DOCSLIB.ORG

Uva-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Uva-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Fats & Fakes Towards improved control of malaria Visser, B.J. Publication date 2017 Document Version Other version License Other Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Visser, B. J. (2017). Fats & Fakes: Towards improved control of malaria. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:28 Sep 2021 Chapter 2 Discovery of the Malaria Parasites and their Vectors – A Short History Benjamin J. Visser Martin P. Grobusch Discoveries in Modern Science: Exploration, Invention, Technology, 1st ed. 2015, Chapter: Malaria Is Transmitted by Mosquitoes, Publisher: Macmillan Reference USA, Editors: James Trefil, Patricia Daniels, Donna McPhie, Craig Schiffries, pp.640-647 “Land cover map of Africa. This map was produced for the year 2000 using data collected by sensors on satellites.” Adapted from: Soil Atlas of Africa, 2013. European Commission, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.1 21 20 507377-L-bw-Visser Processed on: 19-1-2017 Chapter 2 Discovery of the Malaria Parasites and their Vectors – A Short History Benjamin J. Visser Martin P. Grobusch Discoveries in Modern Science: Exploration, Invention, Technology, 1st ed. 2015, Chapter: Malaria Is Transmitted by Mosquitoes, Publisher: Macmillan Reference USA, Editors: James Trefil, Patricia Daniels, Donna McPhie, Craig Schiffries, pp.640-647 “Land cover map of Africa. This map was produced for the year 2000 using data collected by sensors on satellites.” Adapted from: Soil Atlas of Africa, 2013. European Commission, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.1 21 20 507377-L-bw-Visser Processed on: 19-1-2017 Chapter 2 Discovery of the Malaria Parasites and their Vectors Abstract Introduction Malaria is an ancient disease continuing to pose an enormous health, social, and economic Malaria is an ancient disease causing an enormous health, social, and economic burden51, 52. burden. It is caused by infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the genus It has been described for more than four millennia and is understood to have changed human Plasmodium transmitted via the bite of female Anopheles species mosquitoes. Of more than populations and the course of human history53, 54. Malaria continues to sicken hundreds of 100 different species infecting a wide range of animals from rodents and birds to mammals, millions of people, resulting in an estimated number of preventable deaths exceeding one five species of malaria parasites are known to infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum, P. million per year (1.2 million in 2010), most of them children under five years of age in sub- vivax, P. ovale (now being recognized as consisting of two subspecies), P. malariae and P. Saharan Africa3. In many aspects, the multifaceted history of malaria illuminates the knowlesi. P. falciparum is most likely to cause severe disease and, if not promptly treated, evolution of modern science and medicine over the centuries, from myths and supernatural may lead to death. References to the disease occur in the Chinese canon of medicine, clay beliefs to evidence-based scientific insights55. Poverty and inequality, as much as geography tablets from Mesopotamia, Egyptian papyri and Indian medical works. Descriptions of and climate, made malaria only recently a ‘‘tropical’’ disease: even in the early twentieth malaria from classic Greece and the Roman Empire are abundant. It was commonly believed century it afflicted temperate regions of North America stretching northward into Canada, that malaria was caused by marsh water and foul vapors emanating from swamps, hence the western and northern Europe, and Central and East Asia (see Figure 1)56, 57. Elimination of word mal’aria, from the Italian for “bad air”. For thousands of years, no effective treatment the disease was achieved progressively from many of these areas, and following these was available. This changed with the discovery of Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood) in successes, the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Malaria Eradication Program was China and the use of quinine from Peruvian bark as potent and effective drugs against launched in the late 1950s. There were many accomplishments; however, in the heartlands malaria. The current understanding of the malaria parasites and their lifecycle starts in the of malaria (especially sub-Saharan Africa) the disease remains a dangerous and resilient end of the nineteenth century with the discovery of the malaria parasites in the blood of foe58. Climate change is predicted to have unexpected consequences on malaria distribution malaria patients by