Marine Archaeological Overview Assessment for the Anson Road Public Wharf Construction Project, Mayne Island, BC

Prepared for: Lani O’Dwyer, Project Technologist Capital Regional District – Integrated Water Services 479 Island Hwy Victoria, BC V9B 1H7 Phone: 250.360.3143 Email: [email protected]

Prepared by: Kleanza Consulting Ltd. Unit 211, 6996 Island Highway C/O 4615 Maple Guard Drive Bowser, BC V0R 1G0 Phone: 250.514.4074 www.kleanza.com

Copyright © May 10, 2019

Kleanza Project #19-013 Kleanza Consulting Ltd.

Executive Summary

This report presents the results of a marine archaeological overview assessment (marine AOA) of the proposed Anson Road Public Wharf Construction Project, located in Horton Bay on Mayne Island, BC (the “Project area”). This marine AOA was conducted to provide a planning-level evaluation of archaeological assessment and permitting needs for the Project area with a focus on determining if there are any archaeological resources that may conflict with the proposed development.

According to the Consultative Areas Database, the proposed development is located within the shared traditional territories of the Cowichan First Nation, Lake Cowichan First Nation, Lyackson First Nation, Pauquachin First Nation, Penelakut First Nation, Semiahmoo First Nation, Tsawwassen First Nation, Tsartlip Indian Band, Tsawout First Nation, Tseycum Indian Band, and the Stz’uminus First Nation.

High potential for pre-contact archaeological sites is present in the intertidal and subsea portion of the Project area. Navionics® chart data shows a marked change in bathymetric contour approximately 20–25 m off shore at the proposed dock location suggesting the possibility of a clam garden wall or paleoshoreline.

The Project area has seven registered archaeological sites within 1 km: DeRt-7, DeRt- 72, DeRt-73, DeRt-74, DeRt-75, DeRt-76, and DeRt-89. These sites comprise a wide variety of typologies including lithics, ancestral burials, and cultural shell deposits. Given the close proximity of the Project area to these sites, the knowledge shared by First Nations regarding traditional practices of clam gardening and reef netting in the area, and the results of bathymetric data for the intertidal and subsea portion of the Project area, Kleanza concurs with the Capital Regional District request that an Archaeological Impact Assessment of the Project area should be undertaken. Kleanza further recommends that the impact assessment be extended to the intertidal and subtidal areas and include archaeological testing of the sea floor. Additionally, Kleanza recommends that benthic video or still photographs be examined for further subsea archaeological indicators, prior to the assessment of intertidal and subtidal portion of the Project area.

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Credits

Background Research Rob Field, BA Morgan Bartlett, BA

Mapping Wendy Rolston, Magellan Digital Mapping

Report Authors Rob Field Morgan Bartlett Kim Berg, BA

Review Jennifer Botica, PhD, RPCA, RPA, CAHP

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Table of Contents Executive Summary ...... 1 List of Figures ...... 4 List of Tables ...... 4 Glossary of Terms ...... 5 1.0 Introduction...... 7 1.1 General ...... 7 1.2 Marine AOA Objectives and Scope of Work ...... 7 1.3 The Archaeological Assessment Process in BC...... 8 2.0 Proposed Project ...... 8 3.0 Marine AOA Study Methods ...... 9 3.1 Background Review...... 9 3.2 First Nations Liaison ...... 9 3.3 Archaeological Potential Assessment...... 10 4.0 Geography and Climate of the Project Area ...... 11 5.0 Ethnographic and Historical Review ...... 12 5.1 Ethnographic Background...... 12 5.2 Historical Background ...... 13 5.3 Summary ...... 16 6.0 Archaeology of the Region ...... 16 6.1 Archaeology of the Salish Sea ...... 16 6.2 Previous Archaeological Studies ...... 17 6.3 Archaeological Sites Within/Adjacent to the Project Area ...... 17 7.0 Archaeological Potential Assessment ...... 19 7.1 Areas with High Potential ...... 19 8.0 Recommendations...... 20 9.0 Conclusion ...... 21 9.1 Summary ...... 21 9.2 Closure...... 21 References Cited ...... 22 Appendix I: Maps ...... 26

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List of Figures Figure 1. Saint Mary Magdalene Church, consecrated in 1889...... 14 Figure 2. Reconstructed circular kiln on Mayne Island...... 15 Figure 3: Navionics® Chart for Anson Road Dock Facility Location ...... 20

List of Tables Table 1. Archaeological sites recorded within 1 km of the Project area...... 17

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Glossary of Terms AD 1846 The blanket cut-off date for “precontact” cultural material under the Heritage Conservation Act (HCA), used by the BC Archaeology Branch to delineate a protected archaeological site or an unprotected historical site.

