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Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal and Neuronal Basis

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Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal and Neuronal Basis ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Sex: Evolutionary, ___________________________________ Hormonal and Neuronal ___________________________________ Basis ___________________________________ Chapter 12 ___________________________________ 1 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Four Stages of Reproductive Behavior ___________________________________ 1. Sexual Attraction ___________________________________ 2. Appetitive Behavior ___________________________________ 3. Copulation ___________________________________ 4. Postcopulatory behavior ___________________________________ 2 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Sexual Attraction ___________________________________ Readiness to reproduce. Rapid approach. How hard they work to reproduce etc. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 1. Appearance: In monkeys female sex skin attracts the male monkey ___________________________________ 2. Female Odors: Male monkeys are also attracted by odors released by the female. ___________________________________ 3 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Appetitive Behaviors ___________________________________ Behaviors that establish, maintain and promote sexual behaviors. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 1. Proceptive behavior: Behavior expressed by females. Remaining close to males, by alternating approach and retreat behaviors ___________________________________ 2. Males remain close to females. Mammals sniff female face and vagina. Build nests. ___________________________________ 4 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copulation ___________________________________ Also called coitus. ___________________________________ 1. Intromission: Inserting penis into female vagina with pelvic thrusts. ___________________________________ 2. Semen is release at the height of sexual activity ___________________________________ 3. Refractory Period: A phase after copulation when the animals do not engage in ___________________________________ copulation. Varies minutes to months. 5 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Postcopulatory Behaviors ___________________________________ Behaviors that follow copulation. ___________________________________ 1. Copulatory lock: Swelling of penis inside ___________________________________ the vagina. 2. Parental Behaviors: Care of the young ___________________________________ following copulation pregnancy and birth. ___________________________________ 6 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Fertilization ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 7 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Hormones and Copulation ___________________________________ Male Behavior: Remove testes and copulatory behavior declines. Restored by testosterone. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 8 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Hormones and Copulation ___________________________________ Female Behavior: remove ovaries and copulatory behavior declines. Restored by ___________________________________ estrogens and progesterone. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 9 ___________________________________ Lordosis & Mounting Behavior ___________________________________ Male mounts a female when her rump is elevated and the tail moves to one side. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 10 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Neural Mechanism of Mounting Behavior ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 11 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Neural Mechanism during Lordosis ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 12 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Pheromones and Reproductive Behavior ___________________________________ A variety of animals ___________________________________ including prairie voles use pheromone ___________________________________ signals to engage into reproductive ___________________________________ behaviors. ___________________________________ 13 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Vomeronasal Organ ___________________________________ Vomeronasal organ (VMO) ___________________________________ detects pheromones and sends signal to the ___________________________________ accessory olfactory bulb ___________________________________ which eventually lead to penile ___________________________________ erections in male rats. 14 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Brian Mechanisms ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ VMO sends sensory signals to medial amygdala, which sends signals to mPOA, which send signals to brain stem ___________________________________ and spinal cord for motor patterns of copulation. 15 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Human Reproduction ___________________________________ Ovaries release the egg (ovum) through the fallopian tubes which enters the uterus (28 day cycle). If fertilized with sperm the fertilized egg will form placenta that nourishes ___________________________________ the embryo and the fetus . ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 16 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Human Reproduction ___________________________________ In males sperm are produced in testes (singular testis). They mature in the epididymis and are released in a tube called vas deferens. Mixed with other fluids, semen ___________________________________ ejaculates from the urethra. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 17 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Kinsey (1940s) ___________________________________ Kinsey a biologist in the 1940‐50s surveyed tens of thousands of people about their sexual behavior and found: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 1. Nearly all men masturbated. 2. College‐educated people were more likely to ___________________________________ have oral sex. 3. Ten percent of people preferred homosexual sex. ___________________________________ 18 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Masters & Johnson (1960s) ___________________________________ Masters (physician) and Johnson (psychologist) then published many other reports about sexual behavior including the four phases during copulation. ___________________________________ 1) Excitement, 2) Plateau, 3) Orgasm, and 4) Resolution ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 19 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Why are there two sexes? ___________________________________ Useful mutations need to be transmitted to future generations. ___________________________________ 1. Asexual process. ___________________________________ 2. Sexual reproductive process. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 20 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Parthenogenesis ___________________________________ Whiptail lizards and Amazon mollies are all females and procreate through parthenogenesis (virgin birth). ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Amazon Molly ___________________________________ Whiptail Lizards 21 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Hermaphrodites ___________________________________ Hermaphrodites may contain male and female gametes (simultaneous) or change gender over ___________________________________ time (sequential). ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Sea slug (simultaneous) Clown fish (sequential) 22 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Dioecious Animals ___________________________________ Mammals and birds generally tend to have distinct male and female sexes, specialized in one type of gamete. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Monomorphic Dimorphic 23 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Types of Reproduction ___________________________________
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