York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research (2016)

Home , Lawrence Street (York), Ogleforth, Skeldergate, St Andrewgate, Tanner Row, York city walls

A Report On Various Excavations In York With Post-Medieval Artefacts Of Note

An Insight Report

By J.M. McComish

©York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research (2016)

Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 3 2. UNION TERRACE CAR PARK, CLARENCE STREET, YORK ...... 3 3. PAWSON’S WAREHOUSE, SKELDERGATE, YORK ...... 6 4. 5 ROUGIER STREET, YORK ...... 9 5 GENERAL ACCIDENT, 24–30 TANNER ROW, YORK ...... 11 6. JUDGES LODGING, YORK ...... 14 7. SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY WINDOW MULLION BRICKS ...... 15 8. REFERENCES ...... 18 9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 19

Plates

PLATE 1: THE UNION TERRACE EXCAVATIONS ...... 3 PLATE 2: A CLASPING-BUTTRESS WITH A CHAMFERED PLINTH, SCALE UNIT 0.1M ...... 4 PLATE 3: THE STONE-LINED WELL OF MID-15TH- TO MID-16TH-CENTURY DATE ...... 6 PLATE 4: THE EXCAVATIONS AT PAWSON’S WAREHOUSE, SKELDERGATE, SCALE UNIT 0.5M ...... 7 PLATE 5: BRICK VAULTING AND WALLING AT THE PAWSON’S WAREHOUSE SITE ...... 8 PLATE 6: A 4TH-CENTURY ROMAN SURFACE AT 5 ROUGIER STREET. SCALE UNIT 0.1M ...... 9 PLATE 7: ROMAN STONE PILES WITH A ROAD SURFACE BEYOND...... 10 PLATE 8: THE EXCAVATIONS AT 24–30 TANNER ROW ...... 12 PLATE 9: ROMAN TIMBER BUILDINGS AT 24–30 TANNER ROW ...... 13 PLATE 10: A 17TH-CENTURY MULLION BRICK ...... 15 PLATE 11: THE DUTCH HOUSE, OGLEFORTH, YORK, CONSTRUCTED C.1650 ...... 17 PLATE 12: DETAIL OF THE MULLION AND TRANSOM IN THE DUTCH HOUSE, OGLEFORTH, YORK ...... 17

Figures

FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF POST-MEDIEVAL SITES ...... 20 FIGURE 2: UNION TERRACE TRENCH LOCATIONS ...... 21 FIGURE 3: PAWSON’S WAREHOUSE TRENCH LOCATION ...... 22 FIGURE 4: ROUGIER STREET AND GENERAL ACCIDENT, TANNER ROW, TRENCH LOCATIONS ...... 23 FIGURE 5: JUDGES LODGING TRENCH LOCATIONS ...... 24

1. INTRODUCTION

This report relates to five of York Archaeological Trust’s excavations within York, all of which have yielded post-medieval artefacts of particular note. The sites in question were Union Terrace (site code 1972.18), Pawson’s Warehouse on Skeldergate (site code 1972.19), 5 Rougier Street (site code 1981.12), General Accident site at 24–30 Tanner Row (site code 1983-4.28) and the Judges Lodging Hotel, Lendal (site code 1983.45). The location of these sites is given on Figure 1. In addition, a group of post-medieval window mullion bricks from sites across York are discussed. Research into the artefacts in question is currently being undertaken by N. Rogers as part of a Museum Resilience Fund project. This report aims to give a brief overview of each of the excavations in question in order to provide archaeological context for the various post-medieval artefacts.

2. UNION TERRACE CAR PARK, CLARENCE STREET, YORK

The excavations at Union Terrace Car Park, Clarence Street, York (Figure 2; Plate 1), took place from June to October 1972 and were directed by M. Foster and C. Heighway. The excavations comprised four trenches to either side of Union Terrace and the results have been published in Richards et al. (1989). The text below represents a brief summary based on the published report.