AIA Archaeological Impact Assessment — An archaeological survey and investigation, conducted under a Section 14 permit. Shovel tests and excavations may be conducted, and culturally modified trees may be sampled with an increment core.

AOA Archaeological Overview Assessment — A review of all available maps, topographic features, forest cover, and waterway data. Recommendations are made based on the archaeological potential of the project area.

Artifact Portable objects or tools made and used by past peoples. In BC, artifacts are generally made from materials such as stone, bone, antler, shell, and organic materials.

Bathymetric/Bathymetry Bathymetry is the study of underwater depth of lake or ocean floors. In other words, bathymetry is the underwater equivalent to hypsometry or topography. The name comes from Greek βαθύς (bathus), "deep", and μέτρον (metron), "measure".

BP Before Present — Refers to radiocarbon years before present (“present” is defined as AD 1950).

Cultural shell deposit/Shell midden Cultural soils characterized by the presence of processed shell and commonly contain charcoal, ash, and burnt sediments, as well as stone, bone, shell, and antler artifacts. Deposits associated with long-term occupations can reach significant depths.

Feature Non-portable objects or modifications to the natural landscape by Indigenous people and including, but not limited to, hearths, house depressions, and cache pits.

HCA Heritage Conservation Act — Legislation outlining policies for the protection and conservation of heritage property on provincial land in .

Historical period In BC, refers to sites and material culture postdating AD 1846.

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Intertidal Is the area between the high tide mark and the low tide mark.

Landward Toward the land.

Lithic Tools made or modified of stone by humans. Lithics can be flaked/chipped or ground (The latter are often referred to as “groundstone” artifacts).

PFR Preliminary field reconnaissance — An archaeological survey that can be completed without a Section 14 AIA permit, and thus does not allow for any subsurface testing or CMT increment core sampling.

Sea floor The ground surface below water.

Shoreline The high tide mark.

Shoreward Toward the shore.

Subsea Everything below the low tide mark.

Subtidal Everything below the low tide mark (interchangeable with “subsea”).

Traditional use Indigenous cultural practices or locations associated with a variety of activities including, but not limited to, resource gathering, hunting, fishing, habitation, camping, and sites of ceremonial or spiritual significance.

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1.0 Introduction

1.1 General This report presents the results of a marine archaeological overview assessment (marine AOA) of the proposed Anson Road Public Wharf Construction Project, located in Horton Bay on Mayne Island, BC (the “Project area”), (Appendix I: Maps 1 and 2). This marine AOA was conducted to provide a planning-level evaluation of archaeological assessment and permitting needs for the Project area with a focus on determining if there are any archaeological resources that may conflict with the proposed development. This marine AOA was undertaken at the request of the Capital Regional District (CRD) – Integrated Water Services.

The report begins with an outline of the scope and objectives of the study, followed by a description of research methods. Following this description is a section presenting background summary information on the environment, ethnography, history, and archaeology of the Project area.

Specific findings of the archaeological potential of the Project area are presented and finally, recommendations are made with regards to future archaeological studies.

According the Consultative Areas Database, the proposed development is located within the shared traditional territories of the Cowichan First Nation, Lake Cowichan First Nation, Lyackson First Nation, Pauquachin First Nation, Penelakut First Nation, Semiahmoo First Nation, Tsawwassen First Nation, Tsartlip Indian Band, Tsawout First Nation, Tseycum Indian Band, and the Stz’uminus First Nation.

1.2 Marine AOA Objectives and Scope of Work The purpose of the study was to provide information on predicted archaeological site potential within the study area. To fulfill this purpose, the study gathered existing knowledge regarding known and recorded archaeological site locations, historical First Nations land use, and cultural and environmental factors likely to affect archaeological site locations.

Specific tasks undertaken included:

1. A review of existing archaeological and historical background information, including previous archaeological studies within the region. 2. An assessment of the archaeological potential of the study area based on background research, including bathymetric, MARSUS, Nauticapedia data as well as landform features and original topography of the Project area. 3. Preparation of a final report.

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The results of the marine AOA will be submitted to the CRD, the Archaeology Branch (BC Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development), and the all involved First Nations. This marine AOA was a preliminary study and was intended for planning-level uses only.

1.3 The Archaeological Assessment Process in BC Archaeological sites are the physical remains of past human activity. In BC, all archaeological sites that predate AD 1846 are protected by the Heritage Conservation Act (HCA), whether on Crown or private lands. Sites that have been designated by the Archaeology Branch (Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development) are protected regardless of age. Burials, First Nations’ rock art sites, and ship and plane wrecks over two years old are also protected under the HCA. Protected archaeological sites can only be altered under a Section 12 Site Alteration Permit issued by the Archaeology Branch.

