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Home , Calf of Eday, Duncansby Head, Eynhallow, Gairsay, Great Auk, Orkney vole

Volume 68 Number 7 July 1975

The of David Lea and W. R. P. Bourne

This paper was read at the Nature Conservancy Council Symposium on the Natural Environ­ ment of Orkney, held in on 2 6th-27th November 1974. The only major alteration is the omission of an appendix which gave the number of pairs of seabirds breeding on the different islands during the Seabird Group's national breeding census, 'Operation Seafarer', in 11)69-70. This appendix is reproduced in the Proceedings of the Symposium which have now been published by the NCC, is Hope Terrace, Edinburgh EHO, 2AS. The editors and authors are grateful to the NCC for permission to reprint this paper. Eddie Balfour was to have been a joint author but died suddenly in August 1974; his unrivalled knowledge of the birds of his native county would have added greatly to the content. While it is a poor substitute for his personal involvement, he left many published and un­ published notes and it would have been difficult to write authoritatively without these. His study of the Orkney Hen Harrier population represented the longest study of a of prey population anywhere in the world and is the subject of a separate contribution to the NCC Symposium {Balfour andCadbury 1975).

INTRODUCTION The character of an island bird community is determined by the latitude and climate, the size, ecological diversity and isolation of the island, and the numbers of potential immigrants and their freedom from persecution. The information available on just over 300 bird recorded in Orkney has already been summarised by Balfour (1972), and their character and that of the different islands were discussed by Lack (1942-43). This paper analyses the avifauna in terms of bird communities, with particular emphasis on the breeding species and common passage migrants and winter visitors. The communities have been denned on a rather broad and arbitrary basis because members of the same association are liable to frequent many different habitats (described by Bullard and Johnston 1975) and any detailed subdi­ vision is difficult.

261 262 The birds of Orkney The proximity of all parts of Orkney to the sea exerts a profound influence on the birds: gulls are the commonest breeding birds on many moors, Fulmars* are one of the main foods fed to their young by the Golden Eagles on , and many of the birds found on farm­ land feed and roost along the shore, whereas coastal species are likewise liable to feed or roost on farmland.

THE PRESENT SITUATION The species which have bred regularly in the last five years, and some common visitors, are listed and their habitat preferences assessed in appendix 1 on pages 280-282. A comparison is made in table 1 with the breeding birds of and Sutherland, Shet­ land, and the Faeroes, much of the Scottish information being taken from Parslow (1973) and that for the Faeroes from Williamson (i97o). It will be noted that there are 37 species breeding in the two northernmost counties of the Scottish mainland that do not breed in Orkney, only 10 km (6 miles) to the north. About 17 of these are associated with trees, which were almost eliminated at one stage and are still scarce in Orkney, though 15% of the breeding birds nest exclusively in this habitat or associated buildings. This deficiency of sites has caused such species as the Kestrel and Woodpigeon to start nesting on the ground (Balfour 1955). There appears to be suitable habitat for most of the other missing north Scottish species, and the isolated and fragmented character of the islands or more subtle deficiencies in the environment must account for their absence. This impoverishment of the environment and avifauna is even more marked in , which in its turn lacks a third of Orkney's breeding species, and in the Faeroes, which lack nearly half. The absence of voles from these northern groups may explain the deficiency of such predators as the Hen Harrier, Kestrel and Short-eared Owl which are quite numerous in Orkney. Some of the species which breed in Orkney are on the margin of their world range (Voous i960), especially such southern forms as the Little Grebe, Coot, Sandwich Tern and Stonechat. However, all the northern species breeding in Orkney also breed elsewhere in the north and west of , and, in the case of the Red-throated Diver and recently lost Red-necked Phalarope, in Ireland as well. The Purple Sandpiper is the only species breeding regularly in the Faeroes that is not known to nest further south, though it was reported breeding in Shetland in the last century. Similarly, only one species breeding regularly in Shetland, the Snowy Owl, does not breed further south, though the Whimbrel and Red-necked Phal- *Scientific names of birds are listed in the appendices on pages 280-283 The birds of Orkney 263 Table x. Comparison between regular breeding birds of Caithness and Sutherland, Orkney, Shetland, and die Faeroes The status of a good many of these birds in the different archipelagoes fluctuates, and the information for the Faeroes in particular is incomplete and probably not up to date

Caithness and Sutherland but not Orkney Black-throated Diver Greenshank Treecreeper Slavonian Grebe Little Tern Redwing Common Scoter Tawny Owl Whinchat Goosander Swift Redstart Greylag Goose Great Spotted Woodpecker Grasshopper Warbler Sparrowhawk House Martin Whitethroat Ptarmigan Sand Martin Wood Warbler Black Grouse Magpie Tree Pipit Partridge Great Tit Grey Wagtail Dotterel Blue Tit Siskin Woodcock Coal Tit Redpoll Wood Sandpiper Long-tailed Tit Bullfinch

Orkney but not Caithness or Sutherland Manx Shearwater (Leach's Petrel?) Gannet

Orkney but net Shetland Little Grebe Water Rail Sedge Warbler Grey Heron Moorhen Willow Warbler Wigeon Coot Goldcrest Pintail Sandwich Tern Spotted Flycatcher Shoveler Short-eared Owl Dunnock Mute Swan Dipper? Greenfinch Golden Eagle Song Thrush Linnet Buzzard Ring Ouzel Chaffinch Hen Harrier Stonechat Yellowhammer Kestrel Robin

Shetland but-net Orkney Common Scoter Red-necked Phalarope House Martin Whimbrel Snowy Owl Fieldfare Black-tailed Godwit

Shetland but not Faeroe Wigeon Black-tailed Godwit Skylark Tufted Duck Common Tern Rook Common Scoter Woodpigeon Jackdaw Peregrine Collared Dove Blackbird Corncrake Snowy Owl Corn Bunting Curlew Long-eared Owl Reed Bunting

Faeroe but not Shetland Greylag Goose Ptarmigan Redwing Mute Swan Purple Sandpiper White Wagtail 264 The birds of Orkney arope are scarce elsewhere. Other northern and southern birds which have bred occasionally in these archipelagoes have had difficulty in establishing stable populations. This is perhaps due to human interference, but they are likely also to be particularly sensitive to fluctuations in climate at the edge of their range which influence not only their own breeding success but also the supply of reinforcements.

