DOCSLIB.ORG

Fall-Winter 1990

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fall-Winter 1990 ,3 -. CONTENTS Doinc·i i- A PERIODICAL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS FALL/WINTER1990 VOL. 20, NUMBER 3 FEATURES Editors PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS AND RENE DONALDSON, BILL KIRK THE ORIGIN OF STRUCTURE Contributing Editor Particle physics is the missing link MICHAEL RIORDAN in our theory of the evolution of structure in the Universe. Editorial Advisory Board Edward W. Kolb JAMES BJORKEN, JOHN MATTHEWS, MARTIN PERL JOHN REES, RONALD RUTH MARVIN WEINSTEIN 10 SLD PREPARES FOR PHYSICS SLAC's newest, and largest, detector Photographic Services brings the latest technology TOM NAKASHIMA to the study of the Z. BETTE REED Bill Ash Illustrations KEVIN JOHNSTON TERRY ANDERSON, 18 1990 NOBEL PRIZE SYLVIA MACBRIDE, JIM WAHL Friedman, Kendall, and Taylor Distribution share Nobel Prize in Physics. CRYSTAL TILGHMAN Michael Riordan DEPARTMENTS The Beam Line is published quarterly by the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 22 TOWARD THE NEXT LINEAR COLLIDER: P.O. Box 4349, Stanford, CA 94309. RF POWER SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT Telephone: (415) 926-2282. BITNET: BEAMLINE@SLACVM George Caryotakis and Theodore Lavine SLAC is operated by Stanford University under contract with the U.S. Department of Energy. The opinions of the authors do not necessarily 25 HISTORY NOTES reflect the policy of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. 26 PEOPLE AND EVENTS Cover: Fluctuations in the temperature of the cosmic micro- wave background radiation as reported by the Cosmic 29 FROM THE EDITORS' DESK Background Explorer satellite. Hot spots are shown in red. The entire sky is projected on the figure, with the plane of the Milky Way as the equator. All temperature anisotropies can 30 CONTRIBUTORS be identified as individual sources (mostly in the galactic plane) or as a dipole moment to the radiation pattern caused by the motion of our galaxy through the Universe. (Courtesy of NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center) 32 DATES TO REMEMBER BEAM LINE 1 _· _ · ~I · · 1.2 The spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation as measured by the cosmic background explorer satellite. The solid curve is the spectrum t..) of a blackbody of T= 2.735 K. o0 T - uc/n I 0£?1 . - 0.4 X C g u 0.4 2 6 10 14 18 Frequency (cycles/cm) the past decade it has become clear 2.735K. The microwave background the dipole component to the radia- that it is impossible to achieve this is truly a relic of the early Universe. tion pattern caused by the motion of goal without the foundation of high- Background photons last scattered the earth about the sun, the sun energy physics. This article will fo- about 350,000 years after the bigbang, about the Milky Way, and the Milky cus on one aspect of the application when the temperature of the Uni- Way through the Universe, the tem- of high-energy physics to cosmol- verse fell well below the binding perature of the background radiation ogy, namely the origin of large-scale energy of hydrogen, allowing pro- seems to be the same in all direc- structure. tons and electrons to combine and tions. The temperature differences Just as in particle physics, cos- form neutral hydrogen. The present are quantified in terms of tempera- mology has a standard model: the distance to this surface of last scat- ture fluctuations, written AT/T. Here "big bang." Just as there is a funda- tering of the microwave photons is AT is the difference between tem- mental principle as the basis of the about 3000h- 1 megaparsecs (see box perature measured at a certain place standard electroweak theory (the above right). Thus, the microwave on the sky and the average tempera- principle of gauge invariance), so radiation provides information about ture, T. Once the dipole moment is there is a corresponding principle at the Universe on the very largest subtracted, there is no detectable AT. the heart of the big bang, the Cos- distance scales we can probe. A map of the temperature of the mological Principle, which states In the past year or so there has microwave background temperature that on large scales the Universe is been significant new information made by COBE is shown on the cover. spatially homogeneous and isotro- about the microwave background. If one removes the obvious dipole pic. Evidence that the Universe obeys Perhaps the most spectacular new component, the radiation tempera- the cosmological