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Practical Guide Air Flow Measurements in Ducts According to DIN EN 12599. Air Flow Measurements in Ducts According to DIN EN 12599

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Practical Guide Air Flow Measurements in Ducts According to DIN EN 12599. Air Flow Measurements in Ducts According to DIN EN 12599 Practical guide Air flow measurements in ducts according to DIN EN 12599. Air flow measurements in ducts according to DIN EN 12599 Introduction. Nowadays, we spend most of the day Ensuring adequate air exchange and in closed rooms. This is why heat- thus determining the volume flow is an ing, ventilation and air conditioning important quality factor when it comes (HVAC) systems are installed which are to commissioning and operating HVAC intended to ensure pleasant ambient systems. The reliable determination of conditions indoors. Ventilation is of air velocity in ducts is one of the most particular importance here. Firstly, it challenging measurements which a is not only used to provide fresh air, ventilation and air conditioning techni- but also for extracting pollutants, for cian has to carry out. instance removing excess humidity from rooms. 2 Contents: 1. Importance of air velocity ......................................................................... 04 2. Measurement of the correct air velocity ..................................................... 05 3. The right measuring location .................................................................... 06 3.1 Flow profiles in the duct ...................................................................... 07 3.2 Distance from disruptions ................................................................... 08 4. The measurement method ........................................................................ 10 4.1 Trivial method ..................................................................................... 11 4.2 Centroidal axis method ....................................................................... 12 4.3 Calculation of the volume flow ............................................................ 13 5. Evaluation of the readings ....................................................................... 14 6. The measurement report ......................................................................... 20 3 Air flow measurements in ducts according to DIN EN 12599 1. Importance of air velocity In line with the motto: "The more, the On the other hand, too low a volume merrier", HVAC systems are often flow can also be problematic. The operated with air volumes that are too people in the room have too little high. This excessive requirement leads fresh air to breathe in. The indoor air to increased operating costs. Energy is "stale", because the CO2 content expenditure for the fan rises, because in the room is too high. Low volume a larger volume of air has to be moved flows can also have negative impacts through the system. However, costs on the system's hygiene: there is the are also incurred for conditioning risk of germ formation in the system the air (cooling, heating, humidifying when movement of the humidified air or dehumidifying) and these can be in the ducts is too slow. A correctly set reduced when the system is set cor- HVAC system therefore not only helps rectly. In addition, a high air exchange make the indoor climate comfortable, often leads to draughts occurring in but also helps save costs. the room, making people feel uncom- fortable. 4 2. Measurement of the correct air velocity The key parameter for evaluating the In order to meet quality requirements functional capability of the HVAC when it comes to determining volume system is the air volume flow. This is flow, there are different standards all the product of flow velocity and duct over the world dealing with the correct area. Since, in practice, flow velocity in measurement of flow velocities. In the duct cross-section is not the same, addition to EN 12599, which is the an individual point measurement leading standard in Germany and does not suffice when it comes to large parts of Europe, there are also determining the average air velocity. EN 16211 and ASHRAE 111. What all Disruptors, such as dampers, elbows methods have in common is that the and the like, have an influence on measuring points are distributed over the velocity profile in the duct, which the duct cross-section according to means a so-called grid measurement the size of the duct in line with defined has to be carried out at several specifications, that a distinction locations in the duct. is made between rectangular and round ducts and that the readings are averaged. We will now go into the correct measurement of volume flow according to EN 12599. 5 Air flow measurements in ducts according to DIN EN 12599 3. The right measuring location The decisive factor when it comes to • Minimum distances from disruptions meaningful measurements is selecting must be adhered to: at least 6-times a suitable measuring point. This is the hydraulic diameter downstream, already established by the system and 2-times the hydraulic diameter planner in the execution plan (project upstream plan). The following criteria must be • The measuring points must be taken into account here: easily accessible and there must be • Air flow measuring points must be enough space available for handling allowed for on all main ducts and the measuring instrument. on supply lines to rooms with high • The flow must be free of any return requirements. flow or swirling Round Rectangular Square D = diameter h 2×duct length×duct width D = Dh = edge length h duct length+duct width Calculation of the hydraulic diameter Dh for different duct shapes. 