CHANGES IN STATUS Table 2 summarises changes in status and lists species which have bred occasionally this century. The existing avifauna is known to have been modified markedly over the course of time by fluctuations in the climate and by human activity. The latter acts both directly

Table st. Changes in status of Orkney birds Former breeding species not now breeding Common Scoter (until 1958) White-tailed Eagle (e. 1870) Great (c. 1810) Whooper Swan {c. 1800) Ptarmigan (c. 1830) Sand Martin (c. 1900?) Sparrowhawk (c. 1940) Red-necked Phalarope (c, 1970) Regular breeding species which have decreased this century Manx Shearwater Water Rail Common Sandpiper Grey Heron Corncrake Dunlin Coot Skylark Red-breasted Merganser Lapwing Greenfinch Peregrine Ringed Plover Corn Bunting Merlin Golden Plover Yellowhammer Red Grouse Species which were lost but have returned Golden Eagle (ceased to breed c. 1840 but now breeding again) Dipper (ceased to breed c. 1940 but now probably breeding again) Regular breeding species which have increased this century Red-thrqated Diver Oystercatcher Kittiwake Mallard Curlew Stonechat Shoveler Arctic Skua Reed Bunting Hen Harrier Great Black-backed Gull Species recorded breeding for the fast time since 1800 and now regular Fulmar (from 1900) Buzzard (1961) Rook (after 1850) Wigeon {c. 1870) Great Skua (1915) Goldcrest (c. 1830?) Pintail (1908) Woodpigeon (c. 1840) Tree Sparrow (1961) Mute Swan {c. 1890) Collared Dove (1962) Species which have bred occasionally this century Gadwall Black-tailed Godwit Black Redstart Scaup Greenshank Blackcap Pochard House Martin Garden Warbler Long-tailed Duck Mistle Thrush Whitethroat Quail Fieldfare Wood Warbler Whimbrel Whinchat Grey Wagtail The birds of Orkney 265 through predation and indirectly through changes in the habitat. The National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland has reported the following bird species among the remains found in the very numerous and Bronze Age monuments of Orkney, some coming from the later Brochs (Groundwater 1974): Great Northern Diver, grebe sp., shearwater sp. (probably Manx), Gannet, Cormorant, Shag, Bittern, duck sp., Pink-footed Goose, Whooper Swan, Golden and White-tailed Eagles, buzzard sp., falcon sp., Merlin, Curlew, skua sp. (probably Arctic), Great Black-backed, Herring and Common Gulls, Greak Auk, and 'Carrion' Crow. While, in common with other archaeological finds, these probably deserve more study, they at least indicate the character of the original avifauna. It will be noted that, in addition to northern forms, they include a southern form, the Bittern; the climate was warm for much of the Neolithic period. Changes within the historic period were documented by Buckley and Harvie-Brown (1891), Lack (1942-43) and Balfour (1968, 1972). These include the loss of such species as the Greylag Goose, Whooper Swan, Golden and White-tailed Eagles and Great Auk due to persecution and reclamation in the 18th and 19th centuries, much as in the other north-east Atlantic archipelagoes. A recent reversal of this trend, owing to a loss of interest in hunting and to the institution of protection, has already brought back the Golden Eagle, and there has been an influx of species associated with human activi­ ties, including agriculture. The evidence for the influence of climatic change in the past is weak, though we are fortunate (the birds less so) that the islands were toured by one of the greatest collectors of all time, William Bullock (in Montagu 1813), during the nadir of a past phase of climatic deterioration in the summer of 1812. He saw the last Great Auk, claimed a King Eider's nest on Papa , was told that a pair of Snowy Owls had tried to summer in die North Isles, and reported that Golden and White-tailed Eagles were breeding on Hoy and Red-necked Phalaropes on many islands. Apparently Whimbrel also bred on Hoy at least until the end of the last century, but since then the climate has improved steadily until recently and such events have become rare, while southern colonists have appeared instead.

COASTAL HABITATS The rocks of Orkney are mainly Old Red Sandstones, middle beds predominating except for most of Hoy which is formed from the rugged upper beds. Particularly where these rocks are flagstones, they erode along the coast in many places to produce vertical cliffs with horizontal ledges attractive to breeding seabirds. The relief of the islands, which consist basically of a dissected promontory projecting north-east from the Scottish mainland and divided by shallow sounds with strong tidal currents, provides ideal feeding conditions for coastal seabirds. WRPB (in Cramp et al. 1974) describes how comparatively fresh coastal water and more saline oceanic water moving north up the coast of Europe are mixed as they are swept into the through the Channel, resulting in a high marine productivity all round the islands. The rich attracts many small shoaling preyed upon by seabirds, which also feed around the trawlers frequenting the area. In consequence,

Fig. i. Principal islands and seabird colonies of Orkney. The largest dot marks at least 100,000 pairs, the next at least 10,000 pairs and the smallest at least 1,000 pairs The birds of Orkney 267 Orkney provides one of the main nurseries for the seabirds of the whole temperate North Atlantic. The largest colonies overlook the continental shelf at Marwick Head in north-west Mainland and at Noup Head in Westray, while there are substantial ones facing west from Hoy, east from and south from . The principal colonies are shown in fig. 1. A general confirmation of the size of the biggest colonies was obtained during a flight round the islands on 15th April 1971. It was thought that the Marwick Head colony, which was not counted in 1969, equalled the largest of the colonies on the Scottish mainland, such as those on Handa, Sutherland (50,000 pairs), and at Fowlsheugh, Kincardineshire (70,000 pairs); while the west side of Westray held the largest assembly of cliff-breeding seabirds in Britain and Ireland, several times bigger than those at Marwick Head, Handa or Fowlsheugh, all of which were seen on the same day. There are also vast colonies of Arctic Terns which feed out at sea over the Fair Isle Channel in this area; although the original estimate for 'Operation Seafarer' of over 25,000 pairs on Westray and was doubted, it now seems likely to have been correct (Hammond 1975). In table 3 the numbers of seabirds reported breeding in Orkney

Table 3. Number of pairs and proportion of the British total of seabirds reported breeding in the Outer , Orkney and Shetland during Operation Seafarer, 1968-70 National totab and proportions in parentheses refer to species where substantial numbers breeding inland were not counted. Some three-quarters of the Hebridean total breed on St Kilda, including very roughly 37,000 pairs of Fulmars, 52,000 pairs of Gannets and 173,000 pairs of Puffins. There were also 66 pairs of Little Terns breeding in the . 'Orders of abundance' are explained in appendix 1 British Outer Hebrides Orkney Shetland total

