DOCSLIB.ORG

The Chemical Composition of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke R

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Chemical Composition of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke R THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TOBACCO AND TOBACCO SMOKE R. L. STEDMAN Eastern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19118 Received October 18, 1967 CONTENTS I. Introduction ............................................ ................... 153 11. Tobacco Processing and Physicochemical Properties of Tobacco ke.. .............. 154 111. Chemical Composition of Tobacco Leaf and Smoke. ............................... -. 155 A. Alkanes ................................... ............................. 155 B. Alkenes and Alkynes. .................. .................... 156 1. Isoprenoid Hydrocarbons. ........... .................... 156 2. Other Alkenes and Alkynes. .............................................. 158 C. Aromatic Hydrocar .................... 158 D. Sterols and Oxygen nds.. ............................... 161 1. Sterols. ....... ................................................. 161 2. Oxygenated Isop onstituents .............................. E. Alcohols and Esters.. ................................ ._........................ F. Aldehydes, Ketones, and Quinones. ....................................... G. Nitriles, Cyclic Ethers, and Sulfur Compounds. ................................. 169 H. Acids.. .... .._..... -. .. ................................................ 169 I. Phenols and Phenolic Ethers.. ................................................ 171 1. Chlorogenic Acids. .. ................................................. 172 2. Other Polyphenols. , ......................... 173 3. Other Phenols and Pheno ................... J. Alkaloids and Other Bases.. ................. .......... .......... K. Brown Pigments. .......... ......................... 178 L. Carbohydrates. ............ ......................... 180 M. Amino Acids, Proteins, and Related Compounds.. .............................. 182 N. Miscellaneous Components, , ........................ .......................................... .................... 188 B. Sterols.. ................... ............. ......................... VI. Technology ..................................................................... 195 VII. Addendum ..................................................................... 197 VIII. References ...................................................................... 198 I. INTRODUCTION some information on chemical carcinogens, ciliostatic The last comprehensive review of the constituents of agents, and irritants (307). Two other books have tobacco and tobacco smoke appeared in 1959 (263). appeared on the biological effects of tobacco and smoke, Since then, numerous reports linking smoking and one having two short chapters on the chemistry of health (527) have contributed greatly to increased effort smoke (254) and the other including information on in this field, and several books and reviews have been alkaloids (595). A tabulation of known components of published dealing with selected chemical aspects of cigarette smoke has been published which is supple- smoking and health relationships. A comprehensive mented periodically (38) ; however, no critical evalua- review with more than 6000 literature citations is avail- tion of the cited reports is given therein. An extensive able dealing mostly with medical aspects but containing Russian work on the chemistry of tobacco has been 153 154 R. L. STEDMAN translated into English, but much of the data must be ing, all tobacco is subjected to a curing process which is regarded as historical (513). Two reviews dealing with basically a dehydration accompanied by certain chem- the general composition of tobacco and smoke have ical changes resulting in the development of desired been published, but coverage of the subject is not com- color and other properties. The major curing processes plete in both cases (437, 554). However, an exhaus- are flue-curing, in which heat is provided to effect the tive survey has appeared on the relationships between drying, and air-curing, in which ambient temperatures the chemical composition and experimental carcino- are employed. Following curing, tobacco is treated in a genic effects of tobacco (644); an expanded version of series of industrial processes, including moisture adjust- this work will be published as a book in late 1967 (648). ment, aging or fermentation, blending, and addition of Several surveys with varying degrees of age and humectants and flavors (117,164,165,213). The exact thoroughness are available covering selected groups of treatment will vary with the ultimate form of the leaf or smoke constituents : polynuclear aromatic smoking product and the particular manufacturer’s hydrocarbons (l52), terpenes (47), phenols (223, 628), practice. Fermentation is a vigorous process involving and alkaloids (399,492). storage at elevated temperatures with relatively high None of these works can be considered an adequate moisture levels in the tobacco and is employed with sequel to the comprehensive survey on composition cigar and snuff tobaccos. Aging is a relatively mild published in 1959. The present work is intended to fill prolonged (up to 3 years) storage at ambient tempera- this role. The procedure followed herein is to provide ture and relatively low moisture levels and is used for information which supplements the 1959 review or cigarette tobaccos. On the basis of sparse information, other surveys for which coverage is considered adequate. the chemical changes occurring during aging are more In listing the known constituents of tobacco leaf and subtle than those of fermentation (134, 