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The Contested Convergence of Precarity and Immaterial Labour by Greigory de Peuter DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the School of Communication © Greigory de Peuter 2010 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2010 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions of Fair Dealing. Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, if cited appropriately. Approval Name: Greigory de Peuter Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title of Dissertation: The Contested Convergence of Precarity and Immaterial Labour Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Barry Truax Professor, School of Communication __________________________________ Dr. Yuezhi Zhao Senior Supervisor Professor, School of Communication __________________________________ Dr. Richard Gruneau Supervisor Professor, School of Communication __________________________________ Dr. Nick Dyer-Witheford Supervisor Associate Professor, Faculty of Information & Media Studies, University of Western Ontario __________________________________ Dr. Alison Beale Internal Examiner Professor, School of Communication __________________________________ Dr. Vincent Mosco External Examiner Professor, Department of Sociology, Queen’s University Date Defended/Approved: May 25, 2010 ii Declaration of Partial Copyright Licence The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection (currently available to the public at the “Institutional Repository” link of the SFU Library website <www.lib.sfu.ca> at: <http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/112>) and, without changing the content, to translate the thesis/project or extended essays, if technically possible, to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation of the digital work. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without the author’s written permission. Permission for public performance, or limited permission for private scholarly use, of any multimedia materials forming part of this work, may have been granted by the author. This information may be found on the separately catalogued multimedia material and in the signed Partial Copyright Licence. While licensing SFU to permit the above uses, the author retains copyright in the thesis, project or extended essays, including the right to change the work for subsequent purposes, including editing and publishing the work in whole or in part, and licensing other parties, as the author may desire. The original Partial Copyright Licence attesting to these terms, and signed by this author, may be found in the original bound copy of this work, retained in the Simon Fraser University Archive. Simon Fraser University Library Burnaby, BC, Canada Last revision: Spring 09 Abstract Labour has tended to be a relatively neglected subject in critical scholarship on communication and culture. One pathway for working against this tendency is a current of analysis and activism confronting the problematic of precarity. Circulated at the start of the 21st century by autonomous activists in Europe, the concept of precarity is defined in this dissertation as experiential, financial, and social insecurity exacerbated by the flexibilization of employment under conditions of post-Fordism (e.g., contract-based employment, freelance work, self-employment). Precarity is, I contend, a valuable conceptual tool for struggling over the meaning of contemporary transformations in the world of work. It illuminates an underside that hegemonic discourses on media, information technology, and cultural work—such as those surrounding free agency, the creative economy, the flat world, and the creative class—have been criticized for downplaying. Historical political economic context is provided through a discussion of the uneven transition from Fordist to post-Fordist capitalism. Points of departure for the inquiry are drawn from streams of labour analysis within the political economy of communication and autonomist Marxism. The dissertation is structured in two main parts. The first section profiles select aspects of the multiform precarious immaterial workforce animating industries associated with the vaunted creative economy. It introduces a schema of precarious labour personas—the autonomous worker, the precog, and the cybertariat—to explore some of the manifold mechanisms and quotidian manifestations of precarization. The second part argues that although the flexibilization of labour since the 1970s was an attempt by capital to decompose the counter-power of segments of the working class, the spread of precarious working conditions in the post-Fordist core has not entirely exhausted dissent. Through creative public protest, experimental workers’ organizations, and policy proposals, working people within and beyond immaterial production milieus have begun to collectively respond to precarity. I argue that precarity and cognate terms are not only linguistic devices that workers themselves are using to name a qualitative feature of their labour and life conditions. These terms also signal a promising laboratory of labour solidarity, organization, and imagination within and against flexploitation. iii Dedication For my mom and dad. iv Acknowledgements This dissertation has made the passage from the immaterial to the material thanks to the generosity and intellect of many. I would like to thank David Black and Steve Kline, for being singular teachers who prepared me to undertake a doctoral degree; the protagonists of the anti-precarity movements in Europe, for circulating the concept that initially inspired this dissertation; Simon Fraser University, the School of Communication, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, for financial support; Jean McDonald, Sonia Singh, Kika Thorne, and Leah Vosko, for participating in the Toronto Precarity Forum; fellow collective members of, and participants in, Toronto School of Creativity & Inquiry, for a rich space for critical reflection; Adrian Blackwell, Roberta Buiani, Robert Gil, Heather Haynes, Tanner Mirrlees, Todd Parsons, Alessandra Renzi, Christine Shaw, and Scott Uzelman, for memorable conversations over the past few years on issues explored in these pages; Sharla Sava, for spurring me to begin writing; Marcelo Vieta, for comradeship at the library, and for being such a consistently uplifting interlocutor; Richard Day, for opening up “the palace” to me for a mellow writing retreat; Albert Banerjee and Katharine Perak, for their willingness to read work- in-progress and to talk through challenges; Enda Brophy, for reviewing practically the entire preliminary draft of the dissertation, and for many conversations over the years which have a virtual presence in the pages that follow; Yuezhi Zhao, for sage insight and institutional support, and for patience when time on my doctoral clock was devoted to other academic activities and organizing work; Rick Gruneau, for kindly agreeing to join the supervisory committee fairly late in the game; Nick Dyer-Witheford, for deftly balancing the positions of supervisor, co-author, and friend, for being such a consistent source of caring, cognitive labour, and for not forgetting the precarious side of graduate student life; my parents, for their unflinching support, and for taking care of their joyous grandson, Kieran, during crunch times; and finally, Sheila, for, of course, everything. While I am profoundly grateful to all of these individuals for their support and encouragement, for the shortcomings of this dissertation, only I can take responsibility. v Contents Approval""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ii! Abstract """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" iii! Dedication"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""iv! Acknowledgements """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""v! Contents""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""vi! List of Figures """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""ix Introduction....................................................................................................................... 1! Labour Blind Spot.......................................................................................................... 1 Post-Fordism.................................................................................................................
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