Fulmar 60,000 21% 47,000 •6% 117,000 4i% 285,000 Manx Shearwater Ord. 4} > Ord. 1? f Ord. 3} ? Ord. 6 Storm Petrel Ord. 4+? ? Ord. 4? '? Ord. 4+? > Ord.5+? Leach's Petrel Ord. 4? 98%? Ord. 2? i%? Ord. 2? .%? Ord. 4? Gannet 60,000 53% 4,000 4% 10,000 9% 114,000 Cormorant 380 6% 600 10% 460 7% 6,200 Shag 2,800 10% 3,600 13% 8,600 30% 28,500 Great Skua 18 i% 90 3% 3,o6o 96% 3."70 Arctic Skua 40 4% 230 2«% 770 70% 1,100 2,500 19,000 Great Black-backed Gull 2,600 14% 6,000 32% 130% Lesser Black-backed Gull 500 (•%) 800 (2%) 570 (45,000) Herring Gull 3»6oo (•%) 7,8oo (3%) 10,150 (4%) (278,000) Common Gull 640 (6%) 4.850 42%) 1,400 (12%) (11,600) Black-headed Gull 800 (1%) 4,500 (6%) 530 (1%) (72,000) Kittiwake 25,000 6% 128,000 30% 43,000 10% 427,500 Common Tern 76 1% 200 2% 390 3% 11,200 Arctic Tern 1,200 4% 12,300 41% 7,650 26% 30,000 Sandwich Tern — 390 4% — 9,700 22,000 23% 8,500 9% 8,900 9% 96,000 Guillemot 65,000 •3% 129,000 26% 77,000 <5% 498,000 Black Guillemot „,. 53°, 7%, 2,240 S9$, 2,300 3 7,600 Puffin 180,000? 37%? 66,000? >3%? 50,000? 10°$% ,? 500,000?

TOTALS 430,000+ •7% 426,000 + 17% 344,000+ «4% 2,500,000 268 The birds of Orkney are compared with those reported in the two other outlying archi­ pelagoes north and west of Britain, Shetland and the Outer Hebrides. Although it receives much less publicity, Orkney was reported to hold substantially more seabirds than Shetland (where, however, the numbers may have been underestimated) and nearly as many as the Outer Hebrides, which include the greatest seabird station in the temperate North Atlantic, St Kilda. While the variety of species is much the same in the three groups, the proportions of each species vary. Orkney attracts particularly large numbers of , Kittiwakes and Arctic Terns, whereas the Outer Hebrides have more Gannets and Puffins, and Shetland many Ful­ mars and Great Skuas now, though this is quite a recent develop­ ment. The grand total of over 400,000 pairs of seabirds breeding in Orkney probably includes at least a fifth of the national totals of six species (Arctic Skua, Great Black-backed Gull, Kittiwake, Arctic Tern, Guillemot and ) and at least a tenth of those of four more (Fulmar, Cormorant, Shag and Puffin). Shetland holds at least a fifth of the populations of six species and a tenth of those of five more, while the Outer Hebrides hold at least a fifth of those of five species and a tenth of those of four more. Many of these birds, such as the Fulmar, Leach's Petrel, Gannet, Great Skua, Kittiwake, Razorbill, Guillemot and Puffin, have large parts of their European populations breeding in Britain. Five of the seabirds listed in table 3—Fulmar, Shag, Kittiwake, Razorbill and Guillemot—nest primarily on the cliffs. In some areas Shags and also nest among boulders, while Fulmars and Black Guillemots are starting to nest well inland on slopes, level ground, walls and old buildings. So far the only Gannet colony is on (Stack Skerry on maps and charts) far to the west, but this species is expanding so fast that more colonies are likely to be founded at any time There is currently a gap between the nearest large colonies on Noss, Shetland, to the north and on the Bass Rock, East Lothian, to the south. Recently Gannets have nested on Fair Isle for the first time; and Copinsay, where Gannets appear from time to time, also appears a likely site. The comparatively few Cormorant colonies are of national importance; while these are normally on small holms or cliff tops, part of the Calf of colony is some 300 metres back from the cliff edge. These birds have been studied in some detail by Balfour et al. (1967). Where the ground is suitable, Herring and a few Great Black- backed Gulls nest on the cliffs and, together with Lesser Black- backed and Common Gulls, skuas and terns, on many of the smaller holms and the maritime and inland heaths. The last habitat is discussed in more detail later; numbers may be hard to estimate there because the birds naturally tend to seek the less-visited sites, The birds of Orkney 269 and the terns in particular tend to move around. Thus, while an astonishing, almost incalculable concentration of Arctic Terns, originally estimated at about 28,000 pairs but downgraded by Cramp et al. (1974), was found in the north-western islands in 1969, the numbers there were beginning to decline by 1974 (Hammond 1975), when larger numbers were present at a number of other colonies throughout both Orkney and Shetland (Lloyd et al. 1975). Apart from the huge colony on , which requires early reassessment, Puffins tend to have a scattered distribution, occurring in comparatively small numbers either where the slope of the cliff allows the development of grassland with a sufficient depth of soil for burrowing, or in crevices and burrows near the cliff edge. Black Guillemots nest mainly among boulders close to the shore, occasion­ ally using Rabbit burrows, and appear to be most common on the smaller, more remote islands. A few pairs breed among the large concrete blocks used to build the Churchill Barriers along the east side of . Newton (1898) postulated that the last pair of Great to breed in Britain must have nested on the rock slope on the sheltered north-west side of the Westray, and that the last bird took refuge on a cliff ledge of the main island only when it was persecuted. Papa Westray is ideally situated for the exploitation of the rich waters off Noup Head. Little is known about the distribution of the Manx Shearwater or of Storm and Leach's Petrels which are not numerous at sea. Shear­ waters may have been more widespread in the past when they were collected for food (Buckley and Harvie-Brown 1891), but only two small colonies are known at present, on Hoy. As quite large rafts occur off Rackwick along this coast and have been reported off further north, there may be other colonies, though these birds could be non-breeders, or even commuters from the great colonies in the . The Storm Petrel has been proved to breed at nine sites (Sule Skerry, , , Aus- kerry, Green Holms; and , Rusk, Wart and Skea Holms off Westray), often nesting in holes in the peat, where it tends to get overlooked, as well as among boulders and in cliff faces. It is probably much under-recorded, though the numbers are certainly not as large as they are further south-west. The report by Robinson (1934) that Leach's Petrel breeds on Sule Skerry has generally been questioned, but there seems no reason to doubt it as there are eggs taken there at that time in the Museum. Peregrines, Ravens and Jackdaws nest mainly in the cliffs, along with Rock Doves, Hooded Crows and Wrens. The important Orkney Peregrine population was studied by Balfour for many years and he recorded a total of 27 sites, though some of these were probably alternatives for the same pair. In 1971 14 of 24 sites visited were 270 The birds of Orkney occupied, eggs were known to have been* laid in nine, and large young were seen in six (Ratcliffe 1972). Hoy is particularly important for this species and may now have the densest population in Britain. This island was also once an important site for White-tailed Eagles until they were wiped out in the middle of the last century, with up to three pairs; a report that there used to be ten or twelve pairs (in Buckley and Harvie-Brown 1891) probably referred to gatherings of young birds, which may still reach up to 50 individuals around seabird colonies in north Norway. In appendix 1 the inter-tidal zone and the maritime heaths are included in the column for coastal habitats (C) in assessing how they are used, but they are discussed in the following two sections respectively. Detailed work on is also discussed by Dunnet (1975).