principle comes result is that the spectrum of the ture is uniform to the limits of the from observations of the distribu- radiation is indeed that of a "black- measurement. Although the cos- tion of radiation and the distribution body" as predicted by big bang theory. mological principle implies that the of matter. Each plays an important This important measurement was background should be isotropic, we role in understanding the emergence made about a year ago by the Cosmic know that it can't be exactly smooth. of structure in the Universe. Background Explorer (COBE) satel- Some small anisotropy must be lite. The results of the COBE mea- present, because the microwave surements are shown in the graph background should contain imprints ONSIDER FIRST the radiation above. The prediction of a thermal of the primordial wrinkles in the in the Universe. Most of this spectrum is spectacularly confirmed distribution of matter in the early radiation resides in the microwave by the data. Universe. Most cosmologists believe region of the spectrum as a diffuse The second important piece of that these small wrinkles are ulti- cosmic background. The present information that has emerged in re- mately responsible for the formation temperature of this cosmic micro- cent years is the high degree of isot- of structure. However these predicted wave background radiation (CMBR) is ropy of this radiation. If we remove wrinkles have never been detected. 2 FALL/WINTER 1990 The Language of Astronomy THE BASIC UNIT OF LENGTH IN ASTRONOMY is the parsec. where 2ROBS is the observed wavelength of some spectral One parsec (pc) is 3.1x1018 cm, or about 3.26 light years. The feature of laboratory wavelength 0o), HO is the Hubble con- typical distance between stars in our solar neighborhood is stant, and dL is the distance to the object. The quantity cz isthe about a parsec. We are roughly 10 kpc from the center of the speed at which the object is receding from the local group. Milky Way, which represents about a third of the diameter of a Sixty-one years after the discovery of the expansion of the spiral galaxy like our own. The nearest large galaxy is the Universe, the Hubble constant isstill uncertain by about a factor Andromeda galaxy, about 1 Mpc away. This distance between of two! The Hubble constant is usually expressed in terms of a galaxies is representative of the separation of "field" galaxies, dimensionless "reduced" Hubble constant h: HO = 100h kms- 1 which are isolated galaxies not associated with rich clusters of Mpc- 1, and the uncertainty in the Hubble constant translates galaxies. into the range 0.4 < h < 1. The uncertainty in h generally ap- The distance to extragalactic objects beyond our local group pears in the estimated distance to extragalactic objects. For of galaxies is usually determined by Hubble's law: cz HodL, instance, the distance to the galaxy LML1924 with redshiftz= 0.1 wherec is the velocity of light, z is the redshift (z = lOBS/O -1, is dL = 300h- 1Mpc, or between 300 and 750 Mpc. The experimental limits on tem- sources; the quasar distribution; and In the past few years the size, perature fluctuations depend upon the random velocities of galaxies that diversity, and magnitude of struc- the angular separation of the two trace the matter distribution. tures in the Universe has astonished, regions of the sky studied. The lim- The Universe is smooth on large and even alarmed, cosmologists. It its vary from AT/T < 10 - 5 on angular scales but clumpy on small scales. It seems that every time we look on scales of a few minutes, to AT/T < is not clear on what scale the transi- larger scales we manage to find larger 3x10 - 5 on angular scales of 90°. This tion from structure to smoothness objects. Some cosmologists have sug- isotropy of the microwave radiation occurs. Evidence for the homogene- gested that rather than a Universe tells us that on the surface of last ity and isotropy of the matter distri- obeying the cosmological principle, scattering, the Universe is very bution based upon the distribution the distribution of matter in it more smooth. This regularity is the best of galaxies has been elusive. In the closely resembles a fractal, which proof of the cosmological principle. past decade or so there have been would imply that it has no "average" If the radiation is isotropic about us, several large projects dedicated to density. Theorists continue to advise and we do not occupy a special point producing3-dimensionalmaps of the observers that the distribution of in the