165,166). smoke, literature citations are given for every compo- For research and development purposes, cigarettes, nent; for some compounds, the citations are to the 1959 cigars, and pipes are smoked mechanically in machines survey or to other reviews which, in turn, list the orig- which superficially simulate the act of smoking by inal references. However, original publications were humans. Most smoking machines operate on a con- consulted in making the lists. The inclusion of refer- stant-volume or constant-pressure principle, but other ences to components was deemed necessary to facilitate designs have been reported including a “pressure the location of original reports which was difficult in the procedure” which is claimed to reduce the aging effects 1959 review since compounds were listed merely as being of smoke (371). Many different machines have been absent or present. Except for certain trivial names proposed for research purposes (151,332,490,644), and which are widely used in the field, the nomenclature of fully automatic models are commercially available with Chemical Abstracts is employed herein. daily smoking capacities as high as 1000 cigarettes Many of the newly reported constituents of leaf and (151). Whole smoke is collected in a variety of ways smoke occur in trace amounts; in some instances, the depending on the end use, but, for large-scale composi- isolated quantities have been much less than 1 mg. tional work, condensation at low temperature is usually Application of classical methods to identify the isolates employed. Other methods include collection of partic- has not been possible in such cases, and identification ulate matter on Cambridge filters or condensation of has been based on chromatographic and spectrometric smoke by electrostatic precipitation, both of which give comparisons with authentic compounds. Under the essentially the same yields as low-temperature conden- conditions, these procedures appear to be adequate for sation (41) although significant compositional differ- identification provided the criteria are not limited ences may exist, e.g., free-radical contents (644). excessively. The present survey lists those compounds Artifacts may be introduced by many systems of collec- for which claims of identity appear to be reasonably tion and storage since smoke components in the trapped justified. material may react to form products not in the fresh smoke, e.g., nitrophenols (274) and cyanohydrins (361). 11. TOBACCOPROCESSING AND PHYSICOCHEMICALTo reduce the inherent variability in these systems, PROPERTIESOF TOBACCO SMOKE standard methods of collecting and handling smoke Most tobacco products use processed leaves of condensate have been developed for analytical (41) and Nicotiana tabacum as their major ingredient. In biological (1 18) use. Although such standardizations Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, and perhaps India, are desirable, they provide little assistance in one of the Nicotiana rustica is used to some extent. Traditionally, current major problems involving smoke composition : tobacco is classified into types which differ in the con- the determination of the constituents actually present ditions of growth, processing, and eventual use; the in the particulate matter of fresh mainstream smoke major cigarette types used in the United States and emitting from a cigarette or other smoking product. Europe are flue-cured (“bright,” “Virginia”), burley, Little progress has been made in this area, mainly Maryland, and Turkish (“Oriental”). After harvest- because of the inadequacies of current methodological CHEMICALCOMPOSITION OF TOBACCOAND TOBACCOSMOKE 155 procedures. The solution of many pragmatic problems smoke (239). No significant differences have been ob- involving the organoleptic properties and biological served in the particle diameters and numbers of particles effects of tobacco smoke may lie in this
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Editorial Current Clinical Management of Smoke Inhalation Injuries. A
    Editorial Current clinical management of smoke inhalation injuries. A reality check. Arietta Spinou1, Nikolaos G. Koulouris2 1. Health Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, UK 2. 1st Respiratory Medicine Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece Corresponding author: Dr Arietta Spinou Email: [email protected] Address: Stratford Campus, University of East London Health Sport and Bioscience Water Lane, Stratford, London E15 4LZ Words: 1502 References: 30 Keywords: burns, smoke inhalation injury, clinical management, physiotherapy To the Editor, A major disaster is happening at the moment, as the Camp Fire, Woolsey Fire and Hill Fire are burning in California. Camp Fire in Northern California has already burned 546.3 km2 and is the deadliest wildfire in the history of the state, with 48 fatalities and still counting (1). It was also only recently, in July 2018, when a fire entered the populated area of Mati, Greece, and created a wildland urban interface that caused 99 fatalities and numerous burns and smoke inhalation injuries. A few years ago, in August 2007, 67 people died in a megafire event in the Peloponnese region, Greece, which was created by 55 simultaneous large fires (based on size, intensity, environmental and socio-economic impact) (2). These and numerous other tragic incidents highlight the importance of our current clinical management in the victims of fire. Burns are categorised according to depth, and their severity depends on the extent (percentage of total body surface area), age of the individual and accompanied smoke inhalation. Essential treatment for the burn victims remains the resuscitation with intravenous fluids to maintain optimal fluid balance, nutrition optimisation, wound coverage, and pain control (3).