THE SEA Observations at sea around Orkney (Bourne and Dixon in prep.) have shown that the area is frequented by large numbers of seabirds throughout the year. Many travel west to feed out to the edge of the continental shelf in summer, but it is difficult to obtain information for this extremely exposed area in winter. Local concentrations are also found off the east coast in the same way that they are found all down the east coast of Scotland, though apparently not on such a marked scale as off the east coast of Shetland (Bourne and Dixon 1974). Large numbers of birds also scatter north and east over the North Sea inflow where their distribution tends to be rather patchy and variable, possibly owing to irregularities in the flow of the current. Fig. 2 shows how much more widely dispersed the birds are around Orkney than around Shetland. Owing to the local topography, concentrated movements through the sounds and around projecting headlands also appear to be less prominent in Orkney than in Shetland, and most of the birds appear to disperse straight out to sea from colonies facing their feeding grounds. The main concentrated movements attracting attention have been those round , Caithness, to the south­ east, round the north end of to the north (E. J. Wiseman in lift.), and along the north coast of Sutherland to Cape Wrath to the south-west. Some of these birds may be going to feed, but they often appear to be taking part in migratory or weather movements. At most seasons of the year a regular movement of doubtful significance can be traced up the east coast of Scodand, turning west into the Atlantic round North Ronaldsay. There is also a more clearly migratory movement west along the north coast of Sutherland and south round Cape Wrath in the autumn. Comparatively few birds seem to pass through the Pentland . The birds of Orkney 271

Fig. 2. Numbers of auks seen during half-hour periods of observation in Orkney waters, November 1970 to April 1974. Guillemots usually predominated, with many Black Guillemots among the islands, and Puffins west of Hoy In calm weather the more pelagic seabirds can often be seen feeding socially over shoals offish forced to the surface by submarine predators out at sea, apparendy taking small gadoids, clupeids and sand-eels Ammodytes and, in the case of the Gannets, larger Mackerel Scomber scombrus and Herrings Clupea harengus, as they are available. The big gulls, Kittiwakes, Fulmars and sometimes Gannets also feed around trawlers, both by day and by night. The auks do not follow trawlers but feed by deep diving, while Kittiwakes, Fulmars and small petrels may also feed on plankton coming to the surface at night, though this has proved difficult to investigate. The skuas also appear to feed to a large extent at sea, occasional birds visiting fish shoals or trawlers, though comparatively few join the mixed flocks of other species feeding there. It is uncertain to what extent they rob other species when they are fully fed and leave the flocks. Shags travel up to 8 km (5 miles) out to sea to feed on small shoaling fish, especially sand-eels, but Cormorants feed mainly in the more 272 The birds of Orkney sheltered sounds where they take flat-fish (Heterosomata). The Black Guillemot feeds laigely on the bottom, where it takes many , though small fish are brought to the young. The annual cycle of the birds has been discussed already in connec­ tion with Shetland, where useful information is available from Fair Isle Bird Observatory (Bourne and Dixon 1974); this cycle is likely to be similar in Orkney. In general, some birds of most of the larger species are present throughout the year, but the nocturnal petrels, skuas, Lesser Black-backed Gull, terns and most Puffins migrate south in winter. They tend to be replaced by more individuals of the larger species and by variable numbers of Little Auks from the north. The birds leave the breeding colonies when the young fledge. With most species this occurs in July and August, after which they moult and many gather in parties along or just off the shore; the divers, sea duck and auks become flightless on the water. Fulmars and Guillemots return to the colonies in good weather by October, but most other species wait till the spring; Kittiwakes and Razorbills begin to return in January and February, most others in March or April and some long-distance migrants in May. The Red-throated Diver feeds almost entirely at sea but returns to its breeding area earlier than has normally been appreciated, often being recorded in March. A certain number of the more marine seabirds that are ringed to the north and east are recovered in Orkney, but no more than further down the east coast of Britain. It seems likely that once these birds have left their breeding places they are very mobile, often moving according to the weather. Having a large area of shallow, sheltered water round its coast, Orkney appears to be a much more

Table 4. Principal counts of Long-tailed Ducks in Orkney during December 1973-March 1974 •Long-tailed Ducks were also recorded in apparently good numbers (more than 50) off the west of Eday and around the north and west of . and North Ronaldsay were not visited. Scattered parties can be seen in many parts of Orkney in winter, and the total Orkney wintering population may be of the order of 6,000

Scapa Flow 1,610 300 Wyre and Rousay Sounds 480 Off east of 150 Off east and south of Wyre 580 , mainly in Gairsay Sound 340 Westray/Papa Westray, mainly in Papa Sound 470 Sanday (figure considered low) 35°+ to on Mainland 300

TOTAL 4»58o+ The birds of Orkney 273 important wintering area for coastal species than Shetland. Con­ siderable numbers of Shags, , Red-breasted Mergansers and Black Guillemots are present throughout the year, though their distributions in summer and winter are different. They are joined after the breeding season by Great Northern Divers, Velvet Scoters and quite large numbers of Long-tailed Ducks. The estimated population of this species, 6,000 in winter 1973/74 (table 4), is the largest recorded in Britain, though numbers may have been over­ looked in the past elsewhere as the species tends to stay offshore where it is difficult to locate. A special study is being made of the birds wintering in Scapa Flow before the oil terminal now being built becomes operational. It still remains to be found how many birds frequent the sounds between some of the North Isles and the period during which they are present. Virtually nothing is known about the food supplies of these birds in Orkney, which appear to be largely fish and shellfish feeding on the rich marine plankton swept through the sounds by the tide. The inter-tidal zone has also received little attention in Orkney as a habitat for birds. It is certainly exploited by large numbers of such species as Golden Plovers, Curlews, Redshanks and Common Gulls, which also feed on the adjacent farmland, and it may become of particular importance for these and other birds in hard weather. Turnstones and Purple Sandpipers are common on many shores, while the sandy bays like those at Scapa, Deer Sound and Otters Wick hold such species as Bar-tailed Godwit, Knot and Dunlin, especially in the autumn. Some sea ducks come in with the tide to feed over this zone by diving, and large numbers of Wigeon, with fewer Mallard and Teal, can be found in many places.