Universe, the radiation should location of bright galaxies. These matter is uniform on large scales, be isotropic about every observer. A maps have produced a wealth of in- while stubborn observers, ignoring Universe that is isotropic about ev- formation, along with quite a few the sage advice of theorists, proceed ery observer must be homogeneous. surprises. In every volume of the to dig out from the background larger Universe ever mapped, there are in- and larger structures. Guided by the dications of structures as large as the cosmological principle, the theorists N OW CONSIDER THE OTHER size of the survey itself. For instance, say that the reason these structures component of the Universe: the largest contiguous volume of the are so hard to find is because they are matter.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Unification of Nature's Fundamental Forces
    Unification of Nature’s Geoffrey B. West Fredrick M. Cooper Fundamental Forces Emil Mottola a continuing search Michael P. Mattis it was explicitly recognized at the time that basic research had an im- portant and seminal role to play even in the highly programmatic en- vironment of the Manhattan Project. Not surprisingly this mode of opera- tion evolved into the remarkable and unique admixture of pure, applied, programmatic, and technological re- search that is the hallmark of the present Laboratory structure. No- where in the world today can one find under one roof such diversity of talent dealing with such a broad range of scientific and technological challenges—from questions con- cerning the evolution of the universe and the nature of elementary parti- cles to the structure of new materi- als, the design and control of weapons, the mysteries of the gene, and the nature of AIDS! Many of the original scientists would have, in today’s parlance, identified themselves as nuclear or particle physicists. They explored the most basic laws of physics and continued the search for and under- standing of the “fundamental build- ing blocks of nature’’ and the princi- t is a well-known, and much- grappled with deep questions con- ples that govern their interactions. overworked, adage that the group cerning the consequences of quan- It is therefore fitting that this area of Iof scientists brought to Los tum mechanics, the structure of the science has remained a highly visi- Alamos to work on the Manhattan atom and its nucleus, and the devel- ble and active component of the Project constituted the greatest as- opment of quantum electrodynamics basic research activity at Los Alam- semblage of scientific talent ever (QED, the relativistic quantum field os.
    [Show full text]
  • People and Things
    People and things An irresistible photograph: at a StAC Christmas party. Laboratory Director Pief Panofsky was presented with a CERN T-shirt, which he promptly put on. With him in the picture are (left to right) Roger Gear hart playing a seasonal master of ceremonies role, J. J. Murray and Ed Seppi. On people Elected vice-president of the Amer­ ican Physical Society for this year is Robert E. Marshak of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni­ versity. He succeeds Maurice Goldhaberr who becomes president­ elect. The new APS president is Arthur Schawlow of Stanford. In the same elections, Columbia theorist Malvin Ruder man was elected to serve for four years as councillor-at-large. Gisbert zu Pulitz, Scientific Director of the Darmstadt Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator Laboratory and Profes­ sor of Physics at the University of Heidelberg, has been elected as the new Chairman of the Association of German Research Centres (Ar- beitsgemeinschaft der Grossfor- schungseinrichtungen in der Bun- desrepublik Deutschland), succeed­ ing Herwig Schopper. The Associa­ the American Association for the tion includes the Julich and Karls­ Advancement of Science. ruhe nuclear research centres, LEP optimization DESY, and the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics as well as other The detail of the LEP electron-posi­ centres in the technical and biome­ tron storage ring project continues dical fields. to be studied so as to optimize the Moves at Brookhaven machine parameters from the point of view of performance and of cost. Nick Samios, former chairman of This optimization stays within the Brookhaven's Physics Department, description of Phase I of LEP which becomes the Laboratory's Deputy was agreed by the Member States Director for High Energy and Nu­ at the CERN Council meeting in clear Physics.
