Fungi of the Marshall Islands, Central Pacific Ocean

DONALD P. ROGERS!

INTRODUCTION others would have proved much more favor­ able for mycological study. DURING THE LATE SUMMER of 1946 a party from the Department of Botany of the Uni- Fungi were collected on eight atolls and .versity of Hawaii visited a number of islands a single island (Mejit ) ; the localities are of the Marshall group with the purpose of here listed, in order from north to south collecting the species which occur there. The with the dates on which they were visited. ' party consisted of Dr. Harold St. John, pro­ ATOLL I SLAND DATE (1946) fessor .and chairman of the department, (or single island ) Mr. Richard S. Cowan, graduate assistant, Utirik · Utirik September 1:-2 and the :vriter. Transportation and living Mejit I. September 3 an~ working quarters were provided by the Ailuk N ankarai August 31 United States Navy; the journey from Hono­ Marab August 31 Marme August 31 lulu to Kwajalein, and thence to the more Ailuk August 30 northern islands, was made on a naval ves­ Likiep Eniarmij August 29 sel, and to the islands south of Kwajalein Biebi August 29 Likiep August 28 by seaplane. Wotje Ormed September 4-5 Although only 10 of the 34 atolls and Riri September 5 N amu Namu August 16 single islands making up the archipelago Leuen August 16 were visited, these lie in both the northern Ailinglapalap Ailinglapalap August 20 ]aluit Imrodj August 20 and southern parts of the group, and in both Ebon Ebon September 9-12 the Radak (eastern) and Ralik (western) chains of which it is composed; and earlier Most of these names are those given on U. S. visits by Dr. St. John to other atolls indicate Hydrographic Office charts 5413 and 5414. that the 10 visited show nearly all the diver­ The other localities are shown, but not always sity of climate, topography, and vegetation named, on advance proofs of H. O. charts 6007, 6018, 6020, and 6022: In Ailuk exhibited by the larger number. It is true Atoll the ninth island north of Ailuk Island that all the islands on which the party landed is called by the inhabitants of the atoll were inhabited, and it is possible that studies "Marab"; that name is used in this report, of some of the uninhabited islands would although the proofs of chart 6022 desig­ have given a somewhat different impression nate it by the apparently nipponized name of the vegetation. This limitation, however, "Marappu." The island 'immediately south probably is of importance only for the col­ of, it (and eighth to the north of Ailuk) , lector of phanerogams; since stands of un­ unnamed on the charts, is called "Manne" disturbed native vegetation occurred on the by the Marshallese. The thirteenth island of inhabited islands also, it is unlikely that the the series running north from Ailuk has the native name "Nankarai." In Likiep Atoll, 1 Dep artment of Botany, University of H awaii. Manuscript received December 2, 1946. Biebi is shown on H. O. chart 6020. The

92 Fungi of the Marshall Islands - ROGERS 93

island next to Biebi on the northeast, and were reduced to synonymy (S. Agaricoides connected to it by a stretch of reef exposed = Schizophyllum commune, B. Katui = at low tide, is unnamed on the charts; ac­ Polyporus xanthopus, B. sanguineus = P. cording to Marshallese informants it is called sanguineus) or redescribed, and validly pub­ "Eniarmij.' Riri in Wotje Atoll lies next to lished, by Fries (1821: 37'1, 504, 505; armed on the east; it is named on chart 1823: 431,488) ; the two species of Sphaeria 6018. Imrodj in Jaluit Atoll is shown im­ were transferred to Metas phaeria by Saccardo mediately above "N. E. Pass" on chart 5414, (1883: 182). Hennings (1897) listed or and named on 6007. described from Jaluit 13 species, from col­ August and September fall within the lections by Schwabe and byFinsch: Auricula­ rainy season for the Marshalls, and there had ria auricula-judae, Polystictus sanguineus, been recent rainfall, enough not only to Schizophyllum Alneum, Fomes amboinensis, moisten the soil but even to soak the fallen Polyporus Kampboeoenerl, Marasmius cal­ logs, .on all the islands except Ebon; often lopus var. jaluitensis P. Henn., M. Pandani­ there were showers or heavy rains during cola P. Henn., Psathyrella disseminata, the collecting trips. On Ebon there had been Psathyra Schwabeana P. Henn., Hypholoma no rain for some time, and the paddies de­ jaluitensis P. Henn., Galera sp. (confertae voted to the cultivation of Cyrtosperma .aft.), Pleurotus Schwabeanus P. Henn., and contained mud but no standing water; never­ Lachnea jaluitensis P. Henn. Schumann and theless, soil and vegetable debris were damp Lauterbach (1901: 37-63) combined Ehren­ and supported an abundantgrowth of fungi. berg's and Hennings's lists, treating Psathyra On the evidence of the vegetation, as well Schwabeana under Pratella and Pleurotus as of published accounts, there is a consider­ Schwabeanus under Agaricus, and, for some able increase in rainfall in the archipelago as incomprehensible reason, reporting Meta­ one goes from north to south; the vegetation sphaeria fur as " Me tasphaeria [us," Volkens of the northern islands is somewhat more (1903: 84) listed only species already re­ open and poorer in species, and lichens and ported. No other reports have come to my other epiphytes are distinctly less abundant, attention. Thus, unless there are studies pub­ than in the islands south of Kwajalein. lished during the Japanese occupation which Mejit, in the northern part of the group and have been overlooked, the recorded myco­ also considerably east of its nearest neigh­ biota of the Marshall Islands embraces 16 bors (Utirik, Ailuk, and Wotje), appears species. The University of Hawaii party much wetter than they. Ebon, the southern­ brought back approximately 425 specimens most atoll of the archipelago, alone of those of fungi, of which 126 specimens, repre­ visited supports the dense tangle of under­ senting 34 species (2 of them new), are here growth and the abundant epiphytes that ' listed. The study of this material is con­ usually enter into the description of a jungle. tinuing, and other reports will be published. Any further attempt to characterize the vege­ In the interests of brevity, in listing speci­ tation is beyond the scope of this report, and mens only the atoll is given where but one must be left for Dr. St. John 's account of island of the cluster furnished collections of the vascular plants. fungi, and the date is omitted unless collec­ I have been able to discover few dis­ tions were made on an island on more than cussions of the fungi of the Marshalls. one day. Except where otherwise noted, the Ehrenberg (1820) described Scapbo pborum collector is D. P. Rogers and the numbers are Agaricoides, Boletus Katui, B. sanguineus, "D. P. R... ." Portions of all Marshallese Sphaeria fur, and S. profuga from collec­ specimens have been deposited in the Bishop tions by Chamisso in the Radak chain; these Museum (occasionally indicated by the sym- 94 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. i, April, 1947

