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The British Soviet Jewry Movement

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The British Soviet Jewry Movement The British Soviet Jewry Movement William W. Orbach ON JUNE 16, 1970, Leningradskaya Prav- scientists—all have in common an interest da revealed an unsuccessful hijack attempt in Soviet Jewry. at Leningrad's Smolny Airport. In an age Sometimes, gadfly activist organizations of multiple hijackings, it seemed a minor provoke the larger (and richer) "establish• event, hardly newsworthy. Yet within six ment" into action. In the United States, the months, this "hijacking" would catapult Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry and the Soviet Jewry onto the front pages of major Union of Councils for Soviet Jewry agi• newspapers around the world. The trial of tated the "establishment"; in the United the "Leningrad Eleven" opened on Kingdom, the Universities Committee for December 15, 1970; ten days later, the Soviet Jewry first aroused the "establish• court sentenced Mark Dymshits and ment" in the Sixties and the 35's spurred it Edward Kuznetsov to death..The subse• in the Seventies. quent international uproar shocked the When the quiet, diplomatic efforts on Soviets and on December 31, the court behalf of Soviet Jewry failed in the Fifties, commuted the sentences to fifteen years the Universities Committee for Soviet hard labor. Jewry launched its first public campaign in The Soviet Jewry movement, almost a Great Britain, and, on May 8, 1966, negligible factor till the Leningrad trial, ex• London witnessed its first demonstration ploded into a major international issue. on behalf of Soviet Jewry. A student While Americans engaged in the move• delegation visited the Soviet embassy, and, ment have dimly perceived the larger out• in their naivete, Soviet officials received the lines of action in their own country, the students. Thereafter, in 1968 students British movement remains shrouded in organized a Simchat Torah Torchlight mist. Showing the similarities and the Parade and, in 1969, a Human Rights Day 1 differences of activities in the two countriest celebration. this article seeks to dispel the London fog. Things were starting to happen, and peti• Numerous British groups, some tions proliferated and letters flowed to the traditional, some novel, have answered the editor of the Times. On June 27, 1966, call to aid their Russian brethren. Activist thirty-two prominent British citizens organizations, professional organizations, protested, in the Times, the Soviets' refusal and single-purpose "establishment" to accept a British petition. Just prior to organizations compete and cooperate in the Prime Minister Harold Wilson's visit to Soviet Jewry campaign. Students, women, Moscow, a Times advertisement— 22 FORUM representing 235 professors—pleaded for to the Soviet regime's trial of Yuli Brand, Soviet Jewry. the 35's put on judicial wigs and gowns for By the decade's end, internal rivalry and a march to the International Law Associ• "establishment" procrastination had dis• ation. To protest the regime's relegation of sipated the movement. The final blow came scientist Sergei Gurwitz to menial when the Soviets "revealed" Israeli support laboratory tasks, the 35's turned out with of the student movement, basing their case brooms and buckets to sweep the street on incriminating documents Alan Freeman outside the Soviet embassy.2 They publicize left in the Soviet embassy after a scuffle the cause at sport events, and, on one occa• with KGB agents. sion, took advantage of a performance by In 1971, the Leningrad Trial and the the Georgian State Dancers to preempt the Brussels Conference showed the world that stage and display their messages on umbrel• the Soviets cared about Western opinion. las, which they opened and closed. Dressed Seemingly out of nowhere, the 35's erupted as ghosts, they startled the mayor of Odessa onto the British scene to take advantage of at Karl Marx's gravesite, and as the "spirits the knowledge. Composed primarily of of the Helsinki Agreement," they hovered middle and upper middle class married near Gromyko during his London visit. women, the 35's always dressed in black They took to small craft to be on hand with and successfully appealed to the public— protest banners when the Soviet destroyer with invariably interesting publicity stunts Obratzsovy entered Portsmouth Harbor. and with sex appeal. For the rest, the 35's In recent years, the Helsinki Accord and rely on British chivalry. They know that the its implementation have demanded increas• British can castigate long-haired students in ing attention from the 35's. As early as blue jeans and that middle-class, respect• 1974, the group studied the proposed docu• able ladies remain irreproachable—even to ment with Foreign Office assistance. In duty-minded bobbies. March 1975, the 35's and other European The 35's made their debut in May of women's groups protested outside the 1971. A group of about thirty-five women, Geneva Conference on Security and decorously dressed in black and all aged Cooperation. There, they distributed fact- thirty-five; or thereabouts, held a twenty- sheets outlining Soviet violations of