    [Show full text]
  • Murray Gell-Mann Hadrons, Quarks And
    A Life of Symmetry Dennis Silverman Department of Physics and Astronomy UC Irvine Biographical Background Murray Gell-Mann was born in Manhattan on Sept. 15, 1929, to Jewish parents from the Austro-Hungarian empire. His father taught German to Americans. Gell-Mann was a child prodigy interested in nature and math. He started Yale at 15 and graduated at 18 with a bachelors in Physics. He then went to graduate school at MIT where he received his Ph. D. in physics at 21 in 1951. His thesis advisor was the famous Vicky Weisskopf. His life and work is documented in remarkable detail on videos that he recorded on webofstories, which can be found by just Google searching “webofstories Gell-Mann”. The Young Murray Gell-Mann Gell-Mann’s Academic Career (from Wikipedia) He was a postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1951, and a visiting research professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana– Champaign from 1952 to 1953. He was a visiting associate professor at Columbia University and an associate professor at the University of Chicago in 1954-55, where he worked with Fermi. After Fermi’s death, he moved to the California Institute of Technology, where he taught from 1955 until he retired in 1993. Web of Stories video of Gell-Mann on Fermi and Weisskopf. The Weak Interactions: Feynman and Gell-Mann •Feynman and Gell-Mann proposed in 1957 and 1958 the theory of the weak interactions that acted with a current like that of the photon, minus a similar one that included parity violation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Peek Into Spin Physics
    A Peek into Spin Physics Dustin Keller University of Virginia Colloquium at Kent State Physics Outline ● What is Spin Physics ● How Do we Use It ● An Example Physics ● Instrumentation What is Spin Physics The Physics of exploiting spin - Spin in nuclear reactions - Nucleon helicity structure - 3D Structure of nucleons - Fundamental symmetries - Spin probes in beyond SM - Polarized Beams and Targets,... What is Spin Physics What is Spin Physics ● The Physics of exploiting spin : By using Polarized Observables Spin: The intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, composite particles, and atomic nuclei. The Spin quantum number is one of two types of angular momentum in quantum mechanics, the other being orbital angular momentum. What is Spin Physics What Quantum Numbers? What is Spin Physics What Quantum Numbers? Internal or intrinsic quantum properties of particles, which can be used to uniquely characterize What is Spin Physics What Quantum Numbers? Internal or intrinsic quantum properties of particles, which can be used to uniquely characterize These numbers describe values of conserved quantities in the dynamics of a quantum system What is Spin Physics But a particle is not a sphere and spin is solely a quantum-mechanical phenomena What is Spin Physics Stern-Gerlach: If spin had continuous values like the classical picture we would see it What is Spin Physics Stern-Gerlach: Instead we see spin has only two values in the field with opposite directions: or spin-up and spin-down What is Spin Physics W. Pauli (1925)
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson 49: Quarks
    Lesson 49: Quarks By 1960 physicists felt pretty much like you do right now... confused! • Leptons are really small, and there are only six of them (and their antiparticles), so it seems like they are probably fundamental particles. • The hadrons (mesons and baryons) are really big, and there are so many of them, that it seems like maybe they are made up of just a few other smaller fundamental particles. ◦ In 1963 Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig independently suggested the properties of the fundamental particles that make up the hadrons, named quarks. To explain the two most important hadrons, protons and neutrons, we only need two of these quarks... 2 up quark with a e charge → symbol is u. ◦ 3 1 down quark with a − e charge → symbol is d. ◦ 3 • This bothered physicists, since it involved having charges that were a fraction of an elementary charge, which had never been seen. electrons ◦ By 1967 the Stanford Linear Accelerator was u u being used to shoot high energy electrons at protons. The electrons deflected around the d proton in an uneven pattern that suggested the electrons proton charge of a proton was not evenly spread out, just as the quark model suggested. Illustration 1: The electrons are deflected around • The quark model eventually built up to having six the proton because of the concentration of quarks and their antiparticles (wow! just like there positively charged quarks near the top and are six leptons and their antiparticles). negatively charged quarks near the bottom. ◦ With these six quarks and their antiquarks we can explain all the hadrons.
    [Show full text]
  • The Extraction of the ¯ D/¯U Ratio in Nuclear Media
    The Extraction of the d=¯ u¯ Ratio in Nuclear Media by Marshall Scott A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Applied Physics) in The University of Michigan 2020 Doctoral Committee: Professor Wolfgang Lorenzon, Chair Professor Christine Aidala Professor Jianming Qian Professor Gregory Tarle Marshall Scott [email protected] ORCID iD:0000-0003-1105-1033 c Marshall Scott 2020 Acknowledgments First and foremost I would like to thank my parents, Billy Scott and Alyce Coffey, and my brother Langston Scott for always being there for me and supporting me throughout my life. Words cannot describe how fortunate I am to have these three pillars in my life. I would also like to acknowledge my extended family. A heartfelt thank you goes out to Tristan Geis and Thu Huynh for your love, kindness, and for being my home away from home for all of these years. I would also like to thank Rachel Moss, Liz Lindly, Daniel and Laurelyn Leimer, Kathleen Stafford, Alan McCray, and Micheal and Lauren Baird for your deep, loving friendship. I don’t know where I would be without Erika Ellis, Amee´ ”A. J. Maloy” Hennig, Jazmin Berlanga Medina, and Amy Ireton. Your insight, thoughtfulness, and support has often been the light at the end of a very dark tunnel. I would also like to thank Jerry and Leete Kendrick for always making me feel like family and Anastasia Rumsey and Leta Woodruff for the warmth and love that you have shown me over the years. A great thanks goes to Anthony Della Pella and the burger group: Will and Jade Clark, Jonathan Guzman, Jay Barraza, Jenia Rousseva, and Jeremy Waters, for all laughs and good times in graduate school.