Plate 1: The Union Terrace excavations

The Roman levels were only seen in limited areas of the site. Some beam-slots and post- holes were also present, indicating structural activity of Roman date, but as these were seen in such restricted areas it was impossible to produce a ground plan for any buildings on the site. In Trench 2 there was a dark grey layer of clay which contained abundant residual Roman pottery and 3rd–4th-century coins. A single burial of Roman or later date was present, cut into the upper surface of the clay. The only identifiable material of Anglian date was a single sherd of pottery, and nothing of Anglo-Scandinavian date was found, suggesting that the area was little used in the early medieval period. It is known from historical documents that a Carmelite Friary was located in this area from c.1250–1295. A stone building of three rooms was present at the site, dating to the late 12th to the early 13th century, which almost certainly related to this friary. The easternmost room (Room H) was aligned east–west and was interpreted as a chapel. The walls were built from irregularly coursed limestone and sandstone blocks with a rubble core. There were clasping-style buttresses on the western corners of the building, possibly added at a later date. The room had a mortar floor, which was cut by various slots and post-holes interpreted as the bases for benches and the rood screen. A second east–west aligned room (Room J), located to the immediate west of Room H, was interpreted as a later addition to the chapel, designed to create a longer church with a nave and chancel. Room J had clasping buttresses with chamfered upper surfaces at the western corners (Plate 2). To the immediate north of Room H, the northernmost room (Room K) may have been added as a sacristy or side chapel either contemporary with or later than the addition of the chancel. After 1295 the Carmelite Friars are known to have moved to a new site in the area of the Stonebow.

Plate 2: A clasping-buttress with a chamfered plinth, scale unit 0.1m 4

From the 14th–15th centuries the buildings at the site were altered. The dividing wall between Rooms H and J was demolished, and this portion of the building was then divided into four rooms (Rooms M, N, O and P). A floor of plain-glazed tiles laid diagonally to the walls was present in Room N, which also had a central tile hearth, implying that this was a single-storey building. The elaboration of Room N suggests that it was used as a hall. Room O was a cross-passage with doors at either end that were cut through the earlier walls of Room J. The smaller Rooms M and P were interpreted as small service rooms. Room K was replaced by a longer range (Room L) which had three integral small rooms (Rooms X, Y and Z) that were interpreted as a latrine block. An associated well was located to the south of the buildings. This phase of activity was interpreted as relating to St Mary’s Hospital which was known to have existed in the area in the 14th century. Early hospitals generally had a large infirmary hall with a chapel to the east and service rooms to the west, which would fit the pattern seen at Union Terrace. From the mid-15th to the mid-16th century there was widespread reorganisation of the site, including the demolition of some of the earlier buildings and the construction of new ranges, creating a more quadrangular plan. These remains were interpreted as representing the expansion of the hospital. The changes could be a move away from an earlier style of an infirmary hall towards a collegiate group of separate dwellings for alms people. A number of finds of an ecclesiastical nature were present including parchment prickers, painted window glass and lead window fittings (cames). These buildings underwent several phases of alteration. Various ancillary features were present including a stone-lined well (Plate 3), a brick-lined drain, and a cobbled surface. A number of burials were associated with this phase, many of which were of elderly males, which is consistent with a hospice for ageing clergy. One of the burials had a pewter chalice, indicating that the person concerned was a priest. Some of the burials were of women and juveniles, and these were interpreted as servants of the establishment. The hospital was taken over by St Peter’s School in 1557, and the final phase of buildings at the site relate to this period. It is known from documentary sources that the school was founded following a synod of 1556 which decreed that each cathedral church should maintain a number of boys aged eleven or over, with a view to training them for the priesthood. The boys were to be fed, clothed, housed and instructed in grammar and ecclesiastical discipline. Finds from this period of activity included gaming counters, a Jew’s harp, some harp pegs and slate pencils, and these finds accord with the use of the site as a school. Fragments of fine vessel glass, possibly of Venetian origin, together with a pewter plate and gold ring were also present, indicating the wealth of the establishment. In addition there was an open-work silver bowl that was identified as a possible censer cover, which may have been used in the chapel of the school. The school remained at the site until it was damaged in 1644 during the English Civil War,

and some musket shot from the site may be evidence of this conflict. The school was systematically demolished, but from the archaeological evidence it was impossible to say if this took place in 1644, or whether the school carried on until the later 17th century. There were no buildings at the site from the later 17th century to the early 19th century. Housing was constructed at Union Terrace in the 1820s and the builders re-used some medieval stonework in the cellars of the houses.

