Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology

Design Drivers for a 3.5G Cellular Optimized for High Performance Communications

Robert A. DiFazio, Ph.D. Fellow, Chief Technology Office InterDigital

CEWIT 2008 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology Abstract This presentation provides a brief overview of the latest cellular standards and then focuses on design considerations for a 3.5G cellular modem that includes the new High Speed Downlink and High Speed Uplink Packet Access modes, HSDPA and HSUPA. InterDigital’s SlimChipTM product provides the framework. The architecture of the baseband modem is presented along with performance advantages of an advanced receiver with receive diversity. A reference platform is described that establishes the conformance of the end product to industry standards, highlights features of the baseband solution, and demonstrates the feasibility of meeting standard form factors. The initial prototype in an ExpressCard 34 form factor is shown along with evolution to the new Half-Mini Card.

CEWIT 2008 2 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology Biography • Robert A. DiFazio InterDigital • Dr. Robert DiFazio manages the CTO Office at InterDigital where he contributes to advanced & 4G cellular , technology planning, expansion/evaluation of the patent portfolio, and collaborative research with universities. He has over twenty-eight years experience in research, design, implementation, and testing of commercial and military wireless systems, including over twenty years at BAE Systems (previously GEC Marconi-Hazeltine). Dr. DiFazio has a Ph.D. from Polytechnic Institute of NYU where he is an adjunct professor. He serves on Industry Advisory Committees for Polytechnic and NYIT, is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and holds over twenty-five issued or pending US patents.

CEWIT 2008 3 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology

InterDigital

Invent Develop Contribute to License Wireless Wireless Standards Patents Technologies Products

35 Year Digital Cellular Technology Pioneer Thousands of patents worldwide Inventions used in every mobile device

Provider of Key Contributor to Standards High performance baseband ICs, mobile , 3G, and the future – 4G and beyond broadband IP, and complete reference platforms Wireless LAN & Mobility/Convergence

Highly Successful Licensor Patents have generated ~ $1.5 billion in cash Licensing leading manufacturers

CEWIT 2008 4 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology Agenda

• Evolution of wireless standards – UMTS, , WiMAX, and WiFi • Broadband cellular modem design drivers – 3.5G high-speed packet data • Building a reference design – Requirements, testing, and certification •Miniaturization – Fitting it all in a Half-Mini Card

CEWIT 2008 5 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology Evolution of Wireless Standards

UMTS

Today’s Focus cdma2000

WiMax

WiFi

CEWIT 2008 6 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology

UMTS Air Interfaces

Long Term Evolution (LTE) LTE Standard: High Speed Uplink Planned completion Packet Access December 2008 LTE-A: In progress High Speed (HSUPA) Downlink Packet 47 Operators WCDMA Access (HSDPA) in 34 Countries 241 Operators 215 Operators GSM/GPRS/EDGE in 110 Countries in 92 Countries 670 Networks 216 Million 43 Million subs in 200 Countries subscriptions 2.9 Billion subscriptions

CEWIT 2008 7 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology

HSDPA + HSUPA Enable a Rich Set of Applications

Downlink intensive services • Web browsing, FTP (file download), video/music downloads • HSDPA boosts downlink throughput and capacity • Addition of HSUPA enables faster TCP downloads through reduction of latencies

Uplink intensive services • FTP (file upload), MMS, camera picture upload • HSUPA enables lower latency, higher capacity and throughput

Symmetric and delay sensitive services • Gaming, peer to peer traffic, VoIP, video conference • HSDPA reduces latency in downlink, HSUPA in uplink • The addition of HSUPA provides a better balance of links

CEWIT 2008 8 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology High Data Rates, Multicode Operation, and Low Latency Challenge the Modem Design

HSDPA HSUPA Min Maximum Max Codes Max Data Rate Max Min Category Inter-TTI Data Category & Modulation Codes SF Interval Rate TTI: 10 / 2 ms

11 2 5 / QPSK 0.9 Mbps 1 0.7 Mbps 1 4 1,2 3 5 / 16QAM 1.2 Mbps 2 1.5 / 1.5 Mbps 2 4 12 1 5 / QPSK 1.8 Mbps 3 1.5 Mbps 2 4 3,4 2 5 / 16QAM 1.8 Mbps 4 2.0 / 2.9 Mbps 2 2 5,6 1 5 / 16QAM 3.6 Mbps 5 2.0 Mbps 2 2 7,8 1 10 / 16QAM 7.2 Mbps 6 2.0 / 5.8 Mbps 4 2 9 1 15 / 16QAM 10 Mbps 10 1 15 / 16QAM 14 Mbps

CEWIT 2008 9 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology HSPA Evolution Higher rates, lower delay, greater spectral efficiency, & low power packet-optimized operation