    [Show full text]
  • And Chemical Constituents(Tobacco Leaves)
    67th TSRC Study of correlation between volatile 2013_TSRC51_GengZhaoliang.pdf carbonyls in cigarette mainstream smoke and chemical constituents in tobacco leaves GENG Zhao-liang Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, China 2013.09 TSRC2013(67) - Document not peer-reviewed Introductions Carbonyls Main source of Volatile carbonyls 2013_TSRC51_GengZhaoliang.pdf The impact on people’s health Resulting thinking Experimental Section Materials and Dectections Results and Analysis Different chemical constituents in tobaccl leaves The rule of carbonyl compounds emission Correlation of carbonyls and chemical constituents The Follow-up Consideration TSRC2013(67) - Document not peer-reviewed INTRODUCTIONS Carbonyls (aldehydes and ketones) are an important class of volatile organic pollutants, including formaldehyde, aldehyde, 2013_TSRC51_GengZhaoliang.pdf acetone, acrolein, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, butyl aldehyde. O O O O H H H H O O O H H People pay more attention as their important role in phytochemistry and for the toxic air contaminants which can cause suspected carcinogens, eye irritants and mutagens to human. TSRC2013(67) - Document not peer-reviewed The main sources of Volatile carbonyls are from waste incineration, cooking oil fume(COF), factory and motobile exhaust, etc. 2013_TSRC51_GengZhaoliang.pdf Unfortunately, cigarette smoke also contains many volatile carbonyls. TSRC2013(67) - Document not peer-reviewed What about the impact of Volatile Carbonyl Compounds on people’s health? • Compared with nitrosamines, aromatic amines, nitrogen oxides 2013_TSRC51_GengZhaoliang.pdf and benzopyrene, Volatile Carbonyl Compounds have higher contents in mainstream cigarette smoke. • The low molecular aldehydes, such as acrolein, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and crotonaldehyde in carbonyl compounds, have not only strong pungent odor but also cilia toxicity. That is, they can risk lung irritation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Toxicological Review of the Products of Combustion
    HPA-CHaPD-004 A Toxicological Review of the Products of Combustion J C Wakefield ABSTRACT The Chemical Hazards and Poisons Division (CHaPD) is frequently required to advise on the health effects arising from incidents due to fires. The purpose of this review is to consider the toxicity of combustion products. Following smoke inhalation, toxicity may result either from thermal injury, or from the toxic effects of substances present. This review considers only the latter, and not thermal injury, and aims to identify generalisations which may be made regarding the toxicity of common products present in fire smoke, with respect to the combustion conditions (temperature, oxygen availability, etc.), focusing largely on the adverse health effects to humans following acute exposure to these chemicals in smoke. The prediction of toxic combustion products is a complex area and there is the potential for generation of a huge range of pyrolysis products depending on the nature of the fire and the conditions of burning. Although each fire will have individual characteristics and will ultimately need to be considered on a case by case basis there are commonalities, particularly with regard to the most important components relating to toxicity. © Health Protection Agency Approval: February 2010 Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Publication: February 2010 Chemical Hazards and Poisons Division £15.00 Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ ISBN 978-0-85951- 663-1 This report from HPA Chemical Hazards and Poisons Division reflects understanding and evaluation of the current scientific evidence as presented and referenced in this document. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Chemical Hazards and Poisons Division (CHaPD) is frequently required to advise on the health effects arising from incidents due to fires.
    [Show full text]
  • Addressing Toxic Smoke Particulates in Fire Restoration
    Addressing Toxic Smoke Particulates in Fire Restoration By: Sean M. Scott In the restoration industry today, a lot of attention testing laboratory or industrial hygienist provides an is given to the testing and abatement of air clearance test to certify that the abatement or microscopic hazardous materials. These include remediation process was successful. Upon receipt asbestos, lead, mold, bacteria, pathogens, and all of the clearance, people can then reenter the sorts of bio-hazards fall into this category. If these remediated area, rooms, or building. However, contaminants are disturbed, treated, or handled when the structural repairs are completed after a improperly, all of them can cause property fire, an air clearance test is rarely ever performed. damage and serious harm to the health and How then can consumers be assured or restoration welfare of those living or working in or near the companies guarantee that the billions of toxic areas where they’re present. However, there are particulates and volatile organic compounds other hazardous toxins that commonly present (VOCs) generated by the fire have been themselves in restoration projects, that seem to go removed? Is there cause for concern or is a simple unnoticed. These are the toxic smoke particulates “sniff” test or wiping a surface with a Chem-sponge created during structure fires. sufficient? Why is it so common to hear customers complain of smelling smoke long after the When a building is abated from asbestos, lead, or restoration is completed? What measures are mold, special care is given to be sure every being taken to protect workers and their families microscopic fiber, spore, and bacteria is removed.