Plate 3: The stone-lined well of mid-15th- to mid-16th-century date

3. PAWSON’S WAREHOUSE, SKELDERGATE, YORK

The excavations at the site of Pawson’s Warehouse on Skeldergate (Figure 3 ) took place in 1972, and were directed by A. and H. MacGregor. A decade later the pottery from the site was re-examined, which resulted in the recognition of this material as sugar-refining pots. Research into the pottery from the site has been published in York Archaeological Trust’s magazine Interim (Brooks 1982 and 1983a) and also in Post-Medieval Archaeology (Brooks 1983b). See also an online article on sugar bakers in York (http://www.mawer.clara.net/loc- york.html). Plate 4 shows the depth of the excavated remains, while Plate 5 shows part of the 17th-century brick buildings seen at the site.

The site was located adjacent to the River Ouse, and the earliest deposits seen were silts from the river bed. These were sealed by further silts containing small quantities of pottery of 13th–14th-century date. It was clear from this that considerable areas of land were reclaimed from the river margins in the later medieval period, with all the pre-14th- century settlement being confined to the south-western side of Skeldergate. Two limestone walls were seen within the excavations: the first was the present riverside wall dating to c.1305, while the second wall ran parallel to and 6m behind the river wall (this wall is visible on the left-hand side of Plate 4). The second wall had timber underpinning comprising tree trunks sunk in the late 13th-century river bed, above which was a 1m thick limestone wall that survived to a height of 5m. The area between the two walls had then been infilled with sand. This effectively created new land upon which riverside buildings could be constructed. The space between the inner wall and Skeldergate had been levelled up with layers of varied composition including sandy clay and stony soils, before being levelled off with sand and then partially cobbled over. Some clay-lined pits containing pottery wasters indicated industrial activity in the area in the later medieval period.

Plate 4: The excavations at Pawson’s Warehouse, Skeldergate, scale unit 0.5m

At some stage in the 16th or 17th century there appears to have been a major clearance episode at the site, after which vaulted brick warehouses were built. This was the last phase of buildings at the site. It is known from documentary sources that Pawson’s Warehouse was present on the Skeldergate site in the 18th century. In 1736 Drake described this building as ‘noble vaults built in [Skeldergate] by the late Mr Pawson wine merchant; whose father and grandfather were of the same business ... and all of them in their times the chief traders, in that way, in the city’. Henry Pawson died in 1730, dating 7

the warehouses to the late 17th or early 18th century. Pawson’s warehouses were brick built with Dutch gables and vaults (RCHM 1972, 57 and figure 47), and these buildings survived at the site until the 20th century. A re-examination of the pottery from this site took place in 1982, and a large number of pottery vessels associated with sugar refining were recognised. Two vessel forms were present, the first being conical sugar cone moulds in three differing sizes and the second form being large jars. Sugar cane was imported into Britain from the West Indies from the 17th century. The cane was chopped and the juice extracted by boiling, after which it was poured into moulds. The sugar-cone moulds were made of red earthenware, had a wide mouth at the top and a hole at the base (the tip of the mould). After the sugar had crystallised the moulds were inserted, tip downwards into the jars to allow any excess liquid to drain. The sugar was then loosened and tipped from the moulds. Sugar was a highly prized commodity, and this site represents one of the earliest examples of York’s long association with sweet products.