HSDPA / New Category Max Data Rate HSUPA Feature

New UE 13 17 Mbps categories 64QAM reflect higher 14 21 Mbps 15 23 Mbps data rates using MIMO MIMO & 64QAM 16 28 Mbps HSDPA in the downlink, 64QAM 17 64QAM: 17 Mbps or MIMO: 23 Mbps plus 16QAM in 64QAM: 21 Mbps MIMO 18 the uplink. MIMO: 28 Mbps 64QAM 19 35 Mbps and MIMO 20 42 Mbps HSUPA 16 QAM 7 11.5 Mbps

CEWIT 2008 10 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology The Next Step: Long Term Evolution (LTE) Wider bandwidths, OFDMA & MIMO Air interface parameters promise higher rates and lower latency UE categories with peak data DL rates to 300 Mbps and UL to 75 Mbps Supported bandwidths: 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz MIMO up to 4x4 access network latency goal of under 5ms All-IP core network evolves to support seamless interworking Among 3GPP and non-3GPP systems Standards approaching maturity Design & performance standards completed in 2008, test requirements in 2009 Deployment ~2011 Field trials and prototypes happening soon Work has started on LTE-Advanced Targeting 1 Gbps downlink (8x8 MIMO), 500 Mbps uplink & 100 MHz bandwidth

CEWIT 2008 11 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology An HSPA Modem: Design Considerations and Opportunities • Air interface performance – Scalable advanced receiver structures • Chip or symbol-level equalizers – Multiple antennas and RF chains • Receiver diversity – Interference cancellation • Optimize implementation across layers – High-speed processing, memory access and data flow throughout the protocol stack • Tight coupling between hardware and software • Hardware acceleration supports all layers and minimizes MIPs – Power management • Active and stand-by power comparable to GSM/GPRS/EDGE

CEWIT 2008 12 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology

Advanced Receiver and Receive Diversity Provide Superior Performance Throughout the Cell PB3 8 CellCell Edge Edge - -LLowow Ior/Ioc Ior/Ioc IntercIntercellell interference interference 7mitigation mitigation ~~ 7.5 7.5 dB dB gain gain vs. vs. Diversity Diversity Rake Rake ~ 5 dB gain vs. 3GPP Reference d ~ 5 dB gain vs. 3GPP6 Reference ce an ) v Ad r * ve bps S i Cell Center - High Ior/Ioc 5 M ce Cell Center - High Ior/Ioc NL Re (M IntracIntraceellll interferenceinterference mitigationmitigation 4 2x2x throughputthroughput vs.vs. DiversityDiversity RakeRake ughput

o r P

h P 3G ce T 3 en g fer v Re A Diversity Rake 2 IDCC 2Rx 1 Type 3 Ref Rx Rake 2Rx 0 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 Ior/Ioc (dB) * Normalized Least Mean Square HSDPA Cat 8, Pedestrian B Channel, HARQ & AMC ON

CEWIT 2008 13 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology HSPA Modem Block Diagram

To/From 2G Control SW

Inter-RAT L1 Manager Control Timing RRC L1-L23 API Interface SW Manager NAS Tx Frame Processing Tx Chip Rate To/From (E-DCH HARQ) Processing Radio Radio RABM/ RLC Interface PDCP

To/From Host Processor I Host L23 Stack HW Accelerator & Shared Memory Controller AGC &

Memory CQ Interface Rx RRC ACK/NACK

Rx Chip Rate Memory MAC-hs MAC-e Rx Frame Processing MAC (re- (TFC Processing & AFC ordering) Selection) Software MAC-hs (HARQ) (RAKE & Advanced Rx) (MAC-e Grant Processing) Cell Hardware Search & Software Voice Traffic

CEWIT 2008 14 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology From an HSPA Modem to a Full Set of Dual Mode Reference Design Requirements 2G 3G • GSM / EGPRS (EDGE) • UMTS / HSDPA / HSUPA Release 6 • Quad-band – HSDPA Category 8: 7.2 Mbps peak – 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 MHZ – HSUPA Category 3: 1.5 Mbps peak • Handoff to/from 3G • Tri-Band – US Cellular 850 MHz • Packet-switched data – US PCS 1900 MHZ – Multislot (E)GPRS Class 12 – International UMTS 2100 MHZ – (E)GPRS Class A Type 2 Mobile Terminal • Advanced Receiver & Receive Diversity • Conversational, streaming, background, for improved cell edge performance & interactive QoS classes • Legacy WCDMA dedicated channels • Circuit-switched data – Voice, 384 kbps UL, 384 kbps DL • Single antenna interference cancellation • Handoff to/from 2G (SAIC) • Transmit Diversity • Dual transfer mode (DTM Class 11 • UE Power Class 3 (+24 dBm) • Voice codecs • Multiple PDP contexts – Full rate (FR, Half rate (HR), Enhanced full rate (EFR), Advance multi-rate • UMTS QoS traffic classes, PPP, IP (AMR) transparent and non-transparent modes, RFC 2507 IP Header Compression