bol BISH); portions of all collections of Ormed 1., 1661, Riri I., 1629; Ebon, 1634 . Myxomycetes except three (duplicated by 4. COMATRICHA TYPHOIDES2 (Bull. ) other specimens from the Marshalls), and of Rost.-Mejit, 1643; Jaluit, 1647; Ebon, all species of Heterobasidiomycetes, are in 1636. the herbarium of the University of Iowa (SUI); certain specimens cited are in the 5. CRIBRARIA TENELLA Schrad.-Jaluit, Farlow Herbarium (FH); portions of nearly 1650, 1662. all collections are in the writer's herbarium. 6. DICTYDIUM CANCELLATUM (Batsch) Where material is sufficiently abundant, Macbr.-Ailuk: Ailuk 1., 1653. wider distribution has been or will be made. The synonymy given is not intended to be 7. FULIGO SEPTICA (L.) Wiggers­ complete; for most species only a few of the Ebon, 1627, 1638 . more satisfactory and more readily available 8. HEMITRICHIA SERPULA (Scop.) Rost. descriptions are cited. -Namu: Leuen I., 1648; Ebon, 1635. I am indebted to the University of Ha­ waii, which through Dean Paul S. Bachman 9. HEMITRICHIA STIPITATA (Mass.) and its Pacific Islands Research Committee Macbr.-Ailuk: Ailuk 1., 1654, 1706; assumed the financial burden of the expedi­ Wotje: Ormed I., 1640; Ebon, 1632 . tion; to Captain John C. Hammock, Com­ 10. HEMITRICHIA VESPARIUM (Batsch) modore Benjamin F. Wyatt, Lieutenant H. Macbr.-Ailuk: Ailuk 1., 1710; Ebon, 1637. B. Wessinger, and those other officers of the United States Navy who facilitated our 11. PERICHAENA DEPRESSA Lib.-Ebon, journey to the Marshalls; to Professor G. W. 1630. Martin ofthe University of Iowa, who named 12. PHYSARELLA OBLONGA (Berk. and a number of the Myxomycetes and made Curt.) Morg.-Ailuk: Ailuk 1., 1708; Jaluit, available extensive manuscript notes on Auri­ 1646. cularia; to Professor J. N. Couch of the Uni­ versity of North Carolina, for notes on 13. PHYSARUM TENERUM Rex-Mejit, material of Septobasidium; to Miss Hilda 1641; Ailuk: Ailuk 1., 1655 . Harris of the Farlow Library, who verified 14. PHYSARUM VIRIDE (Bull.) Pers.- citations of works not available in Hawaii; Utirik, 1659. . and to Dr. St. John and Mr. Cowan, whose 15. PHYSARUM WINGATENSE Macbr.­ assistance and companionship made the Ailuk: Nankarai 1., 1712; Wotje, Ormed 1., journey an agreeable as well as a productive 1645, Riri 1., 1626, 1639. one. 16. STEMONITIS FUSCA Roth - Utirik, MYXOMYCETES 1658; Ailuk: Ailuk 1., 1656; Likiep: Likiep 1.,1625. 1. ARCYRIA DENUDATA (L.) Wettst.­ Utirik, 1657; Mejit, 1492, 1642, 1660; 17. STEMONITIS SPLENDENS Rost.­ Likiep: Likiep I., 1651; jaluit, 1649; Ebon, Likiep: Biebi 1., 1644. 1631. None of the Myxomycetes collected is 2. ARCYRIA NUTANS (Bull.) Grev.­ sufficiently uncommon or unusual to be Likiep: Biebi 1., 1652. • As in all other matters, I have attempted to 3. CERATIOMYXA FRUTICULOSA follow the existing provis ions of the International Rules with respect to orthography. Cf. Rec. XLIII, (Muell.) Macbr.-Mejit, 1628; Wotje: and the addition voted at Amsterdam. Fungi of the Marshall Islands - ROGERS . 95 worthy of comment. The circumscription and (except by Boedijn) to have been taken nomenclature are those of Macbride and without challenge at its face value. The Martin (1934). carrying of a copy of Ridgway to the humid tropics seemed too hazardous, and no color PHYCOMYCETES comparison could be made in the field; but the fructifications certainly were not orange. 18. GLAZIELLA AURANTIACA (Berk. and My recollection is that the deepest-colored Curt.) Cooke, Grevillea 11: 83, 1883; Lloyd, would come close to Scarlet-Red,3 or at least Mycol. Writings 7: 1203-1204, pI. 248, Scarlet, and the paler basal portions were not fig. 2484, 1923; Boedijn, Buitenzorg Jard. yellowish, but a clear rosy pink. The col­ Bot. Jour . 3 ser. 11: 57-66, fig. 1-7, 1930. lectors of Boedijn's specimens gave the color Xylaria aurantiaca Berk. and Curt., Linn. as "dunkel steinrot" and "orangerot." Pre­ Soc. [London} Jour . Bot. 10: 382, 1868. sumably neither Thaxter nor Berkeley nor Glaziella vesiculosa Berk., Naturhist. For. Curtis ever saw the fungus in living condi­ Kjobenhavn Vidensk. Meddel., 1879-80: tion; and in 2 months the Marshalls collec­ 31, 1879; Thaxter, Amer. Acad. Arts and tion has faded to various orange-yellow Sci. Proc. 72: 334, pl. 4, fig. 88-94, 1922. shades, and in both color and consistency Fructifications tuberiform, bladderlike, approxi­ could very well be taken for slightly de­ matel y isodiametric or flattened , plicate, scarlet, fective dried peaches or apricots. Without growing paler toward the base, tough-membran­ knowledge of fresh American material it ous, hollow, opening by an irregular fissure either would be rash and useless, therefore, to at the base or above, about 1.5-5 em. in greatest diameter, early partly enveloped in a white bys­ attempt to distinguish the fungus from soid veil, later free, the surface slightly roughened; G. aurantiaca .by its color. Boedijn, whose hyphae uf the veil 4.5- 5 p. in diameter, their walls admirable account gives an excellent idea of asperulate, about 0.5 p. thick, the lumen inter­ rupted at intervals of 15-60 p. by thin septa; wall the Ebon material (except that the living of fructificati on composed of compact outer layers specimens here reported were not in the least of hyphae with inflated cells up to 10 p. in diam­ gelatinous}, found no obstacle to the treat­ eter; of medullary hyphae loosely interwoven, septate, 2-3 p. in diameter; and of embedded ment of his specimens under the early name. chlamydospores; chlamydospores ellipsoid, about Mr. Cowan found the greater number of 300 X 200 p., with a rigid wall 17-19 p. thick and fructifications (11 were collected) in deep an outer apparently gelatinized membrane 5- 7 p. thick, enclosing fluid material with numerous oil shade under a tangle 'of bushes in a dense globules. grove of coco palms. The species is reported from half a dozen islands of .the West Indies, On the surface, or under loose fragments, from Brazil and Mexico, and from two of well-decayed vegetation, chiefly leaves of islands in the Netherlands Indies. Lloyd Cocos nucifera. Ebon, R. S. Cowan and (loc. cit.) described a second species from D. P. R. (D. P. R. 1343). Nicobar Island, which in Thaxter's opinion The fungus is characterized adequately for (Stevenson and Cash, 1936: 3) may be iden­ recognition merely as having hollow, red, tical. There are other synonyms. membranous fructifications; the few micro­ scopic details given are only for possible BASIDIOMYCETES microscopic comparison with other material, for it is less than certain that the Ebon col­ 19. TULASNELLA ALLANTOSPORA Wakef. lection is conspecific with those reported and Pears., Brit. Mycol. Soc. Trans. 8: 220, from the American tropics. Thaxter writes fig. 7,1923; Rogers, Ann. Mycol. 31: 190, of the "conspicuous orange yellow color" of 3 Color-n ames capitalized are used in the sense G. aurantiaca; and the specific epithet seems of Ridgway (1 912 ).