Alphonse Laveran in 1880. Subsequently, Ronald Ross discovered in and incidence59. Changes in rainfall, and rising as well as fluctuating temperatures, influence 1897 that a bird malaria parasite was transmitted by mosquitoes. In 1898 Giovanni Grassi, the Anopheles mosquito vectors60. In addition, the malaria life cycle can be altered by Camillo Golgi, Ettore Marchiafava, Amico Bignami, Angelo Celli and Giuseppe Bastianelli temperature variations that influence parasite development within the mosquito (the extrinsic confirmed that malaria in humans was also a mosquito-borne disease, in this case Anopheles incubation development)61. Climate change, which may lead to altitudinal and latitudinal species. Grassi and Filetti introduced the names of P. vivax and P. malariae in 1890. The temperature increases, pose a particular risk for high-elevation areas and regions with a causative agent of what was dubbed ‘malignant malaria’ was baptized P. falciparum by temperate climate59, 62. Climate change can result in reduced prevalence in some areas, while William Welch in 1897 and P. ovale by John Stephens in 1922. The discovery of a liver it may increase or be (re-)introduced in others60, 63. stage before malaria enters the bloodstream was made by Henry Shortt and Cyril Garnham in 1948. The existence of dormant stages, in P. vivax and P. ovale was shown in 1982 by Wojciech Krotoski. This chapter describes the key discoveries and provides a short overview of the multifaceted history of malaria. 23 22 507377-L-bw-Visser Processed on: 19-1-2017 Chapter 2 Discovery of the Malaria Parasites and their Vectors Abstract Introduction Malaria is an ancient disease continuing to pose an enormous health, social, and economic Malaria is an ancient disease causing an enormous health, social, and economic burden51, 52. burden. It is caused by infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the genus It has been described for more than four millennia and is understood to have changed human Plasmodium transmitted via the bite of female Anopheles species mosquitoes. Of more than populations and the course of human history53, 54. Malaria continues to sicken hundreds of 100 different species infecting a wide range of animals from rodents and birds to mammals, millions of people, resulting in an estimated number of preventable deaths exceeding one 2 five species of malaria parasites are known to infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum, P. million per year (1.2 million in 2010), most of them children under five years of age in sub- vivax, P. ovale (now being recognized as consisting of two subspecies), P. malariae and P. Saharan Africa3. In many aspects, the multifaceted history of malaria illuminates the knowlesi. P. falciparum is most likely to cause severe disease and, if not promptly treated, evolution of modern science and medicine over the centuries, from myths and supernatural may lead to death. References to the disease occur in the Chinese canon of medicine, clay beliefs to evidence-based scientific insights55. Poverty and inequality, as much as geography tablets from Mesopotamia, Egyptian papyri and Indian medical works. Descriptions of and climate, made malaria only recently a ‘‘tropical’’ disease: even in the early twentieth malaria from classic Greece and the Roman Empire are abundant. It was commonly believed century it afflicted temperate regions of North America stretching northward into Canada, that malaria was caused by marsh water and foul vapors emanating from swamps, hence the western and northern Europe, and Central and East Asia (see Figure 1)56, 57. Elimination of word mal’aria, from the Italian for “bad air”. For thousands of years, no effective treatment the disease was achieved progressively from many of these areas, and following these was available. This changed with the discovery of Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood) in successes, the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Malaria Eradication Program was China and the use of quinine from Peruvian bark as potent and effective drugs against launched in the late 1950s. There were
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Transcriptome of the Avian Malaria Parasite Plasmodium