The Archaeology Branch has established an archaeological impact assessment process for industry development and research proponents to evaluate and mitigate the impacts to heritage resources. There are three main stages in the AIA process:

1. Archaeological Overview Assessment (AOA): The AOA is intended to identify areas of archaeological potential through desktop review of previous assessments, maps, and potential models. Sometimes a preliminary field reconnaissance (PFR) survey is conducted to verify an overview.

2. Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA): The AIA is an inventory of archaeological resources within proposed development areas, conducted under a Section 14 Heritage Inspection Permit. An AIA may include pedestrian survey, subsurface shovel testing, or both.

3. Impact Management or Mitigation: Impact management usually involves the reduction of adverse impacts to archaeological sites as a result of development, and typically includes site protection (avoidance) by project redesign. In rare cases, sites cannot be avoided, and systematic data recovery or site mitigation is conducted.

Kleanza has adhered to the requirements of the HCA and the procedures and guidelines of the Archaeology Branch during this study. Kleanza recommends that all future studies also follow these protocols, regardless whether proposed developments are situated on federal or provincial lands, in order to maintain a high standard of practice.

2.0 Proposed Project The Anson Dock Replacement Project area is in Horton Bay on Mayne Island. The Project area is situated within British Columbia’s southern , which is defined as “the Study area” for the purposes of this report (Appendix I: Map 1). Desktop research and ethnographic information mainly falls within this larger geographic area, including

Kleanza Project #19-013 8 Kleanza Consulting Ltd. nearby islands such as Saturna.

This study focusses on the potential for archaeological resources to be affected by proposed developments for the new Anson Road Dock Facility (Appendix I: Map 2).

3.0 Marine AOA Study Methods

3.1 Background Review A literature review of readily available reports, including a review of all previous archaeological investigations in the vicinity of the study area was conducted. A review of relevant information from published and unpublished sources, including local and regional history, prehistory and ethnography, was also conducted. This includes documents and records on file with the Archaeology Branch, as well as other relevant libraries, archives and repositories. A search of the Remote Access for Archaeological Data (RAAD) database, administered by the Archaeology Branch, was conducted to determine the number and distribution of known sites within the Study area and surrounding region. Maritime publications and a variety of shipwreck charts and records were researched; the Transport Canada Marine Transportation Occurrence (MARSUS) database and Nauticapedia Vessel database (http://www.nauticapedia.ca ) were also researched for marine and aviation casualties within and near the Project area.

3.2 First Nations Liaison An informal telephone discussion was held with Adrian Underwood, member of Tsawout First Nation, on February 28, 2019. It was suggested that the Tsartlip be contacted regarding the Mayne Island portion of the Project and that Saturna is one of several very important Gulf Islands to the Tsawout. Adrian suggested that Kleanza speak with him and other representatives of the Tsawout soon and in person, in order to provide more detail about the Project. Formal initial contact with the 12 involved First Nations (see 1.1) was conducted by email, sent on March 18 and 19, 2019, followed by telephone calls on March 20 and 21, 2019 by Kleanza. On March 20, Lands Department representatives from Tsawout and Stz-uminus were spoken to directly by Kleanza and messages were left through voicemail or office staff with Pauquachin, Tsartlip, and Tseycum Nations.

On March 27, 2019 Halalt was contacted by Kleanza and a detailed message was left for Raven August. Dianne Hinkley of Cowichan tribes was contacted and sent the email letters and maps showing the proposed dock locations. A detailed message was left with Lake Cowichan. The receptionist (Maggie) was contacted at Lyackson and the email letters and maps were sent to her and her coworker for Linda Aidnell. Penelakut and Josh James were contacted by Kleanza sent email letters and maps showing the proposed dock locations. A detailed message was left for Victoria Williams at Tsawwassen and the development maps were sent to her via email by Kleanza. Lastly, a long conversation was held with Don Welsh of Semiahmoo who discussed traditional

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Semiahmoo place names on Mayne Island but expressed that they defer to Tsawout for heritage matters on Mayne and Saturna Islands.

Tom Child of Tsawout expressed the need for consultation directly with the CRD and provided general information that the Tsawout have traditional sites, including clam gardens and reef netting sites throughout the southern gulf islands, suggesting the Project area has high cultural significance and terrestrial and subaquatic archaeological potential. Mr. Child met with CRD staff in Late March 2019 and discussed referral fees for community engagement and gave permission for the book Saltwater People (Elliott 1983) to be provided to Kleanza. The book was reviewed and the information contained therein formed a portion of this study.

Tina-Marie Heinrich of Stz-uminus (Coast Salish Development Corp) asked for more information, including project area maps, and a minimum of one month to review the information. In early April of 2019, Ms. Heinrich replied that she does not have any additional traditional use information within the Project and that the Stz-uminus fishery has no traps or fishing activities in the area.