, ' 96 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947

pI. 6, fig. 5, 1933; Martin, Iowa Univ. from Iowa, basidia with five well-developed Studies in Nat. Hist. 18 (3): 18, pI. 1, epibasidia. More than. four epibasidia or fig. 4, 1944. spores apparently are developed elsewhere in On rotten, friable wood of Artocarpus the Tremellales only in Gloeotulasnella. incises. Ebon, IX.10.46, 1366. 21. SEBACINA CINEREA Bres., Fung. Trid. Like a number of European and American 2: 99, pI. 210, fig. 2, 1892; Rogers, Iowa specimens, that from Ebon was a barely Univ.Studies in Nat. Hist.15 (3): 12, pI. 1, perceptible bloom when living, and dried is, fig. 4-6, 1933; McGuire, Lloydia 4: 37, except under the binocular, wholly invisible. pl. 5, fig. 91-94, 1944; Martin, Iowa Univ. It can readily be recognized in microscopic Studies in Nat. Hist. 18 (3): 39, 1944. preparations by the four inflated 'epibasidia Exidiopsis cerina Moll., Protobas. 85, 167, and the thick-allantoid spores. The latter in 1895. Thelephora cinerea (Bres.) Sacc. and . the collection cited are mostly 7-7.5 >< 3.5-4 Syd., Syll, Fung. 16: 183, 1902; nec Pers. p" relatively stout, like the type, but very little ex Fr., Syst. Mycol. 1: 453, 1821. tapered toward the ends, more like some On rotten, friable wood of Artocarpus Iowa material. Previously reported from incises. Jaluit, 1580. western Europe and from the northeastern A thin cinereous-buff crust, under the quarter of the United States, the southern­ microscope showing irregularly linear gloeo­ most station being .in Missouri. Martin cystidia with often yellow-granulose content, (1939: 242) has reported two other species ellipsoid cruciate-septate basidia, and obtuse of Tulasnella from the tropics: T . uiolea, cylindric spores. The fructification cited is a common species of western Europe, the young, and thinner than is usual for the northeastern states, and southeastern Canada, species. Its spores, which have the form from Colombia; and T. sphaerospora, un­ characteristic of S. cinerea, are smaller than known elsewhere; from Panama. Gloeotu­ in most collections (7.5-8.5 (-10) X 4-4.5 'lasnella calospora occurs in Hawaii. .(-5) p,), and near the lower limit of size 20. CERATOBASIDIUM CORNIGER UM publishedfor the species. The form of the (Bourd.) Rogers, Iowa Univ. Studies in basidia and the degree of compactness of the Nat. Hist. 17: 5, pI. 1, fig. 2, 1935; Martin, hymenium, both significant characters in the ibid. 18 (3): 14, pI. i,fig. 1, 1944. subgenus Bourdotia to which the species be­ On decorticate wood of Artocarpus in- longs, are typical. cisus. Likiep: Likiep 1., 1501. . The two synonyms given are an addition to those cited in previous discussions. The A grayish-pruinose growth showing under comparison of Moller's descriptions with the microscope repent mycelium; obovate, . good material of S. cinerea leaves little need aseptate hypobasidia bearing (usually) four for hesitation in equating his Exidiopsis to tubular epibasidia like those of a tremella; the present species. Acceptance of that and oblong-ellipsoid spores. The shape of synonymy extends the range of S. cinerea to the spores reaches the extreme of elongation southern Brazil; its known range already known in this species, quite like Figure 2(g) stretches from Ontario to Panama, from 'of the Iowa paper. Hitherto reported from Massachusetts to Oregon, and in Europe the Austrian Tyrol and central France in from Finland to Italy. Europe, and in the Western Hemisphere from southern Canada and the northern states. In 22. SEBACINA DUBIA (Bourd. and Galz.) comparing the Likiep specimen with main­ Bourd.; Rogers, Iowa Univ. Studies in Nat. land material, I observed, in D. P. R. 144 Hist. 15 (3): 11, pl. 1, fig. 1-J, 1933; Fungi of the Marshall Islands - ROGERS 97

McGuire, Lloydia 4: 31, pI. 4, fig. 73-74, paraphyses sparsi, tenues, ramosi; cystidia e cor­ 1941; Martin, Iowa Univ. Studies in Nat. .poribus cylindraceis 3-4 fL diam., valde granulis calcareis incrustatis, composita, stipitata, subfusi­ Hist. 18 (3): 37, 1944. Heterochaetella formia, 20-33 X 7.5-10 fL; gloeocystidia linearia, dubia (Bourd. and Galz.) Bourd. and Galz., irregularia, matura suco luteo granuloso suffulta, Hym. Fr. 51, fig. 30 (1928). 17-50 X 5-6 fL; basidia cruciato-septata, ellipsoi­ dea vel oblong a, 14~16 .5 (-18) X 8.5-11.5 fL, epi­ On dead wood of Cocos nucifera. Ebon, basidia quattuor 2-2.5 fL diam., long. ad 16 fL, IX.9.46,1391. gerentia; sporae oblongo-ellipsoideae vel obovatae, 8-9.5 X 6-7 fL, per repetitionem germinantes. The fructification is distinctly cretaceous . Fructification when fresh pure white, becoming and, unlike that in most specimens of the slightly creamy (a little lighter than Cartridge Buff), adnate, separable in small bits, farinaceous­ species,' clearly visible to the naked eye-and waxy, under the binocular with minutely farina­ about as conspicuous as a thin dab of white­ ceous surface, thinning out at the margin to a peri­ wash. Under the lens it is seen to consist of pheral zone composed of minute white granules (cystidia) arising out of a thin transparent waxy numerous more or less separated whitish film; old specimens grayish-pruinose; when dry conical spicules; under the microscope each chalky white to barely cream (paler than Ivory of these may be seen to be composed of a Yellow) or in older fructifications nearly as dark number of parallel cystidia, surrounded and as Cartridge Buff; hyphae distinct, with clamps throughout, 1.5-3 fL; paraphyses scattered, reach ­ conglutinate by a film of indistinct hyphae ing the surface, mostly inconspicuous, the stalk which ascend for fully two thirds of the linear, 2-3 fL in diameter, with peg-like or con­ height of the spicule and bear on their sur­ torted branches 1 fL in diameter; cystidia arising at the margin and later engulfed by the hymenium face cruciate-septate basidia with four very and lying at its base, composed of a subcylindric, short epibasidia continued in long, subulate thin-walled cell 3-4 fL in diameter and heavy coarse sterigmata. The cystidia of the Ebon speci­ mineral incrustation, at maturity subfusiform, ob­ tuse, stalked, 20-33 X 7.5-10 fL; gloeocystidia aris­ men differ somewhat from those developed ing near the base of the fructification, somewhat in other collections; but as noted elsewhere, sinuous, irregularly inflated or constricted, thin­ the same may be said of almost any speci­ walled, the content early hyaline and homogene­ ous, later yellow, granular, refractive, resinoid, men: they are a variable lot. The cystidia, 17-50 X 5-6 fL; basidia subtended by a prolifer­ rather than being straight, thick-walled and ative clamp, ellipsoid, becoming oblong and trun­ with a narrow lumen at the base, and thin­ cate, 14-16.5 (-18) X 8.5-11.5 fL, longitudinally cruciate-septate, bearing 4 epibasidia 2-2.5 fL in walled and with a dilated lumen at the diameter and up to ~6 fL or more in length; spores summit, as often in Peniophora sect. Tubuli­ oblong-ellipsoid to obovate, 8-9.5 X ~7 fL, ger­ ferae, are contorted, often several times sep­ minating by repetition. tate, constricted at some septa or for the On dead fibrous leaf sheaths, leaf bases, entire length of some of the segments, and ana husks of Cocos nucifera. with the wall only slightly thickened. They HAWAII: Oahu: University of Hawaii show considerable resemblance to those of campus, Manoa, II.12.46, 1. A. Abbott and Peniophora pallidula. Some, however, ap­ D. P. R. (D. P. R. 655); II.17.46, 1132,' proach the regularity Of more typical Seba­ III.20.46,1. A. Abbott and D. P. R. (D. P. R. cina dubia. Known from widely separated 1175), and 1176; III.31.46, 1243;VI.21.46, localities in temperate Europe and North 1327, 1328; X.29.46, 1884, type (in herb. America; reported by Martin (loc. cit.) from D. P. R., BISH, SUI); X.30.46, 1888; Brazil. XI1.4.46, 1931. MARSHALL ISLANDS: Ebon, IX.I0.46, 23. Sebacina farinacea sp. nov. Fig. 1. 1388. Fructificatio viva alba, farinaceo-ceracea, mar­ gine attenuato, zona peripherica sub lente e gran­ To the naked eye Sebacina fari-nacea pre­ ulis albis distinctis (cystidiis) composita, exoleta pallide griseo-pruinosa, sicca cretacea vel leviter sents the appearance of one of the innumer­ sordida; hyphae nodoso-septatae, 1.5-3 fL diam.; able small white Thelephoraceae-s-perhaps 98 PACIFIC SCIENCE, .v ei, 1, April, 1947