    [Show full text]
  • Camellia Japonica Leaf and Probable Biosynthesis Pathways of the Metabolome Soumya Majumder, Arindam Ghosh and Malay Bhattacharya*
    Majumder et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2020) 44:141 Bulletin of the National https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00397-7 Research Centre RESEARCH Open Access Natural anti-inflammatory terpenoids in Camellia japonica leaf and probable biosynthesis pathways of the metabolome Soumya Majumder, Arindam Ghosh and Malay Bhattacharya* Abstract Background: Metabolomics of Camellia japonica leaf has been studied to identify the terpenoids present in it and their interrelations regarding biosynthesis as most of their pathways are closely situated. Camellia japonica is famous for its anti-inflammatory activity in the field of medicines and ethno-botany. In this research, we intended to study the metabolomics of Camellia japonica leaf by using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy technique. Results: A total of twenty-nine anti-inflammatory compounds, occupying 83.96% of total area, came out in the result. Most of the metabolites are terpenoids leading with triterpenoids like squalene, lupeol, and vitamin E. In this study, the candidate molecules responsible for anti-inflammatory activity were spotted out in the leaf extract and biosynthetic relation or interactions between those components were also established. Conclusion: Finding novel anticancer and anti-inflammatory medicinal compounds like lupeol in a large amount in Camellia japonica leaf is the most remarkable outcome of this gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis. Developing probable pathway for biosynthesis of methyl commate B is also noteworthy. Keywords: Camellia japonica, Metabolomics, GC-MS, Anti-inflammatory compounds, Lupeol Background genus Camellia originated in China (Shandong, east Inflammation in the body is a result of a natural response Zhejiang), Taiwan, southern Korea, and southern Japan to injury which induces pain, fever, and swelling.
    [Show full text]
  • Solanesol Biosynthesis in Plants
    Review Solanesol Biosynthesis in Plants Ning Yan *, Yanhua Liu, Hongbo Zhang, Yongmei Du, Xinmin Liu and Zhongfeng Zhang Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (H.Z.); [email protected] (Y.D.); [email protected] (X.L.); [email protected] (Z.Z.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-532-8870-1035 Academic Editor: Derek J. McPhee Received: 1 March 2017; Accepted: 22 March 2017; Published: 23 March 2017 Abstract: Solanesol is a non-cyclic terpene alcohol composed of nine isoprene units that mainly accumulates in solanaceous plants. Solanesol plays an important role in the interactions between plants and environmental factors such as pathogen infections and moderate-to-high temperatures. Additionally, it is a key intermediate for the pharmaceutical synthesis of ubiquinone-based drugs such as coenzyme Q10 and vitamin K2, and anti-cancer agent synergizers such as N-solanesyl- N,N′-bis(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl) ethylenediamine (SDB). In plants, solanesol is formed by the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway within plastids. Solanesol’s biosynthetic pathway involves the generation of C5 precursors, followed by the generation of direct precursors, and then the biosynthesis and modification of terpenoids; the first two stages of this pathway are well understood. Based on the current understanding of solanesol biosynthesis, we here review the key enzymes involved, including 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), 1-deoxy-D- xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IPI), geranyl geranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS), and solanesyl diphosphate synthase (SPS), as well as their biological functions.
