Hans J. Morgenthau, the “marginal man” in International Relations. A “ Weltanschauungsanalyse” Thesis submitted by Felix Johannes Rösch for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Newcastle University School of Geography, Politics, and Sociology April 2011 Source: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress ‘Exactly the same life all-over again, only different’ – Fernando Pessoa ‘Be a stout soldier, a faithful guardian, and an incorruptible judge; if summoned to bear witness in some dubious and uncertain cause, though Phalaris himself should bring up his bull and dictate to you a perjury, count it the greatest of all sins to prefer life to hon- our, and to lose, for the sake of living, all that makes life worth having . The man who merits death is already dead, though he dine off a hundred Lucrine oysters, and bathe in a whole cauldron of Cosmus' essences’ – Juvenal ii Abstract This thesis about the German-American political scientist Hans J. Morgenthau inves- tigates in the development of his Weltanschauung . It grew out of a discomfort with structuralist and post-structuralist interpretations of Morgenthau’s thought which are distorted, curtate, and/or selective. This Weltanschauungsanalyse contributes to the un- derstanding of Morgenthau and his oeuvre in three distinctive ways and negotiates hith- erto existing shortcomings. First, it provides a panoptic rather than selective reading by considering all of Morgenthau’s major published and unpublished writings. It is, second, unifying rather than segregative in the sense that it reflects all aspects of Morgenthau’s thought and sets it into relation with each other. Finally, it is inclusive rather than exclu- sive meaning that the contexts in which Morgenthau developed his Weltanschauung are considered. This Weltanschauungsanalyse accentuates three dimensions in Morgenthau’s thought which are of relevance for contemporary theorising in International Relations. First, Morgenthau promoted a normative concept of power which is not to be confounded with violence, but to be considered as a group-dynamic element enabling to actively create a socio-political life world. Second, Morgenthau was one of the first IR-scholars to emphasise the conditionality of knowledge and political order, which makes his Weltanschauung a rich source for arguing that socio-political life is constructed and rea- son is limited as it enables to question “grand theories”. Finally, studying Morgenthau’s Weltanschauung concedes an important societal role to scholarship in the sense of dis- sidence . It is a sceptical appraisal of the socio-political status quo while being commit- ted to a humanist normativity. To achieve this contribution to the current discourse on Morgenthau and elucidate his relevance for contemporary International Relations, this thesis applies Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of field and habitus. It proceeds by, first, elaborating the field of Continental iii European intellectuals of the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries in which Morgenthau’s thought was formed. Based upon its findings it is possible to dissect Morgenthau’s Weltanschauung into its constitutive parts: ontology, epistemology, and political agency. Material for this analysis was procured in the Library of Congress, the Bodleian Library, the Hoover Institution, the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, and the Archive for Christian-Democratic Policy of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. iv To Christa and Heinz Rösch, for everything and in memoriam Hilde and Walter Reisewitz v Acknowledgements This doctoral thesis has been an intellectual stretch and revelation for me. Although it is a study of the history of international political thought, I had to venture into the fields of sociology, political theory, jurisprudence, philosophy, modern history, and even art history. Therefore, although this thesis bears only my name, without continuous inspiring intellectual discussions and encouragement it could not have been written. My heartfelt gratitude goes first and foremost to my supervisors at the Newcastle University, Prof. Dr. Hartmut Behr and Dr. Ian O’Flynn. They tirelessly read numerous drafts and provided excellent comments and stimulating guidance throughout my thesis, being there for me as supervisors and as friends. I would also like to thank other mem- bers of the Department of Politics who offered comments on my thesis during the New Voices Seminar Series and Prof. Behr’s supervisory colloquium. I would also like to thank the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, in particular my advisers Dr. Renate Kremer and Dr. Rita Thiele, for their financial and ideational support over the last three years. I feel gratitude that the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung supported my thesis, although I did my doctorate in the United Kingdom. This showed me that Euro- pean Integration can become reality if it rests on peoples’ active will. Furthermore, in this context I am grateful for the initial support of Prof. Dr. Antonius Liedhegener (University Luzern), Prof. Dr. Torsten Oppelland (Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena), and Dr. Kai M. Schellhorn, formerly an organiser of the Munich Security Conference. Without their support, I would not have been able to commence my work. Furthermore, I was fortunate enough to further my perspective on International Rela- tions while being a visiting fellow at the Center for Transatlantic Relations at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University in Washington and the Kansai University in Osaka. Regarding the former fellowship, I am indebted to Prof. Dr. Daniel Hamilton for giving me the opportunity to work in one of vi the leading think tanks. Concerning my fellowship in Japan, I am thankful to the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) for awarding me their Summer Program Scholarship and giving me the opportunity to do research in Japan as well as the Tokyo- office of the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD), most notably Dr. Holger Finken and Sabine Yokoyama. Most of all, however, my heartfelt gratitude goes to Prof. Chieko Kitagawa Otsuru for hosting me at Kansai University and showing me that eruditeness is primarily a philanthropic endeavour. I would also like to thank the staff of the following archives and libraries since with- out their support I would not have been able to acquire all the primary resources about Morgenthau which solidified my interpretation of his Weltanschauung : the Library of Congress, the Bodleian Library in Oxford, the Library and Archives of the Hoover Institution in Stanford, the Archive for Christian-Democratic Policy of the Konrad- Adenauer-Stiftung in St. Augustin, and the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève in Paris. Moreover, I would like to thank several individuals who provided me with feedback on my work during various stages of my research project. Within this context I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Marco Cesa (Johns Hopkins University), Prof. Dr. Christoph Frei (University St. Gallen), Prof. Dr. Bettina Koch and Prof. Dr. Yannis A. Stivachtis (Virginia Tech), Dr. Hartmut Mayer (Oxford University), Prof. Yutaka Miyashita (Nii- gata University of International and Information Studies), Dr. Seán Molloy (University of Edinburgh), Florian Rösch and Sarah Schoeller, Prof. Dr. Kosuke Shimizu (Ryukoku University), Stefan Skupien, and Prof. Dr. Benedikt Stuchtey and the staff of the German Historical Institute London. Finally, it is my great pleasure to thank Mai Murakami for her patience, encourage- ment, and love. 辛い時に支えてくれてありがとう. vii Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1 . Hans Morgenthau, International Relations, and Weltanschauung ........... 1 1.1 Morgenthau’s Weltanschauung and International Relations ........................... 3 1.2 The rationale for analysing Morgenthau’s Weltanschauung ............................. 6 1.3 Analysing Morgenthau’s Weltanschauung : its contribution to international political theory ........................................................................................ 7 Chapter 2 . Weltanschauung as a conceptual framework .................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Morgenthau’s relevance for (international) political theory .......................... 10 2.3 Morgenthau and International Relations ............................................................... 15 2.3.1 Power and knowledge: assessments of Morgenthau’s contribution to International Relations ................................................................................................... 15 2.3.2 International Relations and wilful realism ............................................................. 18 2.4 Elucidating Morgenthau’s Weltanschauung: its contribution to the current discourse...................................................................................................... 26 2.5 Analysing a Weltanschauung: its conceptual framework ................................ 29 2.5.1 Why Weltanschauung? A definition .......................................................................... 29 2.5.2 Weltanschauung as the interplay of field and habitus ....................................... 36 2.5.2.1