the four hour vigil outside the London Soviet proposed agreement. The 35's arranged embassy for their Russian counterpart— follow-up meetings, and after the thirty-five-year-old Raiza Palatnik. Conference, helped initiate an Inter• The troika of leaders, Barbara Oberman, national Women's Campaign for Soviet Joan Dale, and Doreen Gainsford, even• Jewry. To commemorate the final signing tually dispersed, leaving dynamic, red- of the Accord, June 30th, 1975, the 35's haired Doreen Gainsford in the leadership organized an international women's role—which she does not like to acknow• demonstration at Helsinki and launched a ledge. Nevertheless, Gainsford has led the petition campaign for international 35's through exploit after exploit—all duti• women's year. fully recorded by the media. In February 1976, 35's in Great Britain, The 35's follow Soviet visitors around Ireland, and Canada organized the England, sometimes proffering flowers— Helsinki Agreement Watchdog Committee but always with an attached letter stating for Soviet Jews. The Committee's task is to the case for Soviet Jewry. To call attention collect documented evidence of Soviet THE BRITISH SOVIET JEWRY MOVEMENT 23 violations and inform appropriate British Parliamentary Committee for the Release authorities. (The Helsinki Agreement, of Soviet Jewry was founded in 1971, large• signed on July 30, 1975 by Western states ly as a result of the Leningrad Trial, and in• and the Soviet Union contained a section, cludes as its sponsors the Archbishop of basket three, declaring "Respect for human Canterbury Dr. Michael Ramsey, the Earl rights and fundamental freedoms, in• of Perth, Lord Soper, Lord Janner, and cluding the freedom of thought, conscience, Alderman Michael Fidler. Lord Janner's religion, and belief" and providing for son, Greville Janner, M.P., Q.C., organizes reunification of families, and expansion of parliamentary motions sponsored by a contacts. By documenting specific Soviet hundred M.P.'s; such motions on Soviet repressions including persecution of those Jewry lack legislative force but express the repeatedly applying for emigration despite Committee's unanimity of opinion. The consistent Soviet refusals, hence the term Committee has sponsored an M.P. refuseniks, the 35's embarrass the Soviet "prisoner lunch" and a telephone tea, and Union and question Soviet credibility.) The it has persuaded M.P.'s to adopt Soviet 35's approach to their work is as workman• Jewish activists. The prayerbook sent to like as ever: they divide the hard-core Vladimir Slepak's son as a Bar Mitzvah gift refuseniks among themselves and consign bore the signatures of 220 M.P.'s.4 each case to a committee of five persons. Britain's Medical Scientific Committee The individual committees broadly repres• for Soviet Jewry parallels the American ent the community with a lawyer, an M.P., Committee for Concerned Scientists. a trade unionist, a church leader, and an Members of the Medical and Scientific occupational counterpart of the refusenik Committee, working in locals throughout on each. the United Kingdom, maintain telephone Barbara Oberman, an early force in ral• and personal contact with Soviet Jewish lying the 35's, has gone her own way. counterparts, to whom they mail scientific Perhaps disenchanted by the 35's bulletins and other encouragement. The relationship with the "establishment," she organization adopts some Soviet Jewish founded the Committee for the Release of scientists, and it publicizes instances of Soviet Jewish Prisoners. Oberman's group, Soviet harassment. It urges all scientists to like all others in a media-conscious culture, speak"out, and it encourages British univer• must look for ways to dramatize its mes• sities to invite Soviet Jewish scientists to sage. Oberman has proved adept at making lecture. The Committee also urges British news; her Committee walked a goat scientists to attend seminars in Russia, and through London to represent the Jewish has secured the support of British eminents, scapegoat and distributed ruble notes, including Nobel Laureates, for specific symbolizing the Soviet exit tax, to scientists.5 Christmas shoppers.3 To commemorate the Until the Leningrad Trial, the British assassination of Soviet Jewish artists, the Jewish establishment organization, which is Committee lined up twenty blindfolded, called the Board of Deputies of British bare chested men outside the Soviet embas• Jews, remained comparatively aloof from sy. the swirl of activity in behalf of Soviet Among the several professional Jewry. It contented itself with special organizations to spring up in England, one meetings, passing resolutions, meeting with at least is largely non-Jewish. The All-Party governmental ministers, and appealing to 24 FORUM the Soviet government. Once galvanized, and, finally, Board Secretary Abraham however, the Board of Deputies seemed in• Marks proposed a Board-controlled terminably busy. National Conference on Soviet Jewry.7 The In 1969 and 1972, it organized inter• three-man committee charged to study the national conferences on Soviet Jewry; it proposal split on the issue of Board con• called press conferences and issued state• trol.
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