1 0 MO K U ,'0 I"'· , 5 0 ,40

FIG. 1. Sebacina farinacea: A-I, basidia; J-M, spores; N-Q, cystidia; R-S , gloeocystidia; T, para­ physis. C, F, I, K, M, N , 0, Q, S =:: D .P.R. 1888; A. B, D, E, G, H, J, L. P, R, T = D.P.R. 1931. FIG. 2. Sebacina petiolata: A-H, basidia; I-M, spores; N , paraphysis; 0 , gloeocystidium. All D.P.R. 1475. All drawings were made with camera lucida under oil-immersion objective and l OX ocular at 1675X, and reduced .in reproduction to approximately 1000 X. Fig. 1 B and I and 2 C, D, and F-H are incom­ plete (optical section ) and do not represent two-celled basidia. Fungi of the Marshall Islands - ROGERS 99 a thin growth of Corticium suecicum or palms. Probably it could be collected more Peniopbora Sambuci. In structure it is most abundantly if the bases of the leaves of nearly allied to those species of Sebacina mature trees were less inaccessible. The Ebon subgenus Bo urdotia with well-developed specimen is the only one found elsewhere­ paraphyses, such as S. Galzinii; its gloeo­ on the rotting husk of a coconut. It is quite cystidia are similar, as are the arrangement old and poor, but recognizable. of the basidia and their frequent ,elongate 24. Sebacina petiolata sp. nov. Fig. 2. form. It is, however, much less gelatinous, Fructificatio viva gelatinosa, opa lea vel hyalin a, and more ' resistant to separation of the luteo-, roseo-, vel cyaneo-tincta, 0.5-3 mm . crassit., hymenial elements under the cover-glass. On sicca hyaline- vel ochraceo-vernicosa; hyph ae ple­ the other hand, its possession of paraphyses rumque distinctae, nodoso-septatae, 2-2.5 p. diam., sub basidiis ad 5 p. expansae; paraphyses fili­ and commonly elongate basidia separate it forme s, apicem versus furcatae vel fru ticulosae, from the group of more arid species of which raro nodoso-septatae, 1- 3 p. in diam.; gloeocystidia S. caesio-cinerea, for exampl e, is a member, pr imo hyalina, homogenea, serius luteo-granul osa, and it does not show the sheath of empty irregularite r subcylindr acea vel subfusiformia, ob- . tusa, 39-150 X 4-7 p.; probasidia primo clavata, basidia surrounding the fertil e hypha that is hypo basidia ma tura obpyriformio-clavata, crud­ so characteristic of those species. The heavily atim septata, 21-32 X 9-12.5 p., ad apicem lobata, encrusted cystidia, resembling those of Penio­ epibasidia 4 crass a, 10- 50 X 3-5 .5 p. gere ntia, basidiorum stip itibus ab hypobasidio separatis a phora pubera, are apparently unique in Seba­ septis eisdem verticalibus parietem versus curvatis; cina. In fact, their place of formation-in a sporae hyalinae, ellipsoideo-oblonga e vel ellip soi­ peripheral zone, where they mature before deo-subgl obosae, 7-11 X 6-8 p., per repetitionem germinantes. any other hymenial elements are developed Fru ctification gelatinous, hyaline or yellowish-, -seems to be unique in the whole known pinkish-, bluish-, or plumbeous-op alescent, 0.5-3 range of the Basidiomycetes. mrn. th ick, th e margin attenu ate or abrupt and cili­ ate, when dry hyaline- or ochraceous-vernicose; The subgenus Heterocbaetella is defined hyph ae mostly distinct, with clamps th roughout, by the possession of cystidia. Sebacina fari­ 2-2.5 p. in diameter, broadened up to 5 p. just be- . nacea shows no indication of affinity to the low th e basidia; paraphyses filiform , near the tips forked to bushy, occasio nally nodose-septate, the species of H eterocbaetella other than its basa l portion 1.5- 3 p. in diameter, th e tips con­ cystidia; and even that exists only because torted, nodu lose, unencrusted, about 1 p. in diam­ the term "cystidium" is employed for a eter, finally obscur e; gloeocystid ia with hya line homogeneous content, becoming coars ely yellow­ number of very different structures. The gra nular, irregularly subfiliform, subcylindric to affinities of S. farinacea being rather with fusiform or clavate, obtuse, 39- 150 X 4-7 p.; S. Galzinii, it is assigned to the subgenus basidia arising as clavate bodies, becoming obpyri­ Bourdotia. form- clavate, th e hypob asidia cru ciate-septate, lobed at the summit, the inflated terminal portion Since the available keys to Sebacina all 16-24 X 9- 12.5 p., the stalk 20- 27 X 3-4.5 p., make use of the dichotomy "gloeocystidia sep arated from the fertile summit by the longitu­ present : cystidia present" in one form or dinal wa lls, which curve away from their line of intersection to meet the outer wa ll, the epibasidia anoth er (Bourdot and Galzin, 1928 : 17; very th ick near their bases, 10-50 X 3- 5.5 p.; Rogers, 1935: 37; McGuire, 1941: 11; Mar­ spores hyaline, evenly oblong to ellipsoid-ob long, tin, 1944: 35), S. farinacea can be included 9-11 X 6-7.5 u, or ellipsoid-subglobose, 7- 9 X most readily by the insertion of an additional 6-8 p., germi nating by repetition. choice: Growing over bark of a dead branch "Both gloeocystidia and encrusted cysti- (unidentified ), over an old fungus , and on dila presenL_....__...._. ._._.._. .Sf'. arm acea.· JJ wood of Acacia Koa, Aleurites moluccana, Sebacina farinacea can be found after A rtocarpus incises, Hibiscus Arnottianus, almost any prolonged rainy period on the M esserscbmidia argentea, Psidium Guayava, dead sheaths of leaves attached to young coco Samanea Sam an (= Pitb ecolobium Saman) , 100 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947