Plate 5: Brick vaulting and walling at the Pawson’s Warehouse site

4. 5 ROUGIER STREET, YORK

The excavations at 5 Rougier Street (Figure 4) revealed a complex sequence of deposits 7m in depth, with exceptional levels of organic preservation. The lowest 3m of deposits related to the Roman period, and it was the Roman remains which were the focus of the excavation. To enable excavation of these deposits the site had to be shored with steel sheeting and hydraulic braces (Plate 6). The site was directed by P. Ottaway, who reported on the excavations in York Archaeological Trust’s magazine Interim (1982a and 1982b) and also used the results in his 1993 book on Roman York. The summary below is based on these three publications. Naturally occurring clay was encountered 7m below the present ground surface. A linear feature running the length of the excavated trench was interpreted as a stream bed, draining into the River Ouse. This was infilled with interleaving waterlain silts and humic deposits, suggestive of alternating periods of running water and stagnancy. The earliest man-made feature seen at the site, 6m below the present ground surface, was a timber-lined channel, dated to the later 2nd century, which cut into the silts of the former stream. The timber lining of the channel comprised a system of horizontal planks set on edge and held in place by vertical posts. A timber-lined chute was present at right angles to the main channel, which was interpreted as a probable drain from an adjacent building located to the south-west.

Plate 6: A 4th-century Roman surface at 5 Rougier Street. Scale unit 0.1m

On the south-eastern side of the excavation there was a building comprising a foundation trench with timber piles driven through the base, and an infill of clay and cobbles. Above this was a course of walling comprising large ashlar blocks. Adjacent to this wall was a column base, but it was not possible to determine if the two were related. Both the wall and pillar were sealed by a thick dump of burnt material largely comprising grain, of which 89% was spelt and 11% was barley. The grain was dated to the late 2nd century and is thought to have originated from a fire in a granary; it may represent food imported to supply the army in the nearby legionary fortress. The site then seems to have undergone a major redevelopment, with a north-west to south- east aligned road being constructed. Six successive metalled road surfaces were uncovered, the latest of which was of 4th-century date. Adjacent to the road on the south-western side was a substantial building (Plate 7) comprising three stone pillars, each of which was built of large ashlar blocks of sandstone or millstone grit. There was a socket on the upper surface of each pillar, presumably designed to carry a timber upright. Ottaway has suggested (1982b, 14) that this building may have been a granary with the piles supporting a raised floor, but Monaghan (1997, 1107) argues that the scale of construction suggests that it may have been a public building. Part of a relief carving was found which depicts a cockerel with two small bags on its back, beneath a set of cloven hooves and two human feet. It is thought this may be part of an altar dedicated to the god Mercury.

Plate 7: Roman stone piles with a road surface beyond.

There was no direct evidence of Anglian or Anglo-Scandinavian settlement at the site, with the Roman remains being sealed by a thick layer of black soil containing abundant residual Roman pottery and building materials. It is possible, however, that ground clearance in the 12th century removed any evidence of Anglo-Scandinavian settlement. Pits of 12th–13th- century date were uncovered, some of which had wicker linings, but no evidence was found relating these to the tanning industry which is known to have existed in the vicinity from the 12th century. A series of sandy floor deposits of later 13th- or 14th-century date were found, together with a small cobble-filled building foundation. Modern cellars had destroyed everything post-dating the 14th century at the site. The post-medieval artefacts from the site occurred residually in modern deposits.

5 GENERAL ACCIDENT, 24–30 TANNER ROW, YORK

The excavations at the General Accident site, 24–30 Tanner Row, York (Figure 4), took place between May 1983 and July 1984, when the owners of the land in question, the General Accident Insurance Company Ltd, decided to extend their adjacent office block. The excavations were directed by N.F. Pearson. The following text is taken from a report by McComish (2015) unless otherwise stated. The excavations were primarily designed to recover evidence relating to the Roman civilian settlement, the colonia. In addition, it was hoped that the excavations would yield evidence for the immediate post-Roman period and for the medieval tanning industry, after which the street of Tanner Row is named. Five interconnecting trenches were excavated, revealing a complex 7.5m thick sequence of deposits dating from Roman times to the present, including exceptionally well-preserved Roman timber structures. The depth of excavation necessitated the use of steel-shoring sheets and hydraulic shoring-braces (Plate 8).

