A Dictionary of Hindi Verbal Expressions (Hindi-English). Final Report
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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 062 900 48 FL 003 356 AUTHOR Bahl, Kali Charan, Comp. TITLE A Dictionary of Hindi Verbal Expressions (Hindi-English). Final Report. INSTITUTION Chicago Univ., Ill. SPONS AGENCY Institute of Intarnational Studies (DHEW/OE), Washington, D.C. BUREAU NO BR-6-1386 PUB DATE Aug 70 CONTRACT OEC-3-6-061386-0710 NOTE 1,093p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$36.19 DESCRIPTORS *Dictionaries; English; *Hindi; Idioms; *Indo European Languages; Language Research; Lexicography; Reference Books; Synchronic Linguistics; *Verbs; *Vocabulary ABSTRACT This dictionary covers approximately 28,277 verbal expressions in modern standard Hindi and their rendered English equivalents. The study lists longar verbal expressions which are generally matched by single verbs in English. The lexicographer notes that the majority of entries in this dictionary do not appear in their present form in most other monolingual or bilingual dictionaries. Entries have been selected according t linguistic difficulty and student needs. Hindi expressions having a unitary conceptual status are rendered to their English equivalent, thereby overcoming linguistic and semantic problems the studept and teacher of modern standard Hindi frequently encounter. (RL) FINAL REPOHT Contract No, OEC-3-6-061386-0710 A DICTI:MARY 0? HINDI VE&iAL EXPRESSIONS (HI1DI.EAGLISH) Kali Charan Bahl University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois Awrust 1970 The research reoorted hereinwas performed pursuant to a contract with the Office of Education, U.S.Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Contractors undertaking such projects under Government sponsorshipare encouraged to express freely their professionaljudgment in the conduct of the project. Poinbs of view or opinions stated do not, therefore, necessarilyrepresent official Office of Education positionor policy. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALIH, EDUCATIM, AJD WELFA22 Office of Education institute of International Studies U.S. DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. A DICTIONARY OF HINDI VERBAL EXPRESSIONS (HINDI-ENGLISH) Compiled by Kali Charan Bahl Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations The University of Chicago August 1970 TABLE OF CONTENTS introduction -5 A Dictionary of Hindi Verbal Expressions1 - 1083 3 .4rw. INTRODUCTION 1. A Dictionau of Hindi Verbal Ex ressions consistsof 1083 pages covering approximately 28,277 verbal expressions in modern standard Hindi (MSH) along with their meanings inEnglish. The primary contribution of this work to the tradition of Hindilexicography can be summed up by the following points:- (i) It is the first work of its kind whichlists verbal expressions longer than single lexical itemswhich are generally matched by single verbs 4..n English. (ii) A great majority of the entries of this dictionarydo not appear in monolingual as well as bilingual (i.e., Hindi- English) dictionaries of Hindi,although individual words forming these expressionsare reported. (iii) Each entry in this dictionary has beencarefully selected keeping in mind the needs and the difficultiesof the student of the langlmge. (iv) Though this dictionary is byno means exhaustive, we believe, it goes a long way to satisfy the needs of theEnglish speaking student of Hindi by providinghim with the equivalents in English of the Hindi expressionswhich, though complex, have neverthelessa unitary conceptual status at some level of the Hindi semanticstructure. The last point, which inour opinion is probably the most significant of the fourways in which A Dictionary of Hindi Verbal Expressions contributes to the tradition of Hindilexicography, needs some elaboration and explanation, especially in the lightof the current trends in linguisticsvery aptly characterized by the late Uriel Weinreich as "a linguistics preoccupiedwith productivity in the 1 strongest, Chomskjansense, In other words, this dictionary brings into focus phraseological unitsof Hindi for which a linguist sees no way, for the present, to give a thoroughly satisfactory treatment"2 in a generative-transformational grammar. At the same time, this dictionarymakes a modest beginning by listing and suggest- ing the English equivalents ofa large number of phraseological units of Hindi and is designed to draw the attention ofthe language teacher, who in his analytical vein has so far failed tograsp the significance of these phraseological units in the semantic structIreof Hindi, resulting in his imperfect (sometimeseven erroneous) understanding of the language. We would like to emphasize that the verbal expressionincluded