Pandanus sp., and bark and wood of Cocos paraphyses, in clavate basidia, and in spores. nucifera. Th e presence of the stout stalk separated by CUBA: Blanco's Woods, Soledad, Cien­ the vertical septa from the fertil e portion is fuegos, VII.1.41, W . L. White 596; San the clearest recognition-character. The new BIas, Santa Clara Prov., VI.20-21.41, W. L. species may be accommodated in Martin's, White 407, 427 (all in FH) . McGuire's, or Rogers's keys (earlier cited HAWAII: Oahu : east slope Manoa Valley under Sebacina farinacea) by the addition of (500- 900 ft.) , XI.18.45, 1218; Tantalus a third choice to the dichotomy separating Trail, Pauoa, VI1.21.46, 133 1; S. branch of S. umbrina and S. Galzinii (or S. Pulula­ N. fork of Ekehanui Gulch (1,800-2,400 huana ) : ft. ) , Honouliuli, III. 17.46, 1169; Kupehau "Gloeocystidia similar to those of S. Gal­ Gulch above pipe-line trail (2,000 ft.) , zinii (Pululahuana ); spores oblong, ellip­ Honouliuli, X.13.46, R. S. Cowan 179. soid-oblong, or ellipsoid-subglobose, 7-11 MARSHAL L ISLANDS : Utirik, IX. 1.46, X 6-8 po; basidia subclavate, the stalk sepa­ 1525,1548; Mejit, 1436, 1441 , 1450, 1513 , rated by the vertical walls from the fertile 1514, 1545; Ailuk: Marab I., 1571 , Ailuk summit .5. petiolata" I., 1665, 1701; Likiep: Likiep I., on log of 25. - STYPELLA MINOR Moll., Protobas. Cocos, VIII.28.46, . 1475, type (in herb. 77, 166, pI. 4, fig. 7, 1895; Martin, Iowa D. P. R., BISH, SUI, FH);W otje : Ormed Acad. Sci. Proe. 36: 128 (1930]; Iowa 1., IX.4.46, 1385, Riri 1., 1500; Namu: Univ, Studies in N at. Hist. 16 (2) : 147, Leuen I., .1403, 1431; Jaluit, 1617; Ebon, fig. 2, pI. 6, 1934; ibid. 18 (3 ): 34, 1944. IX.9.46, 1393. . On dead rhachis and charred wood of A continuous, usually thick gelatinous Cocos nucifera, bark and wood of Pandanus layer, composed (under the microscope) sp., dead wood of A rtocarpus incisus, bark of branched paraphyses, gloeocystidia, and and wood of Carica Papaya, and decorticate cruciate-septatebasidia whose fertil e distal log of unidentified species. Ailuk : Marab I., part is separated from the stalk-like basal 15 72, Ailuk 1., 1699; Mejit, 1454; Wotje: part by the intersecting vertical walls, which Riri I., 1760; Jaluit; 1585, 1587, 1606 , .turn out to meet the outer wall of the hypo­ 1610 , 1614; Ebon, iX:I 0.46, 1799. basidium. The apparent color varies con­ W hen young, and about the margins when siderably, according to the thickness, the mature, formed of distinct minute gelatinous color of the substratum which shows through pustules, which later are confluent into a the clear or opalescent basidiocarp, and. reticular or apparently continuous, uneven­ probably other factors. Th e collection from surfaced layer. This inconspicuous but char­ Kupehau when fresh was pinkish-Pallid acteristic fungus, originally described from Mouse Gray to Pale Vinaceous-Fawn, where­ southern Brazil, has since been reported as as the one from Ekehanui, not far away, was occurring more generally in tropical Amer­ in part Pale Olive-Gray and in part colorless ica and in the eastern and central states at and merely pruinose; others were noted least as far north as W isconsin and Massa­ in the field as being yellowish-opalescent, chusetts. It certainly occurs and has been . bluish-opalescent, blue-white, lavender-gray, reported (under other names) in western light neutral gray, and deep blue-gray. In Europe, and has several times been collected texture and presence of gloeocystidia and in Hawaii. paraphyses S. petiolata is related to S. Gal­ Four of the specimens here listed are in zinii and S. um brina, from both of which it all respects quite typical, and are not dis­ differs in the manner of branching of the tinguishable from Iowa material. Th e five Fungi of the Marshall Islands - ROGERS 101 collections made on Jaluit, however, show in 1554; Ailuk: Marme 1., 1750; Mejit, 1440, varying degrees a more luxuriant growth; 1453 , 1508. the separate lenticular or tuberculiform ba­ Gu epinia Spathularia as here treated sidiocarps are confluent to form not merely includes all those -fungi with fructifica­ a reticulate aggregation, or the thin film tions "cartilaginous-gelatinous in consisten~, which seems to be the most homogeneous orange or brownish-orange in color, flabelli­ fructification developed in temperate lands, form or incised-flabelliform, tomentose on but a tough, separable membrane, held to­ the compressed stipe and one surfa~e .of the gether by a dense subicular layer, al~ost " expanded summit, with forked .basidia and cartilaginous "in consistency, of conglutinate one-septate spores. All of the Marshallese hyphae. In some of the specimens this layer collections have the basidiocarps less ob­ on drying has remained intact, forming tuse at the distal margin, more translucent, " a hyaline, translucent pellicle, glistening brighter (and redder) in color, and "less (under the binocular) from light reflected tomentose on the sterile surface, than any from the sides of the minute polygonal material at hand from temperate regions, areoles which represent the originally sepa­ and than any shown in the illustrations cited. rate basidiocarps, and from their very short Microscopically, although the spores may De narrowed stipe-like bases, which remain slightly more slender, no significant differ-: separate even in the older parts of the fruc­ ences appear to exist. A considerable num­ tification, and which can be made out through ber of species have been described from the the continuous surface. The spores and ba­ tropics, most of them differing little from sidia of the Jaluit material also average G. Spathularia. Several recent authors ha~e somewhat larger than those of most other indicated doubt of the autonomy of certain specimens. There is, however, considerable or all of these species; and it seems neither overlapping in these as in ~ther ~espect~; necessary nor prudent, in the absence of any the best developed of the jaluit speCImens IS considerable amount of tropical material for well matched by one from Hawaii, while the comparison, to attempt at present a decision more delicate specimens or areas are not on the distinctness of these segregates or of distinguishable from some of the H awaiian the Marshall Islands material. and North American ones. It is certain that conditions of temperature and humidity on 27. AURICULARIA AMPLA Pers. in Gaudi­ J aluit at the time of collection were ex­ chaud, Bot. Freycinet Voyage autour du tremely favorable for the development of Monde ... Uranie et . ... Physicienne 177, tremellaceous fungi, and to the weather may 1827. Exidia ampla (Pers.) Lev., Ann. Sci. be ascribed the extreme forms here noted. . Nat. Bot. 3 ser. 5: 159, 1846. Hirneola ampla (Pers.) Fries, K. Vetensk. Akad. 26. GUEPINIA SPATHULARIA (Schw.) Handl., 1848: 146, 1849. Fries; Coker, Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. Jour. Fructifications when fresh thin, flexible, leathery­ 25: 177, pI. 23, fig. 14; 51; 64, fig. 5, 6, 9, gelatinous, the d?rsal f surface u?iformly ~ilose, 19Z0; Brasfield, Amer. Midland Nat. 20: cinereous-gray, -pink, or -buff, or 10 old speCImens 221, pI. 3, fig. 64-66, 1938; Uoydia 1: fuscous, glabrescent, the hymenial sUl:,face more or less pruinose, dull ,flesh-color, purpIIs.h-rosy,.dull 155, 1938; Martin, Iowa Univ. Studies in purplish, or in older specimer;s bl.acktsh; sol.ttary Nat. Hist. 18 (3): 30, 1944. Merulius or gregarious to densel~ imbricate-caespitose, sesst~e narrow~d Spathularia Schw., Naturf. Gesell. zu Leip­ eccentrically peltate or by a P?S­ terior margin or produced rnto a shor.t stipe-like zig Schr. 1: 92, pI. 2, fig. 1-3, 1822. sterile base, up to 5 (rarely - 20) em. 10 breadth, On bare wood, or growing out through convex and even or slightly plicate above, cupulate and even or in larger specimens shallowly venulose fissures in the bark, of Pandanus sp. Utirik, below; when dry thin, flexible, quite fragile, trans- 102 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947