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/072454; this version posted August 31, 2016. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 The Transcriptome of the Avian Malaria Parasite 2 Plasmodium ashfordi Displays Host-Specific Gene 3 Expression 4 5 6 7 8 Running title 9 The Transcriptome of Plasmodium ashfordi 10 11 Authors 12 Elin Videvall1, Charlie K. Cornwallis1, Dag Ahrén1,3, Vaidas Palinauskas2, Gediminas Valkiūnas2, 13 Olof Hellgren1 14 15 Affiliation 16 1Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 17 2Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania 18 3National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Lund University, Lund, Sweden 19 20 Corresponding authors 21 Elin Videvall ([email protected]) 22 Olof Hellgren ([email protected]) 23 24 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/072454; this version posted August 31, 2016. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 25 Abstract 26 27 Malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) include some of the world’s most widespread and virulent 28 pathogens, infecting a wide array of vertebrates. Our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms these 29 parasites use to invade and exploit hosts other than mice and primates is, however, extremely limited. 30 How do Plasmodium adapt to individual hosts and to the immune response of hosts throughout an 31 infection? To better understand parasite plasticity, and identify genes that are conserved across the 32 phylogeny, it is imperative that we characterize transcriptome-wide gene expression from non-model 33 malaria parasites in multiple host individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • And Toxoplasmosis in Jackass Penguins in South Africa
    IMMUNOLOGICAL SURVEY OF BABESIOSIS (BABESIA PEIRCEI) AND TOXOPLASMOSIS IN JACKASS PENGUINS IN SOUTH AFRICA GRACZYK T.K.', B1~OSSY J.].", SA DERS M.L. ', D UBEY J.P.···, PLOS A .. ••• & STOSKOPF M. K .. •••• Sununary : ReSlIlIle: E x-I1V\c n oN l~ lIrIUSATION D'Ar\'"TIGENE DE B ;IB£,'lA PH/Re El EN ELISA ET simoNi,cATIVlTli t'OUR 7 bxo l'l.ASMA GONIJfI DE SI'I-IENICUS was extracted from nucleated erythrocytes Babesia peircei of IJEMIiNSUS EN ArRIQUE D U SUD naturally infected Jackass penguin (Spheniscus demersus) from South Africo (SA). Babesia peircei glycoprotein·enriched fractions Babesia peircei a ele extra it d 'erythrocytes nue/fies p,ovenanl de Sphenicus demersus originoires d 'Afrique du Sud infectes were obto ined by conca navalin A-Sepharose affinity column natulellement. Des fractions de Babesia peircei enrichies en chromatogrophy and separated by sod ium dodecyl sulphate­ glycoproleines onl ele oblenues par chromatographie sur colonne polyacrylam ide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE ). At least d 'alfinite concona valine A-Sephorose et separees par 14 protein bonds (9, 11, 13, 20, 22, 23, 24, 43, 62, 90, electrophorese en gel de polyacrylamide-dodecylsuJfale de sodium 120, 204, and 205 kDa) were observed, with the major protein (SOS'PAGE) Q uotorze bandes proleiques au minimum ont ete at 25 kDa. Blood samples of 191 adult S. demersus were tes ted observees (9, 1 I, 13, 20, 22, 23, 24, 43, 62, 90, 120, 204, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assoy (ELISA) utilizing B. peircei et 205 Wa), 10 proleine ma;eure elant de 25 Wo.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity: New Approaches to Old Problems
    Medical History, 2004, 48: 311±328 The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity: New Approaches to Old Problems ROBERT SALLARES, ABIGAIL BOUWMAN and CECILIA ANDERUNG* Introduction The discoveries in the late nineteenth century that malaria is caused by protozoan para- sites, which are transmitted by mosquitoes, quickly led to intense speculation about its history in antiquity. The historiography of malaria has passed through three distinct phases during the last hundred years or so. The first generation of historians to consider the effects of malaria did exaggerate its significance in some respects. The argument by W H S Jones that the Greek doctrine of fevers was based on malaria was generally and rightly accepted. However, it is not surprising that his view that malaria was a major reason for the degen- eration of the moral character of the ancient Greeks attracted little sympathy.1 The eradica- tion of malaria from southern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s contributed to a decline of interest in the subject. Subsequently medical historians and even professional malariolo- gists tended to minimize the historical significance of malaria.2 The revisionist tendencies of this second phase of research led to attempts to reassess some of the details of the evidence upon which Jones had relied. For example, Leonard Bruce-Chwatt and Julian de Zulueta rejected Jones's belief that Plasmodium falciparum, the most dangerous of the four species of human malaria, was already active in Greece in the fifth century BC. They suggested that it started to spread in southern Europe only during the time of the Roman Empire and attributed all the references to intermittent tertian fevers in Hippocratic texts dating to the 3 fifth and fourth centuries BC to the less virulent P.