Plate 8: The excavations at 24–30 Tanner Row

Development of the site started c.AD 160, when a raised embankment and terrace were constructed to create dry land for buildings. There was an associated drainage ditch at the base of the embankment. This terrace forms part of a pattern of late 2nd- to mid-3rd- century land reclamation seen on several sites to the immediate south-west of the Ouse. A sequence of timber buildings (Plate 9) were constructed on the terrace, together with associated structures including timber-lined drains and timber-lined pits. These timber buildings were short-lived, for within a period of just 65 years between c.AD 160 and 225 there were four successive buildings at the northern end of the site and two successive buildings above the southern end of the terrace. The buildings were clearly associated with a range of industrial and craft activities including smithing, copper working, butchery, leather working and the recycling or repair of military equipment including swords and leather-tents. It is also possible that precious metals were being worked at the site. The area on the lower land to the south of the terrace was a cobbled surface at this time. Large quantities of organic deposits, which incorporated material from the cleaning out of stables or byres, accumulated above the cobbled surface. These deposits had the effect of

levelling up the entire site. Above both these deposits and the earlier timber structures were the badly preserved remains of early 3rd-century buildings constructed from both timber and stone. Around AD 225 there was a major change in the function and status of the area, with the construction of a substantial stone building at the site, together with a smaller associated stone building to its rear. Unlike the earlier buildings at the site, the stone buildings were not industrial in nature, and it has been suggested that they were public buildings on the basis of their size.

Plate 9: Roman timber buildings at 24–30 Tanner Row

There is little evidence that the site was used in the early medieval period. The major Roman stone building at the site survived, and was even reused in the 11th–12th century. The Roman buildings were extensively robbed out in the 13th century after which a 2m thick series of deposits accumulated across the site. These deposits were interspersed with rubbish and cess-pits. Some of the pits contained deposits of cattle and goat horn cores, which would appear to relate to the production of horn artefacts (O’Connor 1988, 81). There were also traces of dyer’s greenweed and teasel, suggesting that dyeing and textile preparation was taking place in the vicinity (Hall and Kenward 1990, 375). Although it had been hoped that the site would yield evidence of the medieval tanning industry, this was not found. Above the medieval deposits there was a homogeneous soil of 17th- to 19th-century date interpreted as the gradual accumulation of soil resultant from cultivation. This evidence can be related to early maps of the area, as both Benedict Horsley’s map of 1694 and Peter Chassereau’s map of 1750 show the site as orchards and gardens fronting onto Tanner Row.

There were considerable amounts of tortoiseshell dumped in these deposits, which represent waste from the Rougier family comb workshops of the late 18th to early 19th century (Hall and Kenward 1990, 374). Various Victorian buildings were present on the site, some with cellars. The most recent deposits related to The General Accident Insurance Company car park, together with underlying modern drain and service-pipe trenches.

6. JUDGES LODGING, YORK

The excavations at the Judges Lodging Hotel on Lendal, York, took place in 1983 in advance of the construction of an extension to the rear of the building (Figure 5). The excavations were directed by R. Cross and C. Briden. The following summary is based on a report in York Archaeological Trust’s magazine Interim (Briden 1984) unless otherwise stated. The site lies on the edge of the Roman legionary fortress, with one of the interval towers and part of the curtain wall of the fortress lying directly beneath the Judges Lodging. Drake, writing c.1736, noted that during the construction of the Judges Lodging large quantities of human bones were removed. These bones presumably related to the burial ground of St Wilfrid’s church, which was probably founded before the Norman Conquest and had been demolished in 1554 (Wilson and Mee 1998, 155). It was hoped that the archaeological excavations in the garden to the rear of the Judges Lodging would find further evidence for this burial ground. A large area of the hotel garden was lowered to the maximum permitted depth of 1m, but it was clear that the deposits in this area had been dumped there in the 18th century during the construction of the Judges Lodging. There was a roughly built limestone boundary wall along the northern side of the garden. Beneath the 18th-century dumps, the earliest deposits seen were dark garden soils interspersed with rubbish pits. A 16th-century stoneware flask which still had its cork in place was found within these garden soils; this later proved to be a witch bottle, used as protection against witchcraft. A few fragments of human bone were also present, but the cemetery of St Wilfrid’s was probably at too great a depth to be seen during the excavations. A second trench, 3m x 2m in size, was opened within an 18th-century cellar beneath the house. This trench lay directly within the rear chamber of a Roman interval tower on the fortress wall. The earliest Roman deposits were a number of pits, one of which was a cess- pit. Foundations of 2nd-century date were present, comprising cobbles set in brown clay, which presumably supported a timber-framed building. As the building was seen in such a small area it was difficult to interpret. All of the later Roman deposits had been removed by the construction of the 18th-century cellar and an associated drain.

7. SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY WINDOW MULLION BRICKS

Eleven window mullion bricks of 17th-century date have been found on excavations across York (Figure 1, nos 6–14). The bricks in question were from excavations at 27, 29 and 31 St Andrewgate (site code 1978.1), the Merchant Taylors’ Hall (site code1991.19), 41–49 Walmgate (site code 788), land adjacent to St Saviour’s church (site code 1214), Hungate (site code 5000), land adjacent to St Saviour’s church (YAT training excavation; site code 5003), St Anthony’s Hall (site code 5007), the Waggon and Horses Public House, 19 Lawrence Street (site code 5145) and Hungate Block H, Palmer Lane, Hungate (site code 5703). Most of these sites yielded a single example, but at the St Andrewgate site there were two complete bricks and one partial brick, while at the Waggon and Horses, Lawrence Street, there were two examples. Each brick was rectangular with a hollow curve on each corner (Plate 10). Not all of the examples were complete, but where the original measurements survived the bricks ranged from 190–202mm in length, 86–98mm in breadth, 38–49mm in thickness and 1075–1425g in weight. The bricks were made using the slop-moulding technique whereby the brick mould is dipped in water prior to the moulding of the brick. This technique replaced the use of sanded moulds during the 16t century. The bricks were clearly designed to be stacked one above the other to form window mullions; indeed the two examples from the Waggon and Horses were still mortared together to form part of a mullion. In one case the curved surfaces were painted white, while in two examples there was white mortar adhering to the curved surfaces, indicating that this brickwork had been deliberately coated, probably on the inside of the building, to create a white interior surface.

Plate 10: A 17th-century mullion brick

None of the bricks were found in situ; they had all been dumped and occurred residually within contexts of a later date. The majority of the bricks are from the Hungate area of York, but given that this was used as the city tip from 1524 these examples could have come from anywhere in the city originally. It is impossible to know if these bricks all originated from a single building or from several different buildings spread across the city. Prior to the 17th century brick had been a prestigious building material largely reserved for high-status buildings including churches (the gatehouse of Thornton Abbey in Lincolnshire dating to c.1382), large buildings such as guildhalls (the Merchant Adventurers’ Hall, York dating to 1357), town walls (North Bar Beverley dating to 1409, or the Red Tower on York city walls dating to 1490) and manor houses (Tattershall Castle in Lincolnshire dating to 1434–35). In the 17th century the use of brick became more widespread, with a variety of domestic and civic buildings being constructed in brick. In addition, due to its fireproofing qualities, brick was widely used for chimney stacks which were often added to earlier timber-framed buildings. The use of brick for foundations also became increasingly common during the 17th century (Betts 1985, 513). In the case of York, brick construction became more common after 1644/45 when the City Council made an order that in future all buildings within the city boundaries were to be constructed ‘from the ground in brick’ (RCHM 1972, lxxx). This ordinance was in response to the damage done to York’s timber buildings during the Civil War siege. Not only were new buildings constructed from brick, but many medieval timber houses in York were refaced in brick in the later 17th century, as were some larger buildings including the tower of St Martin- cum-Gregory church and the Merchant Taylors’ Hall (Betts 1985, 514–15). Several brick buildings of 17th-century date survive in York, including Ingram’s Hospital, 21/23 Bootham, the upper portions of St Anthony’s Hall dating to 1655 (RCHM 1981, lxxv), 38 Goodramgate, Lady Peckett’s Yard, 1–2 Coffee Yard, 23 Walmgate, the Dutch House on Ogelforth, 104 Micklegate and 35/37 Micklegate (RCHM 1975 xlix, 23, 55, p late 79; RCHM 1981, 143, 172–3, 178, 231–2, 239; RCHM 1972, lxxx, 74, 91, plates 51 and 54). The Treasurer’s House dating to 1628–48 was built using a combination of brick and stone (RCHM 1981, lxxv). The post-medieval mullion bricks from the various excavations in York are similar to those used in the mullion and transom of a window in the Dutch House, Ogleforth, York (Plates 11–12) which was built c.1650 and restored in 1955. The facade of the Dutch House gives some indication of the elaborate nature of 17th-century brick buildings, and illustrates how the mullion bricks recovered from the various excavations in York were used in standing buildings.