MOORS AND OTHER HEATHS The heather-dominated moors of Orkney have long been known for their rich bird community in summer. During 1974 the summer warden for the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Keith Hobbs, spent several months assessing the distribution and density of the birds breeding on 1,098 ha (2,713 acres) of the 1,857 na (4,588 acres) of moorland owned or leased by the society on Main­ land. His results are summarised in table 5 and show the diversity of die breeding bird community of a moderately typical Orkney moor. The actual numbers of pairs shown are considered reasonably accurate for the less common species but should be taken only as giving an indication of the density of those which are more numerous; the survey was concerned more with the distribution of species within the moorland habitat than with obtaining accurate density figures. 274 The birds of Orkney Table 5. Pairs of birds breeding on 1)098 ha (35713 acres) of moorland in north Mainland, Orkney, in 1974 Asterisks refer to maximum counts of individuals

Red-throated Diver 2 Curlew 139 Raven 1 Mallard 22 Redshank 5 Hooded Crow 1 Teal 1 Dunlin 2 Wren 26 Eider 2 Great Skua 5 Song Thrush 1 Red-breasted Merganser 4 Arctic Skua 11 Blackbird 2 Hen Harrier 12 Great Black-backed Gull 68* Wheatear 3 Merlin 4 Lesser Black-backed Gull 714* Stonechat 7 Kestrel 3 Herring Gull 144* Robin 1 Red Grouse bred Common Gull 280* Sedge Warbler 3 Oystercatcher 3 Black-headed Gull 8 Meadow Pipit 155 Lapwing 20 Rock Dove 3 Starling bred Ringed Plover 1 Woodpigeon 5 Twite '3 Golden Plover 8 Short-eared Owl 6 Reed Bunting 20 Snipe 21 Skylark 269

As a bird habitat, the moors of Rousay and Eday are broadly similar, but the extensive moors on Hoy hold a rather different bird community. This is most marked with the birds of prey, Hen Harriers and Short-eared Owls certainly being less numerous on Hoy, and Merlins possibly so. The absence of the arvalis orcadensis may provide one reason; others may be the greater average altitude, the difference in underlying rocks, and the comparatively small area of improved farmland surrounding the moors. It is interesting that the Kestrels breeding on Hoy feed their young entirely on young birds and nest later than those on Main­ land (G. J. Booth, verbally); presumably their breeding season coincides with the maximum availability of food for the young which differs on the two islands. The only pair of Golden Eagles in Orkney breeds on Hoy and has apparendy been successful every year since the birds returned to breed in 1966 after an absence of over a century. From observations made by Balfour, it appears that the young are fed largely on Fulmars and Blue Hares Lepus timidus. One or two pairs of Buzzards also breed annually on Hoy. Litde is known about die extent to which the birds of prey and waders nesting on the moors feed there or on the adjoining farm­ land. Certainly food is taken from the farmland in the breeding season, and at other times of the year very few birds are found on the moors. It seems likely that the fertility of the farmland, and perhaps of the rocks underlying the moors, is an important factor in the richness of the bird community. Another may be the low grazing pressure, as there are large areas of moorland which have not been grazed by farm for a long time, and there are no deer The birds of Orkney 275 (Cervidae) in Orkney. The absence of Stoats Mustela erminea and Foxes Vulpes vulpes reduces the risk of nest predation and may also reduce competition for prey, particularly voles. Fortunately, the illegal activities so often associated with game management in the south appear to be largely non-existent in Orkney. On these ungrazed moors the only significant influence by man on the plant and communities is from peat-digging and indiscriminate burning. This last is usually harmful; and it may also be necessary in the future to ensure that the activities of visiting birdwatchers do not adversely affect the nesting birds by causing undue disturbance. With the exception of the Black-headed Gull, the seabird species listed in table 5, together with the Arctic Tern, also dominate the bird community of many of the maritime heaths. It has already been pointed out that the numbers of Arctic Terns may have been under­ estimated in the past. The skuas breeding in Orkney were also counted again in 1974, when virtually complete cover was ob­ tained. Although all the results are not yet available, considerably larger numbers were found than in 1969, when in many areas the survey was confined to the coast, though there has clearly also been a further increase; the total for the Great Skua will probably be about 480 pairs and that for the Arctic Skua 660 pairs (C. J. Booth, verbally).

FARMLAND In appendix 1 it is shown that comparatively few birds breed in this habitat but that it is important for feeding, and the brevity of this section reflects how little is known about its use by birds. It has already been noted that the good food supply provided by the fertile Orkney farmland may be one reason for the richness of the moorland breeding bird community. Outside the breeding season most of the species concerned are found on the farms, except for the divers, wildfowl and more marine seabirds. The very large flocks of waders, especially Lapwings, Golden Plovers and Curlews, are a particularly spectacular feature. They may be of national impor­ tance and certainly merit further study. Only two species seem to rely wholly on farmland for breeding, the Corncrake and Corn Bunting, and both have declined in recent years, particularly on Mainland. To what extent changing farming practices have contributed is not clear, but they are likely to be a factor in the Corncrake's decline, though others are probably operating as well. Much of the best Orkney farmland is interspersed with unim­ proved ground, either areas of heath or poorly drained pasture. This adds to the ornithological interest, but it is pointed out else­ where that changes are taking place. 276 The birds of Orkney

FRESHWATER HABITATS The lochs of Orkney vary from eutrophic to oligotrophia but there are few of the latter. They are often associated with marshes; and some, such as the Loch of Isbister and The Loons, the Loch of Banks and the wetlands on the island of Sanday, have quite rich breeding bird communities with eight species of duck, including Pintail (a rare breeding species in Britain), Shoveler in reasonable numbers, and occasionally Scaup and Pochard. This aspect of the breeding avi­ fauna may be yet another that is inadequately studied. The density and diversity of breeding waders is also high; these include many Lapwings, Snipe, Curlews and Redshanks, with smaller numbers of Dunlins. Black-tailed Godwits have nested, and in each of the last three years (1972-74) a pair has been seen displaying and apparently defending territory, though breeding has not been proved. On some lochs situated close to cliff-nesting seabird colonies very large num­ bers of Kittiwakes come to rest and bathe. In winter the richer lochs hold quite large flocks of wildfowl and a number of waters are counted regularly as part of the National Wildfowl Counts. Table 6 gives the 1973/74 counts for the Loch of , which holds the most wintering wildfowl in Orkney. The figures give an indication of the seasonal changes that occur, and a number of other lochs hold substantial populations of the same species.

