In order to et al. (2014) observed genotypes with CYCLE ranging bear the inflorescence and prevent stem tipping, Loges et from 32 to 50 days. This characteristic is interesting to al. (2005) recommends a floral stem diameter of 1.00 cm; the producer, once it makes possible plan the forthcoming and Gonçalves et al. (2014) between 1.30 and 1.65 cm. production, aiding in their sales.
V. 24, No. 4, 2018 p. 371-379 378 Characterization and selection of torch ginger for cut flower
The postharvest durability (PHD) observed in IAC guarantee the quality and durability of the flower stems, the 41 was 8 days, followed by IAC 2, IAC 11, IAC 13 and inflorescences must be harvested before the flowers open, IAC 26 that were 7 and 6 days, and less than 5 days in at the close or semi-open harvest points. the other genotypes, including IAC Prumirim and IAC The PHD directly sets conditions for marketing flower Camburi. Castro et al. (2013) observed PHD of 8 days for stems. Floral stems with PHD longer than 10 days may be those cultivars. According to the literature the post-harvest sent to distant locations and used longer-lasting events. durability varies widely. Hoult and Marcsik (2000) in However, floral stems with PHD shorter than eight days are Australia observed postharvest durability of 3 up to 10 days restricted to sales in local markets and short-term events to four torch ginger cultivars and Choon and Ding (2013) such as parties, a fact observed in the Recife-PE market. observed 6 days. Based on the score system proposed to select torch Carneiro et al. (2014) concluded that the postharvest ginger genotypes as cut flowers (Table 4), it was observed durability was correlated to the harvest point: only 4 days that: IAC 26 and IAC 34 were classified as poorly adapted, for the floral stems with open inflorescences and 10 days presenting higher FM (237 g), NFS less than 19 and less for floral stems with semi-open inflorescences. According than three months emitting floral stems in 2015 and 2016. to Choon and Ding (2017), when the true flowers of the IAC 1, IAC 2, IAC 3, IAC 11, AC 13 and IAC Prumirim torch ginger inflorescences start to open sequentially, the received intermediate scores for most of the evaluated external bracts and the upper part of the peduncle begin criteria and so were classified as adequate; IAC 41 and to darken and dry, due to the reduction of soluble sugars IAC Camburi, received maximum scores for most of the and the degradation of the starch grains accumulated by the evaluated characteristics and so were classified as very plant and used during the formation of the flowers. Thus, to suitable.
Table 4. Classification to suitability for using as cutting blossom of torch ginger genotypes (Etlingera elatior) from January 2015 to December 2016
MP MP Use as Cut Genotypoes IL IW SL SD FM CYCLE PHD BF NFS Total (15) (16) flower
IAC 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 1 22 Suitable IAC 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 22 Suitable IAC 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 1 1 2 23 Suitable IAC 11 2 2 2 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 2 25 Suitable IAC 13 2 2 2 3 3 1 3 3 2 1 3 25 Suitable Poorly IAC 26 2 3 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 21 suitable Poorly IAC 34 2 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 20 suitable IAC 41 3 3 2 3 1 1 3 3 3 2 3 27 Very suitable IAC Prumirim 2 2 2 3 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 25 Suitable IAC Camburi 2 2 3 3 3 1 2 3 3 3 3 28 Very suitable
IL – inflorescencelength ; IW – inflorescence width; SL - floral stem length; SD - floral stem diameter; FM - fresh mass; CYCLE - development period from the emission of the floral stem to the harvest e PHD -post-harvest durability; BF - beginning of flowering; NFS - number of floral stems (2015 e 2016) and MP for 2015 and 2016 – (months with production ≥ 1 floral stem, in the year).
4. CONCLUSIONS Science and Technology Support of Pernambuco-FACEPE, and all that are part of Labflor - UFRPE Floriculture It was possible to characterize torch ginger genotypes Laboratory. leading to the recommendation of IAC 41 and the IAC Camburi suitable for cut flower production in Zona da AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS Mata of Pernambuco State, Brazil, area of the study. P.G.P.A. 0000-0003-4680-3776: Planting of genotypes; character ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS propose; evaluation of genotypes in the field; results discussion and scientific writing. J.C.C.A.F. 0000-0002-9394-7935: Planting of We are thankful to the Mumbecas Farm, Tropical genotypes; evaluation of genotypes in the field; and results Flowers, Paulista, Pernambuco State, Brazil, the Agronomic discussion. S.S.L.S. 0000-0003-3101-4061: Planting of genotypes; Institute-IAC, the National Council of Scientific and evaluation of genotypes in the field; and results discussion. Technological Development-CNPq, the Foundation of C.E.F.C. 0000-0002-1407-0611: Results discussion and scientific
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