lucent, pallid-cinereous to buffy-cinereous above or Hawaii the same species, under the name in old specimens sometimes dark and nearly gla­ "pepeiaoakua" (ghost ear) is regarded, not brous, below purplish-black to slaty-black, con­ tracted and usually considerably wrinkled; in sec­ mistakenly, as good food. tion composed of a hymenial layer about 70 p. Persoon's description (lac. cit.) reads as thick, a medullary layer about 700 p. thick, and a follows: compact dorsal layer about 20 p. thick underlying the tomentum; hymenial layer consisting of A[uricularia] magna resupinata substipitata, densely compacted basidia, of paraphyses 1.5-2 p. inferne pubescens lutescente-grisea, superne laevis in diameter with brownish branching indistinct nigricans. Pers. tips exceeding the basidia and forming a dense In insulis Mariannis inque Moluccis. . continuous superficial layer, and of slender con­ Pour la configuration et la couleur, cette espece torted subhymenial hyphae; medullary layer of ressemble beaucoup a l'auricularia sambuci [i.e., rather loosely arranged hyphae with irregular A. auricularis (S. F. Gray) Martin, Amer . Mid­ often open clamps and confluent, highly gelatin­ land Nat. 30: 81, 1943]; mais elle s'en distingue ized walls, apparently 2-3 p. in diameter but much par sa partie fertile, qui n'est presque pas veineuse, thicker if the limits of the walls could be observed, et parce qu'elle pousse en-dessous une sorte de mostly parallel to the surface in the middle and stipes ou appendice long de quelques lignes. Aces perpendicular in the upper and lower quarter; caracteres, il faut ajouter l'habitat, qui pourtant dorsal layer consisting of an inner colorless half ne doit pas avoir influe sur la forme et la dimen­ of heavily stainable hyphae 1 p. in diameter, sion? P. densely compacted, perpendicular to the surface, and with little gelat inized wall material between, In this there is, first of all, an obvious error: and an outer pigmented layer abundantly pene­ the description has the basidiocarp inverted; trated by the bases of the surface hairs; hairs up to 225 X 4.5-7 p., thick-walled and aggregated in it is not pubescent .below, but above. (It conical tufts; basidia linear or slightly clavate, may be noted that Fries and succeeding gen­ 40-50 X 4.5-5 p., 3-septate; spores allantoid, erations of mycologists made the same mis­ 15.5-17 X 4.5-5.5 p.. take for all species which, like this, were In the Marshalls usually on wood of Cocos placed in the genus Hirneola. See Fries nucifera, with one collection on Artocarpus [lac. cit.}, p. 144; and 1825: 93.) The incises. Wotje: Ormed 1., 1353, 1354, presence of a stipe, furthermore, ishere no 1379, 1383,; Namu: Namu 1., 1404, 1414, more than fortuitous; it is not a discrete 1434,. Ebon, 1338. structure, but an indistinct prolongation of A thin, leathery, often ear-like basidio­ the basidiocarp, and probably no more than carp, pilose and ashy to nearly glabrous and an occasional response to the position of the brownish -black above, and rosy to purplish­ latter,' or to such an external condition as black below. The most abundant growth development through a fissure in the .bark. was encountered on Ormed, where large . The same development occurs in northern clusters had developed on standing dead specimens of A. auricularis. Neither is the trunks of coco palms, many of which had configuration of the hymenium a constant been topped by the blockaded Japanese gar­ character; among the numerous collections rison for their edible terminal buds, while at hand some are quite smooth, and others as others had been cut by artillery fire or bomb­ venulose, and as ear-like in their convolu­ blast. The Marshallese name, "lajiling kiji­ tions, as any specimen of A. auricularis. The Iik" (rat's ear), is applied without much word "resupinata" need not be misleading discrimination to many bracket- or ear-like if it be noted that Persoon (1822: 97) uses or even stipitate Basidiomycetes-polypores, the same adjective in describing the familiar Pleurotus, and others-but there was some northern A. auricularis. What is left, then, suggestion that this species is the true rat's of Persoon's account is a description of a ear, and on Ormed the name was given only large species of Auricularia, yellowish-gray­ to this Auricularia. Strangely enough, it is pubescent above, blackish below, greatly re­ not eaten in the Marshalls, whereas in sembling A. auricularis, and occurring from Fungi of the Marshall Islands - ROGERS 103

the Marianas to the Moluccas. The size of color that cannot be exactly matched in the Marshalls specimens is not remarkable, Ridgway-more tawny, and less greenish, nor .does the largest specimen at hand, a than Olive-Buff or Deep Olive-Buff; the Hawaiian basidiocarp 20 X 12 em., signifi­ grayer specimens are Pale Olive-Gray to cantly exceed the maximum given by Mar­ Mouse Gray; the hymenium is Light Quaker tin (1944: 65) for A. auricularis-which, . Drab to Blackish Plumbeous. A specimen as it happens, is also described by Persoon as soaked for spore-printing (and still alive) "sat magna"; but the typical development of showed the hirsute surface Pallid Mouse the tropical fungus seems to be a larger one. Gray and Light Mouse Gray to a tawny The yellow-ashy dorsal surface and blackish color like that of the dried material, and the hymenium are characteristic of mature speci­ hymenium Light Heliotrope-Gray to Dark mens, grown in strong light, of the form Purple-Drab, Dark Vinaceous-Gray, and under discussion, which is probably the one Heliotrope-Slate; certainly young specimens Auricularia of the Pacific islands resembling were redder when first collected. Freshly A. auricularis. Whether the two are dis­ collected Hawaiian specimens have the dor­ tinct has been doubted; probably reports of sal surface Tilleul Buff and Vinaceous-Buff A. auricula-judae from Oceania, such as to Sorghum Brown, Drab-Gray, and Drab, Hennings's, cited earlier, and Patouillard's, and the hymenium Russet-Vinaceous to refer to the fungus here called A. ampla. By Sorghum Brown. The colors of the very its more strongly pilose basidiocarps, con­ brightest young hymenia have not been spicuously rosy young hymenia, and some­ recorded; according to my recollection they what larger spores it is at least readily dis­ tinguishable, and one inclined to question • Through the great kindness of Dr. A. J. Lam and R. A. Maas Geesteranus of the Rijksherba­ the distinctness of the Pacific form should riurn, Leiden, I have recently (II.18.47) been note that the differences are milch greater in permitted to study adequate fragments of the Jiving than in preserved material. Unsatis­ type of A . ampla and a photograph of the entire type collection. The two fructifications there pre­ factory as it is, Persoon's account gives as sent measure respectively 4.5 X 3.5 and 8 X 7 crn.; sound a basis for the identification of his the dorsal surface is evenly pilose, and Cinnamon fungus as 'do those of later authors whose Brown to Prout's Brown (Mr. Maas Geesteranus writes that the smaller specimen is glabrescent); names have been more commonly adopted. the ventral surface is nearly smooth (only a few Briefly, that basis is an abbreviated descrip­ low folds appearing in the photograph), not tion which, allowance being made for ob­ pruinose, and Plumbeous Black or Black. The layers shown in section are the same as those here vious error, is quite applicable, as far as it described in the Marshalls material except that for goes, to the fungus at hand, and with that about 75 p, above the basidia the medullary layer description a geographical limitation which includes a continuous mass of colorless, amor­ phous, refractive material not seen in any Mar­ seems to confine the application to the one shalls specimen sectioned. Persoon's type and the species. Reference to the original valid de­ Hawaiian and Marshall Islands specimens agree scriptions of accepted species of Auricularia very closely, and their identity may be considered to be established. The name A. ampla which will show that they are no better founded. It heads this note cannot, however, be retained; it is is at least highly probable that the form antedated by Exidia cornea (Ehrenb.) ex Fries, under consideration is A. ampla, and that Syst, Mycol. 2: 222, 1822 (Auricularia cornea name should be superseded only if reason Ehrenb., Hor. Phys. Berol. 91, pl. 19, fig. 9, 1820), a name applied to the same fungus collected on appears to doubt the correctness of itsappli­ Oahu by Chamisso. The valid name is then Auri­ cation, or if an earlier name, likewise prob­ cularia cornea ([Ehrenb.] ex Fries) Ehrenb. ex-. ably applicable, exists." I have been unable to find that this binomial has been validly published; it seems unlikely that a Dried mature specimens from the Mar­ still earlier name will be discovered. shalls mostly show on the dorsal surface a The type of A. ornata is now lacking at Leiden. 104 PACIFIC SCIEN CE, Vol. 1, April, 1947