Table 6. Counts of principal species of wildfowl on the Loch of Harray, Orkney, in winter 1973/74 The December count was made after a period of frost, unusually severe for Orkney, when the loch had been frozen over Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Mallard 5 100 120 70 »74 9 9 Teal 0 «5 0 2 3° 0 0 Wigeon 430 1,665 35° 209 606 484 75o Scaup 3 IOO 0 0 0 IOO 386 Tufted Duck 340 1.895 1,700 1,277 2,600 1.833 975 Pochard 60 2,085 2,200 168 700 2,830 992 Goldeneye 0 14 70 125 178 85 106 Greylag Goose 0 30 5° 7 56 0 IOO Mute Swan 228 53 127 87 75 63 73

There are few burns of any size in Orkney, but a number of species nest beside them and their presence results in a considerable increase in the breeding bird diversity of the moors, as may be noted from table 5. Dippers used to breed in Orkney, and recently they have been recorded again on several burns in Hoy. In 1974 a pair of Grey Wagtails nested by a burn on Mainland. The birds of Orkney 277 WOODS, GARDENS AND BUILDINGS Although the total area of this habitat in Orkney is very small, it contributes considerably to the diversity of the breeding bird com­ munity, with 14 species (15%) nesting almost wholly in it, as shown in appendix 1. The only natural wood surviving in Orkney, Berrie- dale in Hoy, holds rather few species, as do the Forestry Commission plantations on the same island. The planted woodlands such as Binscarth on Mainland, on Rousay and Balfour on Shapinsay are far richer for birds. Orkney's only breeding Tree Sparrows are found in a mixed plantation above Carrick House on Eday, and Rooks breed in a number of woods and in sycamores Acer pseudoplatanus in and Stromness.

THE FUTURE Too often the words 'The Future' in publications about the environ­ ment preface a catalogue of dire warnings about hypothetical threats facing wildlife. There are certainly some changes taking place in Orkney that could be harmful to birds, but others could be bene­ ficial. The number of species breeding regularly is almost identical with that in 1941 (Lack 1942-43), whereas the number detected breeding occasionally is significantly larger. This may be partly explained by improved observation, since more people are now tak­ ing a sympathetic interest in birds than ever before, and also by a reduction in the casual destruction of birds and their eggs. This growing interest in and awareness of the islands' exceptional bird- life is of great importance in helping to ensure that the increasing pace of change does not have harmful results. Oil will be extracted from and transported through the fertile seas around and between the islands in ever-increasing quantities, and Scapa Flow is to become an oil terminal. If any leaks occur in these open channels, with their tide-races, the oil will be spread rapidly far and wide, and the weather may often prevent much action to retrieve or disperse it. The Islands Council, with its new harbour powers, is in a position to restrict pollution of the Flow to a minimum, and has accepted its consultants' conclusion that the area is of particular importance for its wintering birds. More re­ search is needed to quantify this importance and the factors in­ fluencing it. Public opinion must encourage the Council to use its powers effectively in an enlightened way. It is to be hoped that the present policy whereby the North Isles and the waters between them are to be shielded from development is never reversed. The situation out at sea gives cause for concern, as pollution there is more difficult to detect and controls are harder to enforce. If pollution were to become widespread there, it could cause a vast slaughter. However, out at sea the birds are usually widely scattered, 278 The birds of Orkney and with normal hazards only a small proportion of them are likely to be threatened. The situation would be very different if a large oil slick came under one of the great breeding cliffs, such as Noup Head or Marwick Head, where during the breeding season a large proportion of the birds are always sitting in groups on the water just offshore. If this happened, a substantial part of the national popu­ lation of some species could be wiped out overnight. Even if there is no sudden disaster, chronic pollution might gradually erode these populations, which need to be monitored carefully to ensure they are maintaining their numbers. We also need to know more about the unusually rich moorland bird community and the way in which it survives and utilises the heaths and adjoining farms when so many comparable areas further south have lost their birds. Agricultural improvement and the reclamation of moors and marshes is a continuing feature of Orkney's most important industry which is likely to find an incentive to expand in the future. Fortunately, there is no evidence of harmful effects on birdlife so far, but there must be a limit to the amount of breeding habitat the birds can afford to lose. Ideally the most important areas, which are not usually large or particularly important for agriculture, should be safeguarded as nature reserves. Perhaps also, as our knowledge increases, it will be possible to arrive at conser­ vation agreements with some farmers and landowners whereby their land can be managed for the twin aims of profitable agriculture and the maintenance of a diverse wildlife. Conservation is a state of harmony between man and land (Leo­ pold 1949); nature conservation is a state of harmony between man and nature. As man has evolved in Orkney he has helped to produce a county of great beauty and serenity with a rich and diverse scenery and wildlife. In this paper mainly subjective judgements have been made of the relative importance of one group of birds against another; these are necessary because priorities for action have to be established in nature conservation as in most other fields. But we must not forget that it is the whole community of living things, including man, which matters most and that the more diverse systems of plants and animals are normally the most stable. The human environment in Orkney will continue to change, as will the bird populations, but we now have more power than ever before to control these changes. Decisions must be taken in the full understanding that we are but a part of a vast community to which we have inescapable moral obligations as the dominant member. Only in this way can the partnership of man and nature, which is one of Orkney's greatest assets, be preserved. The birds of Orkney 279 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are particularly grateful to Mrs R. Balfour for making her late husband's notes and records available to us. P. K. Kinnear and Roy H. Dennis have given valuable advice about the species breeding regularly in Shetland and in Caithness and Sutherland, respectively, and Eric Hardy directed our attention to the importance of William Bullock's survey at the beginning of the 19th century. T.J. Dixon helped make the observations at sea; while, in addition to providing details of his observations on land, discussions with C. J. Booth on many aspects of this paper have been invaluable. Dr W. R. P. Bourne and T. J. Dixon are indebted to die Department of Agri­ culture and Fisheries for Scotland and the Royal Air Force for assistance with surveys at sea and by air, which were carried out in the course of an investigation of the distribution and ecology of birds at sea financed by a grant from the Natural Environment Research Council to Professor G. M. Dunnet at the Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen.

