PREY WAYS OF THE UKRAINIAN AT THE END OF THE 16th – AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 17th CENTURIES

Oksana Amelina

Odessa Mechnikov National University

The article deals with the peculiarities of the use of land and waterways by Ukrainian Cossacks for military campaigns on the territory of the and the Ottoman Empire. These types of routes and geographic features of the Cossack roads are explored and presented. Cossack liberties were located between the Crimean Khanate and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the one hand and the Moscow state on the other. Due to the number of trade routes, as well as the main artery of - the Dnieper, which allowed the Cossacks to make their produce not only on land, but also on the sea. These paths also had their own peculiarities: the first - the ratio of Cossack roads to Tatar and trade routes. The second - each way had its own crossings and trading locations, within which it was possible to exchange or resale the Cossack prey.

Key Words: Cossack prey, geographical paths, sea voyages of the Cossacks.

The history of the Ukrainian Cossacks is one of the leading topics of Ukrainian and foreign historiography. The fact is that the Cossacks directly influenced the state-building processes in Ukraine. In the 16th - the first half of the 17th centuries. The foundations of Cossack domestic and military culture and worldview were laid. This period became a turning point in the socio-cultural transformation of the Ukrainian Cossacks, which influenced the formation of ideas about it not only at that time, but also in further historical studies. Examples of protection of Ukrainian Cossack land from Turkish and Tatar attacks are widely discussed. However, the reciprocal interaction of the Cossack campaigns against the Turks, Tatars, Nogaiians was left out of the attention of historians. One of the components of the Cossack military cooperation with the Turkic world was the prey, in which all the specifics of the transboundary way of life of the Cossacks were reflected. The relevance of research due to the fact that the image of Ukrainian Cossacks in the national historiography was Mythicized. The study of the subjects of the Cossack prey allowed to study the phenomenon of the Cossacks more broadly, at the same time and from the point of view of the Turkic communities.

The methodological basis of the research is based on the principle of historicism and the approach to objectivity, which leads to the study and generalization of historical events on the basis of a scientific and critical analysis of the entire complex of sources and literature in relation to the subject of the study. The implementation of general scientific methods allowed to determine the role of prey in the Cossack environment of the 17th – 18th centuries.

At should be noted that waterways are the most energy-economical, for the Ukrainian steppe the main roads were suburban, the oldest of which were major watershed rivers. In the 16 th century Cossacks were often in campaigns against Tatars used the same routes that the Turkish-Tatar forces raided on Ukrainian territory. The fact is that the paths in physics and geography are steady. They are subject to certain adjustments over time, but their main routes remain unchanged. We agree with Kh. Lashchenko that the Cossack routes and the old Tartar routes, which actually got to the "heritage" of the Cossacks, entered the united network of Zaporozhye ways [6, p. 97]. Therefore, the first type of routes were those used by the Tatars for attacks on Ukraine.

One of the most famous of these routes was black, laid watershed between the Bug and the Dnieper with their minor lateral branches [10, p. 163]. The mentioned way the Tatars and Turks used to attack the Right Bank and Western Ukraine and Poland in the 16th - 17th centuries. At the same time, the Black route was an old trade route, which ran from Belgorod (modern city Bilgorod- Dnistrovsky), through the Mayak (Karavul) to the ferry to the Bug River and the Black Forest (modern Kirovograd region), from which it took its name [10, p.220]. Most often this route was used by the Tatars in order to transport yasyr to the slave markets of Kaffa (modern city of Feodosia). We should point to the fact that the Cossacks also used the Black route for their prey campaigns. Also, the Cossacks used the Kuchman Route, which was one of the branches of the Black Route [10, p.165].

D. Yavornytsky gives information about another very interesting route in our opinion - Sagaidachny. It was called by the name of the famous Cossack hetman. It was this route P.Sagaidachny in the years 1618 - 1620 led the Cossacks to prey. This route was a kind of offshoot Muravskyi route. In turn, the Muravsky route, by which the Cossacks repeatedly raided the Crimea, also lay through the Cossack territories. Another offshoot was the Crimean Muravskyi route that ran along the left bank of the Dnieper over Great Bow.

The second type of routes coincide with the trade one. The fact is that international trade along the North-South (part of the long route "from the Vikings to the Greeks") has always been active and has almost ceased to function, except during major military campaigns. Therefore, it is not surprising that the Cossacks used trade routes for military campaigns [3, p. 113-114].

At the beginning of the 17th century. the political orientations of the Cossack prey were not subjected to special changes; therefore, the Crimean Khanate, which was the vassal of the Ottoman Empire, was the main target for the attacks, and as as noted P. Sas "in certain periods - Moscow State" [8, p. 168]. Therefore, it is not surprising that the main objects of the attacks of the Cossacks were the city-fortresses of the Crimean Khanate. Often the Cossacks went to Ackerman and Ochakov, because it is through these cities were the main Turkish and Tatar merchant ships and caravans [1, p.142]. There were frequent campaigns to Hadzhibey, Izmail, Perekop and other cities [2, p.27].

During the Moldavian campaigns of the late 16th century the Cossacks used the Moldovan or Pokutsky route, which originated from the nomad of the Budzhak Horde, which was located between the mouth of the Danube and the Dniester, and went along the watershed between the tributaries of the Dniester and Prut rivers, passed through the lands of Moldavia, Pokuttya and Carpathian region, and reached the Vistula , had an offshoot to Lviv [7, p.165].

It should be noted that the routes in the 16th – 17th centuries were fluctuating, new offshoots left them. This is what we see from the above mentioned material. However, the routes always went to certain steady transitions, both on large rivers, and on small ones. Sometimes several routes disappear to one intersection, and vice versa, which transfer several routes [5].

Speaking of ground directions, it is worth remembering the Cossacks had and sea routes. One of them was the secret waterroute of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, which ran from the Dnieper to the , and included such watersheds as: Samara, Vovch, Kalmius, Azov Sea [9, p. 28-30]. The steat activation of the use of this route falls on the first half of the 17 th century. It was during this period that the Turkish fleet blocked the Dnieper estuary, thereby trying to prevent the Cossacks' maritime campaigns into the territory of the Ottoman Empire.

The question of the commercial location of the Cossacks, that is, the place of exchange and sale of prey is interesting. Obviously, Cossack trade took place in the Black Sea and Azov regions. One of the points of sale for the Cossack Yasir, which also belonged to the system of trade routes, was the Azov fortress. Its role especially increased in the period of stay in the hands of Cossack (1637-1642). The fortress has become a reference point that has been characteristic of the Cossack trading slaves. They came here to buy and exchange from the Cossacks not only Turks, Tatars, Nogaiians, but also merchants from Persia [9, p. 30; 111]. We find in the sources, an indication of Azov, as a slave market, [4, p. 75]. We can assume that the Cossacks in a particular period of time used Turkish markets such as Kaffa, Sudak, Ochakov, and others for the sale of slaves [11, p. 76; 102].

Thus, at the end of the 16th - first half of the 17th century. The prey of Cossack campaigns by sea is increasing, during which the number of military prey increased. The sea and ground routes used by the Cossacks and Tatars for their prey attacks formed a whole network that was stable for a long time. At the same time, these routes also had their own peculiarities: the first - the ratio of Cossack routes to the Tartar and trade routes. The second - each route had its own crossings and trading locations, within which it was possible to exchange or resale the prey.

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