    [Show full text]
  • Mosquitoes, Quinine and the Socialism of Italian Women 1900–1914
    MOSQUITOES, QUININE AND THE SOCIALISM OF ITALIAN WOMEN 1900–1914 Malaria qualifies as a major issue of modern Italian history because of the burden of death, suffering and economic cost that it imposed. But it is fruitful to examine its history from a more hopeful, if largely neglected, vantage point. Paradoxically, mal- aria — or rather the great campaign to eradicate it with quinine — played a substantial political role. It promoted the rise of the Italian labour movement, the formation of a socialist aware- ness among farmworkers and the establishment of a collective consciousness among women. In 1900 the Italian parliament declared war on malaria. After a series of vicissitudes, this project achieved final victory in 1962 when the last indigenous cases were reported.1 Italy thus provided the classic example of the purposeful eradication of malaria. The argument here is that the early phase of this campaign down to the First World War played a profoundly subversive role. The campaign served as a catalyst to mass movements by farmworkers, especially women. Three geographical areas were most affected: the rice belt of Novara and Pavia provinces in the North, the Roman Campagna in the Centre, and the province of Foggia in the South. Inevitably, this argument involves the intersection of malaria with two further disasters that befell millions. One was the mis- fortune of being born a farm labourer in a society where serious commentators debated who suffered more — Italian braccianti (farmworkers) in the latter half of the nineteenth century or American slaves in the first.2 The other disaster was the burden of being not only a field hand but also a woman in a nation that Anna Kuliscioff, the most prominent feminist of the period, 1 World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Prevention of the Reintroduction of Malaria in the Countries of the Western Mediterranean: Report on a WHO Meeting, Erice (Italy), 23–27 October 1979 (Geneva, 1979), 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Early History of Infectious Disease 
    © Jones and Bartlett Publishers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER ONE EARLY HISTORY OF INFECTIOUS 1 DISEASE Kenrad E. Nelson, Carolyn F. Williams Epidemics of infectious diseases have been documented throughout history. In ancient Greece and Egypt accounts describe epidemics of smallpox, leprosy, tuberculosis, meningococcal infections, and diphtheria.1 The morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases profoundly shaped politics, commerce, and culture. In epidemics, none were spared. Smallpox likely disfigured and killed Ramses V in 1157 BCE, although his mummy has a significant head wound as well.2 At times political upheavals exasperated the spread of disease. The Spartan wars caused massive dislocation of Greeks into Athens triggering the Athens epidemic of 430–427 BCE that killed up to one half of the population of ancient Athens.3 Thucydides’ vivid descriptions of this epidemic make clear its political and cultural impact, as well as the clinical details of the epidemic.4 Several modern epidemiologists have hypothesized on the causative agent. Langmuir et al.,5 favor a combined influenza and toxin-producing staphylococcus epidemic, while Morrens and Chu suggest Rift Valley Fever.6 A third researcher, Holladay believes the agent no longer exists.7 From the earliest times, man has sought to understand the natural forces and risk factors affecting the patterns of illness and death in society. These theories have evolved as our understanding of the natural world has advanced, sometimes slowly, sometimes, when there are profound break- throughs, with incredible speed. Remarkably, advances in knowledge and changes in theory have not always proceeded in synchrony. Although wrong theories or knowledge have hindered advances in understanding, there are also examples of great creativity when scientists have successfully pursued their theories beyond the knowledge of the time.