    [Show full text]
  • Quarks and Their Discovery
    Quarks and Their Discovery Parashu Ram Poudel Department of Physics, PN Campus, Pokhara Email: [email protected] Introduction charge (e) of one proton. The different fl avors of Quarks are the smallest building blocks of matter. quarks have different charges. The up (u), charm They are the fundamental constituents of all the (c) and top (t) quarks have electric charge +2e/3 hadrons. They have fractional electronic charge. and the down (d), strange (s) and bottom (b) quarks Quarks never exist alone in nature. They are always have charge -e/3; -e is the charge of an electron. The found in combination with other quarks or antiquark masses of these quarks vary greatly, and of the six, in larger particle of matter. By studying these larger only the up and down quarks, which are by far the particles, scientists have determined the properties lightest, appear to play a direct role in normal matter. of quarks. Protons and neutrons, the particles that make up the nuclei of the atoms consist of quarks. There are four forces that act between the quarks. Without quarks there would be no atoms, and without They are strong force, electromagnetic force, atoms, matter would not exist as we know it. Quarks weak force and gravitational force. The quantum only form triplets called baryons such as proton and of strong force is gluon. Gluons bind quarks or neutron or doublets called mesons such as Kaons and quark and antiquark together to form hadrons. The pi mesons. Quarks exist in six varieties: up (u), down electromagnetic force has photon as quantum that (d), charm (c), strange (s), bottom (b), and top (t) couples the quarks charge.
    [Show full text]
  • Spinorial Regge Trajectories and Hagedorn-Like Temperatures
    EPJ Web of Conferences will be set by the publisher DOI: will be set by the publisher c Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2016 Spinorial Regge trajectories and Hagedorn-like temperatures Spinorial space-time and preons as an alternative to strings Luis Gonzalez-Mestres1;a 1Megatrend Cosmology Laboratory, John Naisbitt University, Belgrade and Paris Goce Delceva 8, 11070 Novi Beograd, Serbia Abstract. The development of the statistical bootstrap model for hadrons, quarks and nuclear matter occurred during the 1960s and the 1970s in a period of exceptional theo- retical creativity. And if the transition from hadrons to quarks and gluons as fundamental particles was then operated, a transition from standard particles to preons and from the standard space-time to a spinorial one may now be necessary, including related pre-Big Bang scenarios. We present here a brief historical analysis of the scientific problematic of the 1960s in Particle Physics and of its evolution until the end of the 1970s, including cos- mological issues. Particular attention is devoted to the exceptional role of Rolf Hagedorn and to the progress of the statisticak boostrap model until the experimental search for the quark-gluon plasma started being considered. In parallel, we simultaneously expose recent results and ideas concerning Particle Physics and in Cosmology, an discuss current open questions. Assuming preons to be constituents of the physical vacuum and the stan- dard particles excitations of this vacuum (the superbradyon hypothesis we introduced in 1995), together with a spinorial space-time (SST), a new kind of Regge trajectories is expected to arise where the angular momentum spacing will be of 1/2 instead of 1.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Nobel Prize in Physics, Controversies and Influences by C
    Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Physics and Space Science Volume 13 Issue 3 Version 1.0 Year 2013 Type : Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4626 & Print ISSN: 0975-5896 On the Nobel Prize in Physics, Controversies and Influences By C. Y. Lo Applied and Pure Research Institute Abstract - The Nobel Prizes were established by Alfred Bernhard Nobel for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind", and specifically in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. In 1968 the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was established. However, the proceedings, nominations, awards, and exclusions have generated criticism and controversy. The controversies and influences related to the Nobel Physics Prize are discussed. The 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Hulse and Taylor, but the related theory was still incorrect as Gullstrand conjectured. The fact that Christodoulou received honors for related errors testified, “Unthinking respect for authority is the greatest enemy of truth” as Einstein asserted. The strategy based on the recognition time lag failed because of mathematical and logical errors. These errors were also the obstacles for later crucial progress. Also, it may be necessary to do follow up work after the awards years later since an awarded work may still be inadequately understood. Thus, it is suggested: 1) To implement the demands of Nobel’s will, the Nobel Committee should rectify their past errors in sciences. 2) To timely update the status of achievements of awarded Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine. 3) To strengthen the implementation of Nobel’s will, a Nobel Prize for Mathematics should be established.