would be at least as red as Purplish Vina­ A leathery growth, brown above and ceous. below ' when moist and active, app arently limited to the single substratum M esser­ 28. AURICULARIA ORNATA Pers. in schmidia (= To urnefortia) argentea, and Gaudichaud, Bot. .Freycinet Voyage autour to hard, elevated, little decayed branches of du Monde ... Uranie et . .. Physicienne that species. The earliest of the Marshalls 177, pI. 2; fig. 4, 1827 . A. adnata Lyon in collections was made in a soaking rain, and Rock, Hawaii ColI. Pubi. Bul. 4: 33, 1916. the fungus was at first taken to be a some­ Fructification when fresh tough fleshy- to car­ tilaginous-gelatinous, adnate over much of its area what thicker and softer relative of Stereum or centrally peltate -rootirig, disciform, lobed­ hirsutum. The highly characteristic brown disciform, or by confluence elongate, 0.5-7.5 em. color disappears from thehymenium on in diameter, the margins at first closely appressed, later often reflexed to 0.5 cm., the lower (hyrne­ drying, and is replaced by a pruinose slate nial) surface pruino se, soft brown (Pale Brownish not too different from the appearance of Drab to N atal Brown ), in young specimens other species of Auricularia. Since A . ornata smooth to 'slightly rugose, in older with strong, is one of the far too numerous lost species, irr egularly forking, vein-like thickenings more or less radially arranged, th e upper surface where 'the original description is here reproduced : free coarsely pilose, zonate, the zones alterna tely . of long and of short hairs, mostly dark brown A[uricularia] pileo dimidiato reflexo tornen­ (Snuff Brown to Bister ) , but inter spersed with toso, zonis fuscis pallidisque variegato, inferne light bands (about Pinkish Buff) , in young speci­ venoso nigricante. Pers. mens with appressed margins the pilosity. shown In insulis Mariannis. only as a narrow buffy margin ; when dry hard, in Cette plante est l'une des plus jolies especes du consistency like dried cartilage, the hymenium genre. Elle a par sa partie superie ure quelque strongly pruinose, plumbeous (Cinereous to D ark similitude avec .I'auricularia mesenterlca, Pers. Plu mbeous ), with younger portions lighter and Mycol. Europ. 1, p. 97. Mais sa surface inferieure browner (Drab-Gray) ; in section composed of a est garnie de veines comme dans l'auricularia sam­ . hymeniallayer about 85 FJ. thick, a medullary layer bud (tremella auricula, Linn.). P. about 1000 FJ. thick, and an abhymenial layer about The illustration shows a dimidiate basidio­ 30 FJ. thick; the hyrnenial Iayer consisting of a pig­ mented superficial portion about 15 FJ. thick com­ carp with prominent. zonation on the dorsal posed of the indistinct, branching ends of para­ surface, more like a sketch of Coriolus versi­ ph yses 1-1. 5 FJ. in diameter, and a basidial portion; color than like any A uricularia, and certainly the medullary layer consisting of hyphae 3-9 FJ. in diameter with irregular, often open clamp connec­ not remotely like the almost resupinate fun­ tions and greatly gelatinized walls, densely com­ gus on M esserschmidia. But having soaked pacted and perpendicul ar to the surface in the a dried specimen to secure a spore-print, I lower and upper 100 FJ., looser and more or less pa rallel to the surfa ce in the middle; the abhy­ happened to pick away a few marginal bits menial layer brown, nearly opaque, compact and of the bark to which it was attached, in order (in the free parts of the basidiocarp ) supp orting to discover how much of the dorsal surface a pilose layer about 70-300 FJ. thick (according to the surface zonation) of free brown hyphae; was free from the substratum. The surface basidia linear or often narrowly claviform or revealed was zonate not merely because basally ventricose, 3-septate, 52-70 X 5.5-7 (rarely - 8.5) FJ. ; spores thick-allan toid, with stout truncate of the varying lengths of the hairs which apiculus, 12.5-1 5.5 (':'17) X 5.5-6.5 FJ.. . covered it, but "variegated by fuscous and On bark and decorticate wood of Messer­ pallid bands," exactly as described and illus­ schmidia argentea. trated by Persoon. It seems likely that the LINE ISLANDS (Pacific): Palmyra 1., material from which the description was VII1.20.24, H . F. Bergman [AJ, [BJ, det. drawn up either had been removed from its by Lyon as A. adnata. substratum by the collector or had been pried MARSHALL ISLANDS: Utirik, 1549; Ailuk: away, as was mine, to discover the character Marab 1., 1568, Ailuk 1., 1518; Wotje: of the dorsal surface. The resemblance noted Riri 1.,.1 372; Namu: Leuen 1., 1408. to A uricularia mesenterica may possibly ac- Fungi of the Marshall Islands - ROGERS 105

count for some of the reports of that species 29. SEPTOBASIDIUM sp. (BOGORI~NSI from Pacific lands. Fries (1838: 555) lists affin.); cf. Boedijn and Steinmann, Buiten­ A. ornata as a possible synonym of A. mesen­ zorg Jard. Bot. Jour. 3 ser. 11: 205, fig. 25, terica, with the note, "sec. Montagn. non 26; pI. 18 (b), (c), 1931; Couch, Genus differt" (Montagne having, it would appear, Septobasidium 213, pI. 61, fig. 3-10; 103, studied Persoon's specimens). Material at fig. 4-7; 104, fig. 10-12, 1938. hand of A. mesenterica shows a much thicker On living prop roots, and more rarely on and more deeply pilose basidiocarp, with the bark of living trunks, of Pandanus pulposus hyphae of the medullary layer much more and Pandanus spp. Namu: Namu 1., 1421, highly gelatinized and more widely spaced, Leuen 1., 1417; Ailinglapalap, 1480; Jaluit, and with an ochraceous, rather than chiefly 1474, 1577, 1578; Ebon, IX.9.46, 1335, brown, dorsal surface. The two species are 1336, 1389. undoubtedly closely related; on the basis of This fungus formed conspicuous lichen­ available specimens, I should consider them like encrusting patches, light gray or lila­ amply distinct. Thereseem to be no zonate ceous-gray, on' a considerable part of the species described in the genus other than Pandanus trees on the islands where it oc­ A. mesenteries and A. ornata; the latter is as curred; the quantity of 1nate~ial collected was well characterized as any member 'of Auricu­ limited only by the time that could be profit­ laria, and there can be little doubt that the ably spent cutting it off the trunks, and the collections here cited belong to Persoon's space available for drying. Although super­ species. ficially resembling the grayish lichens which The fungus is quite as certainly Lyon's occurred abundantly in the same places, the Auricularia adnata. The type of that species, Septobasidium could readily be recognized collected "on Tournejortia trees" on Pal­ as a member of that genus by the irregular myra Island, 1,100 miles south of Oahu, is discontinuous development of its margin, by not at hand; but Dr. H. L. Lyon has recently the evident elevation of its surface on short confirmed Bergman's identification of the brownish pillars (whereas the lichens clung two later Palmyra collections (from the same closely to the bark), and by the brown cen­ substratum), indicating that the specimen ters of the older fructifications. It occurred now marked "A" is the more typical. These on all the islands visited south of Kwajalein; are indistinguishable from the Marshall whether it is found there also is not known, Islands material. Other adnate species have since the two islets of Kwajalein Atoll on been described in Auricularia; of these only "which the party landed were almost com­ A. peltata Lloyd seems well enough char- pletely denuded of native vegetation. Al­ , acterized to be recognizable without special though a careful search for the Septobasidium study. Material at hand of this species shows was everywhere made, none was discovered uniformly smaller and more strongly venu­ north of Kwajalein. On the drier atolls, lose basidiocarps attached over nearly all such as Ailuk and Wotje, where the lichen the dorsal surface by the uniformly pallid incrustation was also sparse or wanting, this tomentum; it is quite a different fungus from lack was to be expected; but although on A. ornata. It is at least odd, if not significant Mejit the vegetation and lichens indicated a of relationship, that Lloyd's type, as well as climate fully as favorable for the growth of one of the specimens more adequately de­ fungi as that of Namu, the Septobasidium, scribed by Ahmad (194,: 242) grew on it seems safe to say, does not occur there. Cordia "myxa"-like Messerschmidia, an Some reported hosts of S. bogoriense, such as arborescent member of the Boraginaceae. Citrus and Hibiscus, grow on islands where 106 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947