    [Show full text]
  • (Diptera: Culicidae) in Fianl›Urfa Province, Turkey
    TurkJZool 30(2006)383-392 ©TÜB‹TAK SeasonalFrequencyandRelativeDensityofLarvalPopulationsof MosquitoSpecies(Diptera:Culicidae)infianl›urfaProvince,Turkey* FatihMehmetfi‹MfiEK AdnanMenderesUniversity,FacultyofArtsandScience,DepartmentofBiology,EcologySection,09010Ayd›n-TURKEY Received:27.09.2005 Abstract: ThisresearchwasconductedbetweenJune2000andAugust2002in2regionsoffianl›urfa:one(IR)wheretherewas substantialirrigatedagricultureduetotheSoutheasternAnatoliaProjectandanother(MR)whereahighnumberofmalariacase s weredeterminedeveryyear.Tenspecies,namely Anopheles(Anopheles)claviger Meigen,1804,An.(Anopheles)sacharovi Favre, 1903,An.(Cellia)superpictus Grassi,1899, Culex(Neoculex) martinii Medschid,1930, Cx.(Culex)pipiens Linnaeus,1758, Cx. (Neoculex)territans Walker,1856, Cx.(Culex)theileri Theobald,1903, Culiseta(Allotheobaldia)longiareolata Macquart,1938, Ochlerotatus(Ochlerotatus)caspius Pallas,1771andUranotaenia(Pseudoficalbia)unguiculata Edwards,1903,wererecordedinthis study,andseasonalfrequenciesandrelativedensitiesoflarvalpopulationsweredeterminedseparatelyforeachregion.Based on thefrequencies,relativedensitiesandvectorialsignificanceofspeciesfoundinthisstudy,Culexpipiens,Cx.theileri andOchlerotatus caspius inIRandAnophelesclaviger,An.sacharovi,andAn.superpictus inMRwereofhighersignificance. KeyWords: Mosquitoes,larvalpopulation,frequency,relativedensity,malaria,fianl›urfa fianl›urfa‹li'ndeSivrisinekTürlerinin(Diptera:Culicidae) LarvaPopulasyonlar›n›nMevsimselS›kl›¤›veNisbiYo¤unlu¤u Özet: Buaraflt›rma,fianl›urfa‹li'nin,Güneydo¤uAnadoluProjesikapsam›ndasulutar›muygulamalar›n›nyap›ld›¤›bölgesi(IR)ileher
    [Show full text]
  • A Two-Year Survey on Mosquitoes of Lebanon Knio K.M.*, Markarian N.*, Kassis A.* & Nuwayri-Salti N.**
    Article available at http://www.parasite-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2005123229 A TWO-YEAR SURVEY ON MOSQUITOES OF LEBANON KNIO K.M.*, MARKARIAN N.*, KASSIS A.* & NUWAYRI-SALTI N.** Summary: Résumé : LES MOUSTIQUES DU LIBAN : RÉSULTATS DE DEUX ANS DE RÉCOLTES A total of 6,500 mosquitoes were identified during a two-year survey (1999-2001) in Lebanon, and these belonged to twelve Au cours d’une période d’observation de deux ans (1999-2001), species: Culex pipiens, Cx. laticinctus, Cx. mimeticus, 6500 moustiques ont été identifiés au Liban et répartis en Cx. hortensis, Cx. judaicus, Aedes aegypti, Ae. cretinus, 12 espèces : Culex pipiens, Cx. laticinctus, Cx. mimeticus, Ochlerotatus caspius, Oc. geniculatus, Oc. pulchritarsis, Culiseta Cx. hortensis, Cx. judaicus, Aedes aegypti, Ae. cretinus, longiareolata and Anopheles claviger. Culex pipiens was the most Ochlerotatus caspius, Oc. geniculatus, Oc. pulchritarsis, Culiseta predominant species in Lebanon, collected indoors and outdoors. longiareolata and Anopheles claviger. Culex pipiens, l’espèce It was continuously abundant and active throughout the year. prédominante, a été collectée à l’extérieur et à l’intérieur. Elle a Culex judaicus was a small and rare mosquito and it is reported été trouvée abondante et active tout au long de l’année. Culex to occur for the first time in Lebanon. On the coastal areas, judaicus, espèce petite et rare, a été observée et identifiée pour Ochlerotatus caspius was very common, and proved to be a la première fois au Liban. Dans les zones côtières, il s’est avéré complex of species as two forms were detected.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Views on the Biology of the Malaria Parasites
    Modern views on the biology of the malaria parasites Autor(en): Raffaele, G. Objekttyp: Article Zeitschrift: Acta Tropica Band (Jahr): 3 (1946) Heft 1 PDF erstellt am: 05.10.2021 Persistenter Link: http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-310006 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print- und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber. Haftungsausschluss Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot zugänglich sind. Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch (Istituto di Malariologia "Ettore Marchiafava", Roma.) Modern Views on the Biology of the Malaria Parasites. By G. Raffaele. (Received 6th November, 1945.) Research on the biology of the malarial parasites, begun after Laveran's discovery and continued for almost twenty years with exceptional fervour, seemed to have reached a conclusion with the demonstration by Schaudinn in 1902 of the mechanism of penetration of the sporozoites into the red blood corpuscles.