    [Show full text]
  • View a Copy of This Licence, Visit ​ Mmons.Org/Licen​ Ses/By/4.0/​
    Zhang et al. Microb Cell Fact (2021) 20:29 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-021-01523-4 Microbial Cell Factories TECHNICAL NOTES Open Access Synthesis of cembratriene-ol and cembratriene-diol in yeast via the MVA pathway Yu Zhang1, Shiquan Bian1, Xiaofeng Liu1, Ning Fang1, Chunkai Wang1, Yanhua Liu1, Yongmei Du1, Michael P. Timko2, Zhongfeng Zhang1* and Hongbo Zhang1* Abstract Background: Cembranoids are one kind of diterpenoids with multiple biological activities. The tobacco cem- bratriene-ol (CBT-ol) and cembratriene-diol (CBT-diol) have high anti-insect and anti-fungal activities, which is attract- ing great attentions for their potential usage in sustainable agriculture. Cembranoids were supposed to be formed through the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, yet the involvement of mevalonate (MVA) pathway in their synthesis remains unclear. Exploring the roles of MVA pathway in cembranoid synthesis could contribute not only to the technical approach but also to the molecular mechanism for cembranoid biosynthesis. Results: We constructed vectors to express cembratriene-ol synthase (CBTS1) and its fusion protein (AD-CBTS1) containing an N-terminal GAL4 AD domain as a translation leader in yeast. Eventually, the modifed enzyme AD- CBTS1 was successfully expressed, which further resulted in the production of CBT-ol in the yeast strain BY-T20 with enhanced MVA pathway for geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) production but not in other yeast strains with low GGPP supply. Subsequently, CBT-diol was also synthesized by co-expression of the modifed enzyme AD-CBTS1 and BD-CYP450 in the yeast strain BY-T20. Conclusions: We demonstrated that yeast is insensitive to the tobacco anti-fungal compound CBT-ol or CBT-diol and could be applied to their biosynthesis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genus Solanum: an Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical and Biological Properties Review
    Natural Products and Bioprospecting (2019) 9:77–137 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-019-0201-6 REVIEW The Genus Solanum: An Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical and Biological Properties Review Joseph Sakah Kaunda1,2 · Ying‑Jun Zhang1,3 Received: 3 January 2019 / Accepted: 27 February 2019 / Published online: 12 March 2019 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Over the past 30 years, the genus Solanum has received considerable attention in chemical and biological studies. Solanum is the largest genus in the family Solanaceae, comprising of about 2000 species distributed in the subtropical and tropical regions of Africa, Australia, and parts of Asia, e.g., China, India and Japan. Many of them are economically signifcant species. Previous phytochemical investigations on Solanum species led to the identifcation of steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids, terpenes, favonoids, lignans, sterols, phenolic comopunds, coumarins, amongst other compounds. Many species belonging to this genus present huge range of pharmacological activities such as cytotoxicity to diferent tumors as breast cancer (4T1 and EMT), colorectal cancer (HCT116, HT29, and SW480), and prostate cancer (DU145) cell lines. The bio- logical activities have been attributed to a number of steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids and phenols. This review features 65 phytochemically studied species of Solanum between 1990 and 2018, fetched from SciFinder, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Wikipedia and Baidu, using “Solanum” and the species’ names as search terms (“all felds”). Keywords Solanum · Solanaceae
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography on Smoking and Health. INSTITUTION Public Health Service (DHEW), Rockville, Md
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 068 857 CG 007 558 TITLE Bibliography on Smoking and Health. INSTITUTION Public Health Service (DHEW), Rockville, Md. National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health. PUB DATE 71 NOTE 344p. AVAILABLE FROMSuperintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402 EDRS PRICE MF-S0.65 HC- $13.16 DESCRIPTORS Bibliographic Coupling; *Bibliographies; Booklists; Disease Control; Disease Rate; Diseases; Health; *Health Education; Indexing; Information Retrieval; *Literature Reviews; *Smoking; *Tobacco ABSTRACT This Bibliography includes all of the items added to the Technical Information Center of the National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health from January through December 1971. The publication is broken down into eleven major categories. These are: (1) chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology; (2) mortality and morbidity;(3) neoplastic diseases;(4) non-neoplastic respiratory diseases; (5) cardiovascular diseases; (6) other diseases and conditions;(7) behavioral and educational research;(8) tobacco economics;(9) bills and legislation; and (10) general references. Also included in this bibliography are a cumulative author and organizational index and a cumulative subject index. U00 1971 NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE FOR SMOKING AND HEALTH BIBLIOGRAPHY on SMOKING AND HEALTH U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTII. EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG INATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- CATION POSITION OR POLICY. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service Health Services and Mental Health Administration FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY 1 PREFACE This Bibliography includes all of the items added to theTechnical Information Center of the National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health fromJanuary through December 1971.