CEWIT 2008 15 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology

Many Devices Can Benefit from Broadband Connectivity

Mobility Applications Traditional “Computing”

Smart Phones Voice and SMS Notebooks

Machine-to-Machine Multimedia Entertainment

Basic Phone

Wireless “Machines” Consumer Electronics

CEWIT 2008 16 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology Reference Design Form Factors

Wireless Module ••LGALGA PackagePackage ••UsableUsable area:area: ~600~600 mmmm22 ••OverallOverall height:height: ~2.5~2.5 mmmm

PCIe Half-Mini Card ••Dimensions:Dimensions: 26.8mm26.8mm xx 30mm30mm ••UsableUsable area:area: 12061206 mmmm22 ••OverallOverall HeightHeight << 5mm5mm

USB Card •• ExpressCard34ExpressCard34 designdesign portableportable toto USB,USB, butbut thethe smallersmaller thethe better!better!

ExpressCard 34 •• Dimensions:Dimensions: 3434 mmmm xx 7575 mmmm (plus(plus extensionextension forfor antenna)antenna) •• UsableUsable area:area: ~4200~4200 mmmm22 •• HeightHeight << 55 mmmm

CEWIT 2008 17 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology ExpressCard 34 Fit Study

2 300mm GPS Receiver 140mm2 Memory 125mm2 Tri-Band WCDMA Diversity Receiver 2 220mm

TCXO 410mm2 Required space: 2075 mm2 Available space: 4200 mm2

2 XTAL 300mm

Power Management, DC-DC Converters, Over-current protection, Reset Circuitry, Inductors, Capacitors 580mm2

CEWIT 2008 18 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology The SlimChipTM ExpressCard34 Reference Design

PrimaryPrimary IntInteerDigrDigitalital PAPA DC/DCDC/DC DivDiveersityrsity DuaDual l MModeode AntenAntennana HeadHeadsseett TM ConvertConverteerr TranscTransceeiveriver TranscTransceeiveriver SwitchSwitch JackJack AntennaAntenna SSlimChiplimChipTM

A-GPS Power Stacked USIM ExExprpresesssCCaarrdd PAPA UMTSUMTS GSM/GSM/EDGEDGEE RFRF TestTest StatusStatus A-GPS Power Stacked USIM Management Memory Connector ConneConnectctoror CapaCapacicitotorsrs PAPA PAPA ConneConnectctoror LEDLED Management Memory Connector

Top Bottom

CEWIT 2008 19 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology Lab Test Setup for WCDMA/HSPA

Test Interference Channel Emulators Bench Generator Control BSE PC Control PC

Device Base Under Test Station (w/ debug wings Emulator attached) (BSE)

CEWIT 2008 20 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology Certification Testing

GCF / PTCRB Testing • Over 2200 Test Cases

In-House Testing Field / Drive Product ready •Unit Tests Testing On Live • System Tests Networks reference design

Network Vendor Interoperability Testing (NVIOT) GCF: Global Certification Forum PTCRB: PCS Type Certification Review Board

CEWIT 2008 21 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology Evolving to the Half-Mini Card • Advanced packaging technology reduces required board area – Baseband + memory Package-on-Package (PoP)

Package-on-Package (PoP) Memory

30 mm x 27mm x 5mm

InterDigital Baseband ½ Mini Card Platform SlimChipTM 6071

CEWIT 2008 22 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology The SlimChipTM Half-Mini Card Reference Design

AntennaAntenna DiversityDiversity Connectors GSM / EDGE Switchplexer antenna Connectors UMTUMTSS GSM / EDGE Switchplexer antenna PAs PAPA switchswitch PAPA DC/DCDC/DC PAs ConverterConverter

LNALNA

DiversityDiversity PowerPower RxRx ManagementManagement LNALNA DuDualal MMooddee TMTM InterDigitalInterDigital SlimChipSlimChip PoPPoP TransceiTransceivverer

CEWIT 2008 23 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology What’s Next?

• Support for evolving air interfaces –HSPA+ – Long Term Evolution (LTE) • Programmable / reconfigurable hardware – Increased hardware sharing among operating modes – Software defined radio (SDR) techniques • Higher levels of integration and smaller reference designs – Combined RF/Baseband packaging – RF/Baseband Silicon Integration

CEWIT 2008 24 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology

Thank you for your attention

• For further information, please contact:

– Robert A. DiFazio – [email protected] – www.interdigital.com – ℡ +1-631-622-4395

CEWIT 2008 25 Center of Excellence Wireless and Information Technology

Questions & Answers

CEWIT 2008