    [Show full text]
  • Physics 30 Lesson 38 Quarks
    Physics 30 Lesson 38 Quarks Before or during the reading of this lesson you may want to visit the following websites: http://particleadventure.org/frameless/startstandard.html http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/matter/1.html I. Development of quark theory (mostly optional) As more and more hadrons were discovered it became clear that they were not all elementary particles. This theoretical quandary was addressed independently in 1963 by two American physicists, Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig. They proposed that all known hadrons were composite particles – i.e. hadrons were each made up of a cluster of two or more particles. While Zweig called the particles “aces”, Gell-Mann light-heartedly called them quarks from the phrase “Three quarks for Muster Mark” in James Joyce's novel Finnegans Wake. (Gell-Mann and other physicists, along with some high school physics teachers, mistakenly believe they have a sense of humour.) To account for every hadron known at the time, Gell-Mann and Zweig proposed the following quark properties: Quarks interact primarily via the strong nuclear force. There are three varieties, or flavours, of quarks and antiquarks. These quark flavours came to be called up (u), down (d), and sideways (s). Later, the sideways quark was renamed the strange (s) quark to describe particles that interact strangely – i.e. they interact primarily via the strong force yet decay only via the weak nuclear force. Each quark was assigned a baryon number of +⅓ and each antiquark a baryon number of –⅓. All baryons are composed of three quarks and all antibaryons are composed of three antiquarks.
    [Show full text]
  • Concrete Quarks
    Concrete Quarks George Zweig MIT, Research Laboratory of Electronics, 26-169 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 email: [email protected] Abstract A short history of the physics of strongly interacting particles is presented. Events leading to the discovery, and eventual acceptance, of concrete quarks are described.1 1 Introduction This year is the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of quarks, and last year was the fortieth anniversary of the birth of QCD (Quantum Chromodynamics). QCD developed in two phases, the first involving the discovery of quarks, the second specifying the nature of their interactions. These phases arose from two very different traditions, that of Rutherford and Bohr, and that of Einstein. The first was grounded in observation, and the startling interpretation of what was observed, the second in a triumph of the imagination made possible by the power of quantum field theory. Here the first phase, culminating in the discovery and acceptance of concrete quarks, is described. 2 How it started The story of QCD begins with the discovery of spontaneous radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896 who thought that X-rays, discovered just a few months earlier, might be emitted by phosphorescent substances. He noticed, quite by accident, that crystalline crusts of uranium salts created silhouettes of great intensity when left in a drawer next to a photographic plate wrapped in black paper, even though the salt had not been exposed to sunlight (Fig. 1). Figure 1: One of Becquerel's photographic plates fogged by exposure to radiation from potassium uranyl sulfate. The shadow of a metal Maltese Cross placed between the plate and the uranium salt is visible.
    [Show full text]
  • Hoddeson L., Kolb A.W., Westfall C. Fermilab.. Physics, the Frontier, And
    Fermilab Fermilab Physics, the Frontier, and Megascience LILLIAN HODDESON, ADRIENNE W. KOLB, AND CATHERINE WESTFALL The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London LILLIAN HODDESONis the Thomas M. Siebel Professor of History of Science at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. ADRIENNE W. KOLBis the Fermilab archivist. CATHERINE WESTFALLis visiting associate professor at Lyman Briggs College at Michigan State University. Illustration on pages xii–xiii: Birds in flight over the Fermilab prairie. (Courtesy of Angela Gonzales.) Illustration on closing pages: Reflections of the Fermilab frontier. (Courtesy of Angela Gonzales.) The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2008 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 2008 Printed in the United States of America 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN-13: 978-0-226-34623-6 (cloth) ISBN-10: 0-226-34623-4 (cloth) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hoddeson, Lillian. Fermilab : physics, the frontier, and megascience / Lillian Hod- deson, Adrienne W. Kolb, and Catherine Westfall. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-226-34623-6 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-226-34623-4 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory—History. 2. Particle accelerators—Research—United States. 3. Particles (Nuclear physics)—Research—United States I. Kolb, Adrienne W. II. Westfall, Catherine. III. Title. QC789.2.U62.F474 2008 539.730973—dc22 2008006254 ∞ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1992.
    [Show full text]