Septob esidium was abundant on Pandanus, in Hawaii ; a tropical relative of the more but the fungus was found on none but the nearly ubiquitous P. vaga. latter plant. Parts of all collections have . 32. PELLICULARIA VAGA (Berk. and been sent to Dr. N. Couch, who will dis­ J. Curt.) Rogers, Farlowia 1: 110, fig. 9, 1943. cuss the fungus in a future publication of Corticium botryosum Bres.; Bourd. and his. Galz., Hym. Fr., 241 [1928]. 30. PELLICULARIA ISABELLINA (Fries) On bark, wood, and husks of Cocos nuci­ Rogers, Farlowia 1: 99, 1943. Hypochnus fera, and wood of Pandanus sp., Artocarpus isabellinus (Fries) Fries; Burt, Mo. Bot. incises, and an undetermined dicot. Utirik, Gard. Ann. 3: 222, fig. 12, 1916. Tomen­ 1459, 1801; Ailuk : Ailuk 1., 1703, 1746, tella isabellina (Fries) Hohn. and Litsch.; 1757; Mejit, 1447, 1448, 1510, 1515, 1520; Bourd. and Galz., Hym. Fr. 482, fig. 121 Likiep: Likiep 1., 1477; Wotje: Ormed I., [1928]. Botryobasidium isabellinum (Fries) 1370, 1543; Jaluit, 1615. Rogers, Iowa Univ. Studies in Nat. Hist. 17: . A pallid or buffhypochnoid growth with 11, pI. 2, fig. 5, 1935. the characteristic very wide mycelium of the On wood, husks, and dead leaf-sheaths of genus and naviculiform spores (fusoid, de­ Cocos nucifera, and 'on old polypore, Ailuk: pressed on one side) mostly 10-12 X 4.5 p.. Ailuk 1., 1758; Mejit, 1443, 1512; Likiep: The commonest member of the genus in the Eniarmij 1., 1690; Namu: Leuen 1., 1419; Marshalls, as on the northeastern and north­ Jaluit, 1604. western coasts of the American mainland A delicate ochraceous tomentose growth, and, apparently, in western Europe. under the .lens minutely tufted, under the microscope composed of stout, short-celled FUNGI IMPERFECTI hyphae branching at right angles, of rough­ 33. HELICOMYCES ROSEUS Link; Linder, walled subglobose spores, and of obpyriform Mo. Bot. Gard. Ann. 16: 271, pI. 12, fig. basidia. The mature spores are thin-walled 5-7, 1929. when abstricted; but in the Namu specimen, On husks of Cocos nucifera. Ebon, and to a slighter extent in others also, the IX.10.46, 1805 (with 1338). wall soon becomes considerably thickened. I have seen one other similar tropical col­ A grayish bloom, imperceptible except lection. under considerable magnification, composed of hyaline linear conidia coiled like a watch­ 31. PELLICULARIA LEMBOSPORA Rogers, spring, and very short hyaline conidiophores, Farlowia 1: 109, fig. 8, 1943. The fungus was discovered only when the On bark of rotten log of Ocbrosia parvi­ specimen earlier cited of Sebacina farinacea flora. Likiep: Biebi I., 1672; was being examined under the binocular. It A cream-colored, very slight and loose, is less conspicuous macroscopically than the hypochnoid growth; distinguishable under quite inconspicuous Iowa specimens, deter­ the microscope by its small navicular spores mined by Linder, with which it was com­ mostly 7-8 X 3 p.. The collection consists of pared, but agrees in all other respects. a few minute pallid patches of this, the per­ 34. OIDIUM TOMENTOSUM (Berk. and fect stage, scattered among the much more Curt.)' Linder, Lloydia 5: 204, pI. 5, fig. E, robust, tawny; imperfect fructification of 1942. the same fungus. See under Oidium.tomen­ On bark of rotten log of Ochrosia parvi­ tosum, below. Previously reported from flora and unidentified dicot wood. Likiep: British Guiana 'and Cuba, and present also Biebi 1., 1672, 1674. Fungi of the Marshall Islands - ROGERS 107

Pilose, loose, reddish-tawny; composed, HENNINGS, P. Einige Pilzarten von dem Mar­ as are all species of Pellicularia, of very shallinseln. [BerlinJ Bot. Gart. u, Mu s. Notizbl. 1: 226-229, 1897. thick, short-celled hyphae branching at right MACBRIDE, THOMAS H., and G. W. MARTIN. The angles; fruiting by globose conidia borne on Myxomycetes. viii + 2 + 339 p., 21 pI. Mac­ short peg-like lateral teeth. As in Hawaiian millan, New York, 1934. McGUIRE, ]. 'M. The species of Sebacina (Tre­ collections, this 'imperfect stage is much mellales) of temperate North America. U oydia better developed , than the perfect stage, 4: 1-43, pI. 1-5 , 1941. Pellicslaria lembospora. Reported from the MARTIN, G. W. New or noteworthy fungi from Panama and Colombia : III. Mycologia 31: Bahamas and Cuba. 239-2 49, 18 fig., 1939. --- The Tremellales of north central United REFERENCES States and adjacent Canada. Iowa Unio, Studies in Nat. Hi st. 18 (3): 1--88, pI. 1-5, 1944: AHMAD,S ULTAN. Higher fung i of the Panjab PERSOON, C. H. Mycologia Europaea. , Sectio plains: IV. Uoydia 8: 238-2 44, fig. 1-3, 1945. prima. [2] + 356 p., 12 pI. Impensibus. vt..', BOURDOT, HUBERT, and AMED EE GALZIN. Hy­ Palrnii, Erlangae, 1822. menomycetes de France H eterobasidies-Homo­ RIDGWAY, ROBERT. Color standards and color no­ basidies Gymnocarpes. iv + 761 p., 185 fig. Bry, menclatu re. iv + 44 p., 53 pl. Published by the Sceaux [1928J. author, Washington, D . C; 1912. EHRENBERG, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED. Fungos a viro ROGERS, DONALD P. Notes on the lower Basidio­ clarissimoAdalberto de Chamisso, sub auspiciis mycetes. Iowa Uniu. Studies in Nat. Hist, 17: , Romanzoffianis in itinere circa terrarum globum 1-43, pI. 1-3, 1935. collectos, enumeravit novosque descripsit et SACCARDO, PIER ANDREA. Sylloge fun gorum om­ pin xit. In Nees ab Esenbeck, C. G., Ho rae nium hucusque cognitorum, vol. 2. 815 + ii­ physicae berolinenses, 77-104; pI. 17-20. Sump- lxix + 77 p. Sumptibus auctoris, Patavii, 1883. , tibus Adolphi Marcus, Bonnae, 1820. SCHUMANN, KARL, and KARL LAUTERBACH. Die FRIES, ELIAS MAGNUS. Systema mycologicum. vol. Flora der deut scben Schu tzgebiete in der Suds e e ~ ' 1. lvii + [iJ + 520 p. Officina Berlingiana, xvi 613 p., 1 map, 22 pI. Gebr. Borntraeger, Lundae, 1821. vol. 2. p. 1-274 [1822J; 275-620 + + {L], Officina Berlingiana, Lundae, 1823. Leipzig, 1901. --- Systema orbis vegetabilis. Pars I. Planta e STEVENSON, JOHN A., and EDITH K. CASH. The homonemeae. viii + 374 p. Typographia Acad­ new fungus names proposed by C. G. Lloyd; emica, Lundae, 1825. Uoyd ui-, Mus. s«,Pharm. and Materia M ed. -'-- Epicrisis Systematis Mycologicae se« syn­ Bitl.35. 209 + [L] p; 1936. ' " opsis Hymenomycetum. xii + [iiJ + 610 p. VOLKENS, G. Die Flora der MarshalIinseln. [B er-, Typographia Academics, Upsaliae, 1838. linJ Bot. Gart. u, Mus. Notizbl. 4: 83':'91,1903.