Civil Society Development in Microcosm: the Case of Anavra
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Civil Society Development in Microcosm: The Case of Anavra Village, Greece In democratic countries the science of association is the mother of science; the progress of all the rest depends upon the progress it has made. Introduction © Copyrighted Material There is growing academic and political interest regarding the role of civil society in community development. Researchers, policymakers, international organisations and governments study the role of civil society in community development Chapter 12 (e.g.World Bank, 2010; OECD, 2012; 2013; Forss, 2013; Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, 2013; Staveren and Webbink, 2012). As civil society has come to be seen as a resource, essential for the implementation of local development policies, research has often turned to investigating strategies for enhancing civil society in areas where it is weak. Fotini Papoudakis community in Greece. Anavra village has been chosen as a case study as it represents a uniqueThis study case ofis economicabout the and development social development of civil societyin rural Greece.in a rural Its mountain uniqueness is evident not only in the scale of changes and achievements witnessed in the village, but also in the fact that they were initiated and enhanced by a local government leader, who, during four terms in office, succeeded in transforming the village. The study contributes to the understanding of both the role of leadership and of the cultural and sociopolitical environment in civic development. It is argued here that notions of trust and associational involvement are embedded in culture and influenced by the wider sociopolitical milieu. Precisely because of cultural embeddedness – and perhaps mainly due to the sociopolitical background at the national© 2015level – attempts at civil society development such as the one in From Jennifer Clarke, Asteris HuliarasAnavra and Dimitrirequire a very A. long Sotiropoulos time and extraordinary (eds), effortAusterity and perseverance, and the if Third they Sector in Greece: Civil Society atare the to endure. European Anavra has Frontline made important, published steps in this by direction, Ashgate but whether Publishing. these (Tocqueville, [1840] 1945, p. 110) See:will http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781472452689 be sustainable and lead to further development remains to be seen. civil society in Anavra by the local government leader (hereafter referred to as ‘the The present study concentrates on the initiatives taken for the development of www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate. © Copyrighted Material 216 reformer’), decades. It then focuses on the relevant developments in the village between 2010, when the reformer retired, to the present day. and informal types of civil society may emerge in a rural locality, secondly to the circumstancesThe and questions processes addressed which favour here refer civil firstly society to emergence the environment and thirdly in which formal to the conditions necessary for its consolidation1 and further enhancement. The in terms of infrastructure and procedures, over a period of nearly two study also examines to what extent developments in Anavra, over a period of two decades, constituted a learning and capacity building process for the residents of the community, leading to an increase of social and political trust and resulting in civil society consolidation, or whether, on the contrary, the presence of a Austerity and the Third Sector in Greece transformational leader remains a precondition for the preservation and further development of civil society. In doing so, the present study also tests the theories according to which membership in formal voluntary organisations is conducive to the creation of social and political/institutional trust, which is viewed as a © Copyrighted Material precondition for the emergence of social capital. The latter, as discussed below, is perceived as the level of trust among people, as well as connections which facilitate collective activities with view to reaching common goals and is directly associated with civil society. Trust, both in its social and political dimensions, is pivotal in this study, as research has shown that it is a key factor in the development of civil society in Anavra. A further issue examined in the study is that of how government may enhance or obstruct the development of civil society at the local level. analysis of the socio-political and cultural background in Anavra village will be presented. ThisIn includesthis context, an exploration following ofa discussionperceptions of of some solidarity key theoreticaland trust, asthemes, an well as forms of social and political interaction, before and after the changes in the village. 2 through direct observation and informal interviewing, which allowed for a deep understandingThe field of the research subject underon whichdiscussion the andstudy the is development based was of conducted an initially ambiance of trust with the community. Moreover, it proved extremely useful for the formulation of semi-structured interviews which followed, with residents of Anavra, members of the local council, and leaders and members of the voluntary organisations. This method allowed the respondents the freedom to express their views and offer an account of their individual experiences, while it extended Copyright material: You are notresearch permitted to aspects to whichtransmit had not this been file considered. in any format or media; it may not be resold or reused without prior agreement with Ashgate Publishing and may not be placed on any publicly accessible or commercial servers. context. 1 The term is borrowed from Giddens (1998, p. 82) and is used here in a similar unpublished paper presented at the 60th Political Studies Association Annual Conference in Edinburgh, 292 March–1 The sustainable April 2010, entitled:economic The development role of leadership of thein mobilising village wascollective the subject of an wwillw andw the.a buildingshg aof tsustainablee.com communities: w the case of Anavra, Greece. ww.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com © Copyrighted Material The Theoretical Background For the obvious reason of limited space, a thorough examination of the chaotic literature on civil society, and its related concepts of social capital and the third sector, is not possible within this chapter. Here, the relevant discussion will therefore be limited to a brief discussion of concepts which are considered necessary for the analysis of the case study. Civil Society There is hardly any consensus among students of civil society as to the exact Civil Society Development in Microcosm meaning of the concept, mainly as a result of different approaches of liberal thinkers on the one hand and conservative critics on the other (Seligman, 1992, p. ix). © Copyrighted Material confused, the concept of civil society seems to be flexible enough to accommodate various approachesJust like (Dionne, the concept 1997) of and social consequently capital, with has which become it is the associated locus of and often much perplexity and vagueness. It is generally supposed to constitute the layer of society which stands between the state and the private sphere (Shils, 1991, p. 3, Pietrzyk, 2001). According to Seligman (1992), what makes the idea of civil society so attractive is the assumption that it synthesises the private and public good, thus somehow alleviating the conflicts between the private interest and the social good (Seligman 1992, p. x). about organised or informal types of action. According to the definition of the Centre for CivilVoluntarism Society (CCS), is an essentialcivil society aspect is ‘the of civil arena society, of uncoerced regardless collective of whether it is action around shared interests, purposes and values’ (CCS, 2009). It contains a large array of entities such as religious organisations, trade unions, social movements and women’s organisations (CCS, 2009). reality this relationship is much more complex. It is the state that produces the laws governing theDespite civil society the frequent functioning emphasis (Shils, on 1991,independence p. 15, Harris, of civil 2001). society Giddens from the state, in further elaborates on this argument, attributing to the government an active role in civil society development (Giddens, 1998). He argues that, in fact, government and civil society are not strictly separated, suggesting that government can and should play an important© 2015 role in ‘renewing civic culture’ (Giddens, 1998, p. 79–80). In the From Jennifer Clarke, Asteris Huliarascontext and Dimitriof his proposal A. Sotiropoulosfor ‘democratizing (eds),the democracy’ Austerity (Giddens, and 1998, the p. Third 72), Sector in Greece: Civil Society atin whichthe European he connects this Frontline process with, publisheddecentralisation, by he Ashgate stresses the Publishing. importance of the downward and upward democratisation of government, linking the former withSee: the http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781472452689 ‘renewal of civil society’ (Giddens, 1998, p. 77). His list of actions for the renewal of civil society includes among others, a) partnership between the latter and the government, b) development of local initiatives, c) involvement of the 217 third sector, d) democratisation of the family and e) protection of the local public sphereww (Giddens,w.ash 1998,ga p.te 79)..com www.ashgate.com