SUMMARY Orkney is remarkable for its rich and varied environment and wildlife. It provides a breeding-place for many seabirds feeding in the biologically productive area of mixing where water from the Atlantic enters the North Sea. These include over a fifth of the British populations of the Arctic Skua, Great Black-backed Gull, Kittiwake, Arctic Tern, Common and Black Guillemots. Where these waters are swept by the tide through its many sounds there are equally rich invertebrate populations exploited by many shore and water birds, including one of the largest British winter populations of Long-tailed Duck. Some of these sea, shore and water birds breed on the moors, farms and wetlands. The occurrence of many voles in the absence of ground and human predators has also resulted in the development of an unusually rich moorland bird community, including the most important population of Hen Harriers in Britain. Many of the shore and moorland birds go to feed on the exceptionally productive agricultural land, now diversified again with a few trees after a period of total deforestation, so that there has also been an influx of woodland and agricultural species in recent years. Care is required to protect this important natural heritage, particularly in the face of the development of Scapa Flow as a North Sea oil terminal.

REFERENCES BALFOUR, E. 1955. 'Kestrels nesting on the ground in Orkney'. Bird Notes, 26: 245-253- 1968. 'Breeding birds of Orkney'. Scot. Birds, 5: 89-104. »972. Orkney Birds, Status and Guide. Stromness. , ANDERSON, A., and DUNNET, G. M. 1967. 'Orkney Cormorants—their breeding distribution and dispersal'. Scot. Birds, 4: 481-493. , and CABBURY, C. J. 1975. 'A population study of the Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus) in Orkney'. In The Natural Environment of Orkney, edited by R. Goodier. NCC, Edinburgh. BOURNE, W. R. P., and DrxoN, T. J. 1974. "The seabirds of Shetland'. In The Natural Environment of Shetland, edited by R. Goodier. NCC, Edinburgh. (Reprinted in SeabirdRep., 4: t-t8.) BUCKLEY, T. E., and HARVIE-BROWN, J. A. 1891. A Vertebrate Fauna of the Orkney Islands. Edinburgh. BULLARD, E., and JOHNSTON, J. L. 1975. 'Orkney habitats: an outline and ecolo­ gical framework'. In The Natural Environment of Orkney, edited by R. Goodier. NCC, Edinburgh. 28o The birds of Orkney

CRAMP, S., BOURNE, W. R. P., and SAUNDERS, D, 1974. The Seabirds of Britain and Ireland. London. DUNNBT, G, M. 1975. 'Seabird studies on Eynhallow'. In The Natural Environment of Orkney, edited by R. Goodier, NCG, Edinburgh. GROUNDWATER, W. 1974. Birds and of Orkney. Kirkwall. HAMMOND, N. 1975. 'The counting of terns and auks on the Westray group*. In The Natural Environment of Orkney, edited by R. Goodier. NCG, Edinburgh. LACK, D. 1942-43. 'The breeding birds of Orkney'. Ibis, 84: 461-484; 85: 1-27. LEOPOLD, A. 1949. A Sand County Almanac. New York. LLOYD, C. S., BIBBY, C. J., and EVERETT, M. J. 1975. 'Breeding terns in Britain and Ireland in 1969-74*. Brit. Birds, 68: 221-238. MONTAGU, G. 1813. Supplement to the Ornithological Dictionary, or Synopsis of British Birds. London. NEWTON, A. 1898. 'On the Orcadian home of the Garefowl (Alca impennis)'. Ibis, 7 (4): 587-59a. PARSLOW, J. 1973. Breeding Birds of Britain and Ireland. Berkhamsted. RATCLIFFE, D. A. 1972. 'The Peregrine population of in 1971'. Bird Study, 19: 117-156. ROBINSON, H. W. 1934. 'First nesting of Leach's Fork-tailed Petrel in Orkney*. Scot. Nat. (1934): 93. Voous, K. H. i960. Atlas of European Birds. London. WILLIAMSON, K. 1970. The Atlantic Islands. London. Second edition. Appendix 1. Regular breeding species, some common passage migrants and winter visitors, and their use of habitats on Orkney Each species is given a number of points equal to die number of habitats, 5 for breeding and 6 for feeding. It is then 'scored' according to the extent to which it regularly uses each habitat. The habitat categories are S (sea), C (coastal), F (farmland), W (wetland—freshwater), M (moorland) and G (gardens, woods and buildings). The last column gives the order of abundance, as follows: t = 1-9 pairs; a = 10-99; 3 = 100-999; 4 = 1.000-9,999; 5 = 10,000-99,999; 6 = 1,00,000+

BREEDING FEEDING CFWMG SCFWMG Order Regular breeders Red-throated Diver Gavia stellata - - 1 4 - 6 2 Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficoUis 6 - - _ _ 5 - - 2 Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis 5 6 5 Manx Shearwater Puffinus pvffinus 5 6 3 Storm Petrel Hydrobates pelagicus 5 6 4 Gannet Sula bassana 5 6 4 Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 5 6 3 Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis 5 6 4 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 5 - 4 - 2 1 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos - _ 3 a - - 1 a 3 - - 3/4 Teal Anas crecca - - 4 1 - - 1 - 5 - - 3 Wigeon Anas penelope - - a 3 - - 2 2 2 — 2 Pintail Anas acuta - - 5 - - 6 _ _ 1 Shoveler Anas clypeata - - 5 - - 6 - - 2 Tufted Duck Aythyafuligula - - 5 - - 6 - - 3 Eider Somateria mollissima 3 - - 2 - 6 4 The birds of Orkney 281 BREEDING FEEDING CFWMG SCFWMG' Order