in this dictionary should not be confused with idiomaticexpressions. The bulk of verbal expressions in this dictionarycan best be characterized (again using Uriel Weinreich's words) by theterms "phraseological units" or "stable collocations" which havea unitary status at some level in the semantic structure of Hindi by virtue of theiroccurrence in relatively stable collocations, but not because of their idiomati- city. Because of this self-imposed restriction to include verbal expressions occurring in only relatively stable collocations, itwas considered necessary to evolve some criteria for determining the length of these phraseological units for inclusionas verbal expression in this dictionary. A native speaker's intuition is probably the foremost criterion applicable in such a situation.But his intuitive judgements do involve some objective basis which must be explicated,especially when one is dealing with two languages.Therefore, the major criterion we have employed for determining the length of the dictionary entries is briefly described below. 2. We have tried to include all such complex phraseological units of Hindi which are renderable in English inany one context by . a single verb, e.g., the entry vastavikata se kama likana "to under- re:e". Such a decision, however ad hoc itmay seem on the surface, follows (at least for the purpose ofour dictionary) from an important distinction in the grammatical structure of the two languages. This distinction can be illustrated by the following example. The phrase- ological unit just cited, i.e., vistavikatise kamalfliang takes as its object nouns involving a reference to their usefulness,value, superiority or tha like. The English verb "to underrate" as itoccurs in the sentence "human nature is consistently underratedinbusiness,"3 requires specifi,-ation of the selectional constraintson the occurrence of nouns as its object, i.e., in orderto generate grammatical sentences with the verb "to underrate" it isnecessary to indicate at some point in the grammar of English that this verb permitsthe occurrence of nouns as its object marked for the semantic feature usefulness, value, superiority, etc. For our purpose it does notconcern us as to how this selectional constraint should be systematicallyincorporated in a grammar of English, or whether or not this is the best possibleway of handling this problem. What is important for ourpurpose is that there exists a parallel between English and Hindi in thisrespect. Instead of requiring a specification by marking thenouns as to their semantic features for thepurpose of imposingselectional constraints on them, Hindi requires an express lexical specification of thesemantic features in a sentence.This is illustrated by the Hindi rendering of the above noted English sentence. vygvasiyika ksetrome sadg manusya kI prakrti kg malya - vastavikata se kama anka jata hai. A comparison between these related expressions in English andHindi reveals that the expression "human nature" occurringas the object of the verb "to underrate" is matched in the Hindisentence by the expression "manusya id prakrti kg malya".In other words, what is accomplished in a description of the structure of Diglishby imposing selectional constraints on theoccurrence of nouns as the object of the verb "to underrate" by requiring them tohave markings for the feature usefulness etc., is also required ina systematic description of Hindi. However, Hindi fulfills this requirement ina very different way, i.e., by requiring an express lexical specificationof the semantic feature by a term (as in the presentcase the Hindi nounmilla "value, useful- ness etc."). This distinction between imposition of selectional constraints by means of specifying the underlyingsemantic features of nouns in English, on ihe one hand, and the imposition of selectional constraints on the object nouns througha lexical specification of the semantic features, i.e., by theiroccurrence in environments like the one illustrated by the example k maya in Hindi,on the other, constitutes a very significant difference in thesurface representations of the semantic structures of these twolanguages. At the same time, it provides a basis for imposing restrictionson the length of the Hindi dictionary entries byenabling us to choose between one of the two possibilities, i.e., maya iistavikatise kama iinkanii/va-stavikati se kama ankana. We can now state this criterion by sayingthat wherever a selectional constraint on the occurrence of lexical items ina given environment in Ene.Lish is matched in Hindi byan express lexical specifi- cation of the semantic feature, the Hindi entry in thedictionary will be limited to the phraseological unit minus theword specifying the semantic feature. Footnotes 1.UrielWeinreich, "Problems in