    [Show full text]
  • A Classification System for Mosquito Life Cycles: Life Cycle Types for Mosquitoes of the Northeastern United States
    June, 2004 Journal of Vector Ecology 1 Distinguished Achievement Award Presentation at the 2003 Society for Vector Ecology Meeting A classification system for mosquito life cycles: life cycle types for mosquitoes of the northeastern United States Wayne J. Crans Mosquito Research and Control, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, U.S.A. Received 8 January 2004; Accepted 16 January 2004 ABSTRACT: A system for the classification of mosquito life cycle types is presented for mosquito species found in the northeastern United States. Primary subdivisions include Univoltine Aedine, Multivoltine Aedine, Multivoltine Culex/Anopheles, and Unique Life Cycle Types. A montotypic subdivision groups life cycle types restricted to single species. The classification system recognizes 11 shared life cycle types and three that are limited to single species. Criteria for assignments include: 1) where the eggs are laid, 2) typical larval habitat, 3) number of generations per year, and 4) stage of the life cycle that overwinters. The 14 types in the northeast have been named for common model species. A list of species for each life cycle type is provided to serve as a teaching aid for students of mosquito biology. Journal of Vector Ecology 29 (1): 1-10. 2004. Keyword Index: Mosquito biology, larval mosquito habitats, classification of mosquito life cycles. INTRODUCTION strategies that do not fit into any of the four basic temperate types that Bates described in his book. Two There are currently more than 3,000 mosquito of the mosquitoes he suggested as model species occur species in the world grouped in 39 genera and 135 only in Europe and one of his temperate life cycle types subgenera (Clements 1992, Reinert 2000, 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Plasmodium Knowlesi) • Simian Malaria Common in Macaques and Other Monkeys in Southeast Asia
    THE HUMAN SCOURGE THAT REFUSES TO GO AWAY Malaria UPDATe 2011 (coming to a theater near you?) T. Michael Fink Office of Infectious Diseases Arizona Department of Health Services Phoenix, Arizona What is Malaria • Mal’aria: literally “bad air”; reflects the ancient idea that many diseases were caused by miasmas or bad vapors from swamps and marshes. • 1880: Dr. Charles Laveran first to attribute a parasite as the cause for malaria. He observed and described what would later be classified as Plasmodium malariae in the blood of sick French soldiers stationed in Algeria. • 1890-1922: three additional human plasmodia were identified. • 1990s: a fifth species, long recognized as a simian form, was found to be capable of producing illness in humans. Types of Human Plasmodia - Malaria • Plasmodium falciparum - Falciparum malaria (Welch 1897) • P. malariae - Quartan Malaria (Laveran 1881) • P. ovale - Ovale malaria (Stephens 1922) • P. vivax - Vivax malaria (Grassi and Feletti 1890) • P. knowlesi new - Knowlesi malaria (Knowles and Das Gupta 1932) What is Malaria (cont) • Today nearly 120 species of plasmodia, including 22 species found in primate hosts, are known. • There are species that infected birds, reptiles, rodent, bats and many other animals. But these have nothing to do with human morbidity. • 1898: Sir Rondald Ross described the complete transmission cycle of avian malaria in culicine mosquitoes & birds. His work led to the mosquito being acknowledged as the vector of malaria. • 1898: Anopheles mosquitoes established as the sole vector of human malaria. Grassi Marchiafava Conquerors of Malaria Giovanni Battisa Grassi (1854-1925) Ettore Marchiafava (1847-1935) Amico Bignami (1862-1919) Giuseppe Bastianelli (1862-1959) Angeolo Celli (1857-1914) Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) Discerned the complete transmission cycle of human malaria in anopheline mosquitoes & humans between 1898 & Golgi Celli 1900.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Discovery of the Malaria Parasites and Their Vectors Francis EG Cox*