Plate 11: The Dutch House, Ogleforth, York, constructed c.1650

Plate 12: Detail of the mullion and transom in the Dutch House, Ogleforth, York

8. REFERENCES

Betts, I.M., 1985. A Scientific Investigation of the Brick and Tile Industry of York to the Mid- Eighteenth Century. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Bradford

Briden, C., 1984. ‘Judges Lodgings Hotel’. Interim 9/4, 15–17

Brooks, C., 1982. ‘Pot Spot: Sugar and Spice’. Interim 8/4, 43–46

Brooks, C., 1983a. ‘Pot Spot: Sugar and Spice’. Interim 9/2, 28–30

Brooks, C., 1983b. ‘Aspects of the sugar-refining industry from the 16th to the 19th century’, Post-Medieval Archaeology, vol 17, 1–14

Hall, A.R. and Kenward, H.K., 1990. Environmental Evidence from the Colonia, The Archaeology of York 14/6

McComish, J.M., 2015. Archaeological Excavations at the General Accident site, 24–30 Tanner Row, York. York Archaeological Trust report 2015/62

Monaghan, J., 1997. Roman Pottery from York, The Archaeology of York, The Pottery, 16/8

O’Connor, T.P., 1988. Bones from the General Accident site, Tanner Row, The Archaeology of York 15/2

Ottaway, P., 1982a. ‘Rougier Street’. Interim 8/1, 9–13

Ottaway, P., 1982b. ‘Rougier Street’. Interim 8/2, 12–15

RCHM, 1972. City of York Volume III South-West of the Ouse

RCHM, 1975. City of York Volume IV Outside the City Walls East of the Ouse RCHM, 1981. City of York Volume V The Central Area

Richards, J.D., Heighway, C. and Donaghey, S., 1989. Union Terrace: Excavations in the Horsefair, The Archaeology of York, The medieval Defences and Suburbs, 11/1

Wilson, B. and Mee, F., 1998. The Medieval Parish Churches of York the Pictorial Evidence, The Archaeology of York Supplementary Series, 1

9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The figures were prepared by K. Weston. The report was edited by D. Aspden.

1. Union Terrace 9. Land adjacent to St Saviour’s Church 2. Pawson’s Warehouse, Skeldergate 10. Hungate 3. 5 Rougier Street 11. Land adjacent to St Saviour’s Church 4. 24–30 Tanner Row (YAT training excavation) 5. Judges Lodging 12. St Anthony’s Hall 6. 27/29/31 St Andrewgate 13. 19 Lawrence Street 7. Merchant Taylors’ Hall 14. Palmer Lane, Hungate 8. 41–49 Walmgate

Figure 1: Location of post-medieval sites

Figure 2: Union Terrace trench locations

Figure 3: Pawson’s Warehouse trench location

Figure 4: Rougier Street and General Accident, Tanner Row, trench locations

Figure 5: Judges Lodging trench locations

This series of Insights has been contributed by York Archaeological Trust staff members and external specialists for Finding the Future. They aim to frame an understanding of aspects of the Trust’s collection of artefacts and their archaeological context; and also to enhance staff involvement. The authors represent a broad range of experience and knowledge. Insights are not presented as YAT publications, they have not been peer reviewed or edited to full publication standard. Rather they should be seen as statements reflecting the research, ideas, knowledge and interests of the individual authors. They are not necessarily designed to be the definitive word, may not always agree with the Trust’s previous publications, and some of their content may be subject to debate or different interpretation. All within the spirit of Finding the Future.

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