Red-breasted Merganser Mergus senator i-3>- 4 - - a - - 3 Shelduck Tadorna tadorna 3 - 1 1 - 3 3 2 Mute Swan Cygnus olor - - 5 - - 1 - - 5 - - 2/3 Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos 5 - - a - - 4- 1 Buzzard Buteo buteo 5 - - - 1 - 5 - 1 Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus 5 - - - 3 - 3 - 2 Peregrine Falco peregrinus 5 - 3 1 1 1 - 2 Merlin Falco columbarius 5 - - 1 3 - a - 2 Kestrel Falco tinnunculus 2 — a 1 - - 5 - 1 _ 3 Red Grouse Lagopus lagopus 5 - 6 - 3 Pheasant Phasianus colchicus - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - a 2 Corncrake Crex crex - 5 - - 6 3 Moorhen Gallinula chloropus - - 5 - ~ - 1 1 4 - - 3 Coot Fulica atra - - 5 - ~ 6 - - 2 Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus 32 - 4 2 4 Lapwing Vanellus vanellus - 3 1 1 - - - 5 1 - - 4 Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula 4 - 1 - - - 5 - 1 - - 3 Golden Plover Pltwialis apricaria 5 - - 1 4 - 1 - 3 Snipe Gallinago gallinago - 1 a a - - 1 a a 1 - 4 Curlew Numenius arquata - 1 1 3 - - 1 4 - 1 - 4 Common Sandpiper Tringa hypoleucos - - 5 - - - 1 - 5 - - 1 Redshank Tringa totanus - a a 1 - - a 3 1 - - 3/4 Dunlin Calidris alpina - - 3 a - - 3 1 i 1 - 2 Great Skua Stercorarius skua 1 - - 4 - 4 a 3 Arctic Skua Stercorarius parasiticus 2 - - 3 - 4 1 - - 1 - 3 Great Black-backed Gull Lams marinus a - - 3 - 3 1 1 - 1 - 4 Lesser Black-backed Gull Larusfuscus 1 - - 4 - 5 - « 4 Herring Gull Larus argentatus 3 - - 2 - 41 1 4 Common Gull Larus canus 1 - 1 3 - 1 1 a 1 1 - 4 Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus -- 4 1 - 1 122 — 4 Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla 5 6 6 Common Tern Sterna hirundo 3 1 1 - - 6 3 Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea 3 1 1 - - 6 5 Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis a a 1 — 6 , 3 Razorbill Alca tarda 5 6 4 Guillemot aalge 5 6 6 Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle 5 6 4 Puffin Fratercula arctica 5 6 5 Rock Dove Columba livia 4 1 --6 4 Woodpigeon Columba palumbus 32 - - 4 - 1 1 3 Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 5 -- 1 --5 3 Cuckoo Cuculus canorus - 2 - 3 - - - 2 - 3 1 1 Long-eared Owl Asio otus 14 3-1 2 1 Short-eared Owl Asioflammeus - - 1 4 - - - 3 - 3 - 2 Skylark Alauda arvensis 1 2 - 2 - - 1 3 - 2 - 4 Swallow Hirundo rustica 5 - - 5 - - 1 a Raven Corvus corax 4 - - 1 - - 2 a - a - 2 Hooded Crow Corvus corone 2 1 - 1 1 - 1 4 - 1 - 3 Rook Corvus frugilegus 5 __ 6 3 Jackdaw Corvus monedula 4 1 - -, 6 3 Wren Troglodytes troglodytes 1 1 - 2 1 - 2 1 - a 1 4 Song Thrush Turdus philomelos 5 --a - - 4 3 282 The birds of Orkney BREEDING FEEDING CFWMG SCFWMG Order

Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus • 5 - 6 - 1 Blackbird Turdus merula 23 2-22 4 Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe 3 - - 2 - - 2 2 - 2 - 3 Stonechat Saxicola torquata - 2 - 3 - - - 2 - 4 - 2 Robin Erithacus rubecula 5 6 2 Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus - 1 4 - - - - 1 5 - ~ 2 Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus 5 6 1 Goldcrest Regulus regulus 5 6 1 Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata 5 6 1 Dunnock Prunella modularis 5 6 2 Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis 1 i - 3 - -13-2- 4 Rock Pipit Anthus spinoletta 5 - 5 - - 1 - 4 Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba 1 2 1 - 1 - 1 2 2 - 1 3 Starling Sturnus vulgaris 1 1 - 1 2 - 2 3 - - 1 4 Greenfinch Carduelis Moris 5 6 1 Linnet Acanthis cannabina - 2 - 1 2 - - 3 - 1 2 3 Twite Acanthis flavirostris 1 1 - 2 1 - 1 2 - 2 1 4 Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs 5 - - 2 - - 4 2 Corn Punting Emberiza calandra - 5 _ _ 6 2 Yellowhammer Emberiza citrmella - 1 - 4 - - - 4 - 2 - 1 Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus - 1 2 2 - 2 2 1 1 3 House Sparrow Passer domesticus 5 - - 3 - ~ 3 4 Tree Sparrow Passer montanus 5 - - 2 - - 4 2 Passage migrants and winter visitors Great Northern Diver Gavia immcr 6 Scaup Aythya marila 6 - - Pochard Aythya ferina 6 - - Goldeneye Bucephala clangula 3 -- 3 -- Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis 5 - - 1 - - Velvet Scoter Melanitta fusca 6 White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons --6 Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus --33-" Turnstone Arenaria interpres - 5 , Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lappomca - 5 1 Knot Calidris canutus - 6 Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima - 6 Fieldfare Turdus pilaris - - 4 - 1 i Redwing Turdus iliacus -- 4 - 1 1 Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis -23-1- Expressed as percentages of the total possible score, the results of totalling the above columns are as follows: BREEDING FEEDING

Sea 23.0 Coastal habitats 28.0 '3-5 Farmland habitats 9-5 26.0 Wetland habitats 17-5 15-° Moorland habitats 25-5 II.O Gardens, woods and buildings '9-5 11.5 The birds of Orkney 283 Appendix 3. Scientific names of bird species mentioned in the text and tables but not in appendix 1 Black-throated Diver Gavia arctica Tawny Owl Strix aluco Slavonian Grebe Podiceps auritui Swift Apus apus Leach's Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major Bittern Botaurus stellaris House Martin Delictum urbica Gadwall Anas strepera Sand Martin Riparia riparia Common Scoter Melanitta nigra Magpie Pica pica King Eider Somateria spectabilis Great Tit Pants major Goosander Mergus merganser Blue Tit Parus caeruleus Greylag Goose Anser anser Coal Tit Parus ater Pink-footed Goose Anser brackyrhynchus Long-tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus Treecreeper Certhia familiaris White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albiciUa Dipper Cinclus cinclus Ptarmigan Lagopus mutus Mistle Thrush Turdus viscivorus Black Grouse Lyrurus tetrix Whinchat Saxicola rubelra Partridge Perdix perdix Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus Quail Cotumix coturnix Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros Dotterel Eudromias morinellus Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia Woodcock Scolopax rusticola Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus Garden Warbler Sylvia borin Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Whitethroat Sylvia communis Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix Greenshank Tringa nebularia Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus White Wagtail Motacilla a. alba Little Tern Sterna albifrons Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea Great Auk Pinguinus impennis Siskin Carduelis spinus Plautus alle Redpoll Acanthis flammea Snowy Owl Nyctea scandiaca Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula

David Lea, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Easter Sower, , Orkney KW17 2RE DrW.R. P. Bourne, The Seabird Group, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB9 2TN