6 3.1. Flow profiles in the duct Air which flows through a duct does Turbulent flow. not have a uniform velocity. As a In this case, the flow velocities are to rule, the air in the middle flows a large extent identical right across faster than at the duct wall. There the duct diameter, but the velocity are greater resistances at the duct does drastically fall at the duct wall. wall due to friction and these have to However, the flow lines are non- be overcome. A distinction is made directional, in other words the air between two basic flow profiles: moves chaotically and with a high degree of friction. Laminar flow. Laminar flow involves a uniform air All mixed forms between these two flow with the flow lines running parallel ideal forms are possible, with every to one another. There is no turbulence disruptor (such as dampers, elbows, and a distinct maximum velocity in the valves, volume flow regulators, etc.) middle of the duct. The average flow changing the flow profile. velocity is approximately at a third of In practice, a so-called grid the duct diameter. As soon as the air measurement over the whole duct velocity rises, laminar flow increasingly cross-section is indispensable for converts into turbulent flow. reproducible results. 7 Air flow measurements in ducts according to DIN EN 12599 Laminar Turbulent Max A(m2) 1/3D mean Min Laminar and turbulent air flow velocity. Different flow profiles are generated, depending on the flow velocity. 3.2. Distance from disruptions Ideal flow profiles are almost can be considerably reduced. exclusively found in very long ducts In practice, dampers, valves, which run in a straight line and where elbows and other bends prevent the there are no disruptions. For this development of a consistent flow. reason, minimum distances from In unfavourable circumstances, this disruptions have to be adhered to. results in the maximum of the flow profile not being in the middle of Where the distance from disruptions the duct, but being shifted towards is sufficient, the number of measuring the edge, in more problematic points which have to be measured circumstances there may also be spread across the duct cross-section return flows or areas with no flow. 8 As a rule, return flows are diminished distorted that a large number of after a distance of 2-times the measuring points are required to keep hydraulic diameter from the disruption, the measurement uncertainty low. however the flow profile is so strongly 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 10 m/s 10 m/s 10 m/s Distance Distance Distance 7 x D h 2 x Dh 1 x Dh Balanced flow Distorted flow profile profile D=250 Flow profile with return flow AIR Irregularities in the flow profile are diminished as the distance from the disruption increases. The greater the dis- tance from the disruption, the more uniform the flow profile and the more precise the measurement or the smaller the number of measuring points required. 9 Air flow measurements in ducts according to DIN EN 12599 4. The measurement method The representative average flow round ducts. DIN EN 12599 envisages value in the duct cross-section the following two measurement has to be established to determine methods: the air volume flow. To do this, the • the trivial method for measurements measurement area is split into partial in air ducts with a rectangular or areas and the velocity is determined square cross-section at the central point of the partial • the centroidal axis method for areas. This method is called grid measurements in ducts with a measurement. The method for dividing circular cross-section the duct cross-section into partial areas is different for rectangular and Grid A i y xi Duct Measurement plane B Division of the duct cross-section according to the trivial method. The measuring points are at the centre points of the areas. 10 4.1. Trivial method The trivial method does not assume the number of measuring points has any special velocity distribution in the to be increased accordingly. It is large duct. The duct cross-section is simply enough when the reading fluctuations divided into several measurement within a partial area are so small that areas with an identical size. The the values measured at the centre measuring point is in the middle of the points can be considered to be mean partial area. values in the context of the specified measuring accuracy. Where there is a uniform velocity profile, this enables a meaningful The reading for air volume flow for the measurement result to be achieved whole duct is then calculated as an even with a small number of arithmetic mean from the partial area measuring points. Where there are readings. larger differences in the flow velocities, 11 Air flow measurements in ducts according to DIN EN 12599 4.2. Centroidal axis method The procedure for the centroidal axis axis is the radius (y) which bisects the method which should be used in round partial area.
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