    Cox Parasites & Vectors 2010, 3:5 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/3/1/5 REVIEW Open Access History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors Francis EG Cox* Abstract Malaria is caused by infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium transmitted by female Anopheles species mosquitoes. Our understanding of the malaria parasites begins in 1880 with the discovery of the parasites in the blood of malaria patients by Alphonse Laveran. The sexual stages in the blood were discovered by William MacCallum in birds infected with a related haematozoan, Haemoproteus columbae, in 1897 and the whole of the transmission cycle in culicine mosquitoes and birds infected with Plasmodium relictum was elucidated by Ronald Ross in 1897. In 1898 the Italian malariologists, Giovanni Battista Grassi, Amico Bignami, Giuseppe Bastianelli, Angelo Celli, Camillo Golgi and Ettore Marchiafava demonstrated conclusively that human malaria was also trans- mitted by mosquitoes, in this case anophelines. The discovery that malaria parasites developed in the liver before entering the blood stream was made by Henry Shortt and Cyril Garnham in 1948 and the final stage in the life cycle, the presence of dormant stages in the liver, was conclusively demonstrated in 1982 by Wojciech Krotoski. This article traces the main events and stresses the importance of comparative studies in that, apart from the initial discovery of parasites in the blood, every subsequent discovery has been based on studies on non-human malaria parasites and related organisms. Background Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in 1878-1879, the search Malaria is an ancient disease and references to what was for the cause of malaria intensified.
    [Show full text]
  • Pioneers in the Anti-Malaria Battle in Greece (1900–1930)
    Gesnerus 68/2 (2011) 180–97 Pioneers in the anti-malaria battle in Greece (1900–1930) Maria Mandyla, Costas Tsiamis, Alexandros Kousounis, Eleni Petridou Summary The aim of the study is to present the efforts of the Greek physicians to introduce a malaria control and eradication program in Greece. It is based on the proceedings of the Greek Anti-Malaria League and on medico- historical studies. Due to political, economic and military reasons the Greek State seemed weak to develop a dedicated plan to eradicate malaria. Hence, the Greek Anti-Malaria League in 1905 was founded by a group of eminent citizens who took the initiative to organize a campaign against the disease. Constantinos Savvas, Professor of Hygiene and Microbiology and President of the League, as well as the pediatrician Dr. Ioannis Kardamatis were among the most influential personalities in the Greek society at that time. Due to the massive use of quinine the burden of the disease decreased significantly. But, the national disaster of 1922, however, during the Greek-Turkish War and the wave of one million Greek refugees from Asia Minor to Greece modified the epidemiological map of malaria. The heritage of the epidemio- logical studies undertaken by the League was the basis for the new campaign undertaken during the 1930s by the Greek State and the Rockefeller Foun- dation. The new structure of the Sanitary Services, the legacy of the League’s experience and the knowledge of the Greek trainees of the Rockefeller Foundation, served as the starting-point for the final eradication of malaria after World War II.
    [Show full text]