    [Show full text]
  • ATF EXPLOSIVES Industry Newsletter June 2013 Published Bi-Annually
    U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives ATF EXPLOSIVES Industry Newsletter June 2013 Published Bi-Annually What’s in This Issue New Publication New Publication TF has issued a new pamphlet for firework Exploding Ammunition Requirements manufacturers and persons otherwise involved Smoke Producing Devices in display fireworks. ATF P 5400.24, Fireworks Reagents Reminders, includes information on recordkeeping, tables of distances, marking, transfer and distribution, as well Canadian Type 4 Magazines vs. U.S. Type 2 as recent rulings affecting fireworks storage. The new Magazines publication may be found at http://www.atf.gov/publica- Hardwood or Softwood? tions/explosives-arson.html. This publication is intended as an aid for compliance with statutory and regula- Interior Walls for Type 1 Magazines tory requirements—not as a replacement. The Federal Gun Loading Facilities explosives law at Title 18, United States Code, Chapter 40, provides statutory requirements and implementing Horizontally-Mounted Hoods regulations at 27 CFR, Part 555, provide specific regula- Indoor Storage Reminders tory requirements for explosive materials. Recordkeeping Reminders Permittee Disposal of Surplus Stock Exploding Questions and Answers Ammunition Requirements Explosives Thefts from 2006 thru 2012 TF was recently asked if .50 caliber or smaller Firearms & Explosives Industry Division (FEID) exploding rifle ammunition is exempt as “small Division Chief Debra Satkowiak arms ammunition” under the Federal explosives laws and regulations. Deputy Division Chief Chad J. Yoder In general, firearms ammunition is an “explosive” Explosives Industry Programs Branch (EIPB) because it typically contains smokeless powder and other Branch Chief Paul W. Brown explosive materials. However, 18 U.S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Cigarette: Chemical Studies and Bioassays
    Chapter 05 11/19/01 11:10 AM Page 159 The Changing Cigarette: Chemical Studies and Bioassays Dietrich Hoffmann, Ilse Hoffmann INTRODUCTION In 1950, the first large-scale epidemiological studies on smoking and lung cancer conducted by Wynder and Graham, in the United States, and Doll and Hill, in the United Kingdom, strongly supported the concept of a dose response between the number of cigarettes smoked and the risk for cancer of the lung (Wynder and Graham, 1950; Doll and Hill, 1950). In 1953, the first successful induction of cancer in a laboratory animal with a tobacco product was reported with the application of cigarette tara to mouse skin (Wynder et al., 1953). The particulate matter of cigarette smoke generated by an automatic smoking machine was suspended in acetone (1:1) and painted onto the shaven backs of mice three times weekly for up to 24 months. A clear dose response was observed between the amount of tar applied to the skin of the mice and the percentage of skin papilloma­ and carcinoma-bearing animals in the test group (Wynder et al., 1957). Since then, mouse skin has been widely used as the primary bioassay method for estimating the carcinogenic potency of tobacco tar and its frac­ tions, as well as of particulate matters of other combustion products (Wynder and Hoffmann, 1962, 1967; NCI, 1977a, 1977b, 1977c, 1980; Hoffmann and Wynder, 1977; IARC, 1986a). Intratracheal instillation in rats of the PAH-containing neutral subfraction of cigarette tar led to squa­ mous cell carcinoma of the trachea and lung (Davis et al., 1975).
    [Show full text]
  • Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Some Bioactive Compounds from Tobacco Waste
    molecules Article Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Some Bioactive Compounds from Tobacco Waste Marija Banoži´c,Ines Banjari, Martina Jakovljevi´c,Drago Šubari´c,Sre´ckoTomas, Jurislav Babi´c and Stela Joki´c* Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhaˇca20, Osijek 31000, Croatia; [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (I.B.); [email protected] (M.J.); [email protected] (D.Š.); [email protected] (S.T.); [email protected] (J.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +385-31-224-333 Received: 30 March 2019; Accepted: 22 April 2019; Published: 24 April 2019 Abstract: This is the first study on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from different types of tobacco industry wastes (scrap, dust, and midrib). The obtained results were compared with starting raw material (tobacco leaves) to see the changes in bioactive compounds during tobacco processing. Results suggested that tobacco waste extracts possess antioxidant activity and considerable amounts of targeted bioactive compounds (phenolics and solanesol). The content of chlorogenic acid varied between 3.64 and 804.2 µg/mL, caffeic acid between 2.34 and 10.8 µg/mL, rutin between 11.56 and 93.7 µg/mL, and solanesol between 294.9 and 598.9 µg/mL for waste and leaf extracts, respectively. There were noticeable differences between bioactive compounds content and antioxidant activity in extracts related to applied UAE conditions and the used type of tobacco waste. Results show that optimal UAE parameters obtained by response surface methodology (RSM) were different for each type of material, so process optimization proved to be necessary.
    [Show full text]