3.3 Archaeological Potential Assessment Archaeological potential assessment consisted of the preparation of ortho-photo maps, indicating previously recorded archaeological sites close to the Project area. These maps assisted in assessing the archaeological potential following the Archaeology Branch’s standards and guidelines. Sections of the Project were rated judgmentally according to their potential to contain archaeological sites and were given a rating of low or high potential. The following landscape characteristics are associated with areas of high archaeological potential:

• level or gently sloping terrain • proximity to watercourses (including the pre-urban coastline and pre-urban creeks and streams) • well-drained ground distinct landforms such as terraces

Sloping terrain, uneven ground and/or poorly drained areas are associated with low potential for archaeological sites. The presence of previously recorded sites nearby may increase the archaeological potential of an area. Extensive ground disturbance may reduce the likelihood of intact archaeological deposits and as a result, areas of ground disturbance (e.g., roads, structures, docks, and residential development) were considered when allocating high-potential areas.

Marine archaeological potential modelling is similar to the criteria mentioned above but extends into the marine environment including the intertidal and the subtidal. Rising sea levels, tectonic activity, and proximity to known sites are considered factors that may have influenced ancient landscapes, essentially inundating formerly habitable shoreline sites. The archaeological site is still present, but now under a significantly changed ambient atmosphere (Grier, et al 2009).

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Traditional exploitation of the marine littoral environment is considered within the potential assessment. Within Hul̓q̓ umín̓ um territory and much of the Pacific Northwest, the potential for reef netting sites and clam gardens is factored in to the predictive nature of this study (Easton 1992).

Lastly, historical period cultural material is also considered, specifically wreckage from ships and planes. The Study area is in proximity to the Patricia Bay airport, home to 443 squadron. The airport was used extensively during World War II as a training ground, mainly for the Avro Anson Aircraft and Handley Paige bombers; training accidents and lost aircraft were not uncommon.

With respect to vessels, the Study area lies very near , a major shipping lane and an area popular for sport and commercial fishing and leisure boat traffic. The southern gulf islands are challenging waters, difficult to navigate, and subject to unpredictable and severe current and weather, coupled with numerous shoals, reefs, and islets. Marine incidents are not uncommon (Golder 2016; MARSUS database 2019; Rogers 1973).

4.0 Geography and Climate of the Project Area The Project area is located on Mayne Island, BC (Appendix I: Maps 1 and 2).

The Project area is located within the Nanaimo Lowland subdivision of the Georgia Depression physiographic region, a geographic area bounded by the Ranges to the west and the Pacific Ranges to the east (Church and Ryder 2010:18; Kenney et al 1988:16). The region is generally characterized by ridges or hills with a steep decent on one side and a gentle slope on the other (Kenney et al 1988:16), separated by narrow valleys. The differentiation between the more resilient sandstone and conglomerate capped ridges and the less resilient shale and mudstone valleys (often occurring along fault lines), coupled with glacial erosion and deposition are how the dynamic landscape of these islands was created (Kenney et al 1988:16).

In addition to the erosional and depositional forces of glaciation, the shorelines of the southern Gulf Islands have undergone constant change due to eustatic and isostatic rebound, as well as localized natural and cultural spit formation (Grier et al 2009). Grier et al conclude that the local sea level of the southern Gulf Islands has risen gradually by 1.5 m since the middle Holocene, however, before and during this rise, humans, as well as multiple natural sculpting forces, have played a part in the shape of the southern Gulf Island shorelines we see today (2009:272-274).

The climate of Mayne Island falls within the Coastal Douglas Fir, Moist Maritime (CDFmm) biogeoclimatic zone (Egan 1999; Green and Klinka 1994; Meidinger and Pojar 1991), though some areas of its present-day vegetation does not represent its “zonal” or mature state due to its history of residential and commercial development. Confined to the southwestern shoreline of Vancouver Island at elevations below 150 m, the CDFmm zone is typified by warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The southern

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Gulf Islands in the CDFmm zone receives abundant rainfall (approximately 715–990 millimetres [mm] per year; Kenney et al 1988).

Typical vegetation on Mayne Island consists mainly of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Garry Oak (Queercus garryana), and Pacific Madrone (Arbutus menziesii). Other common species are black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera trichocarpa), red alder (Alnus rubra), bigleaf maple (Acer macrophylla), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), shore pine (Pinus contorta), bitter cherry (Rrunus emarginata), and western flowering dogwood (Cornus nuttallii; Kenney et al 1988:11). The understory includes salal (Gaultheria shallon), salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), and a wide variety of grasses and sedges (Kenney et al 1988:15).

5.0 Ethnographic and Historical Review

5.1 Ethnographic Background In general, the southern Gulf Islands are the home of the Hul̓q̓ umín̓ um, who are commonly known as the Central Coast Salish and Sencoten speaking peoples (Grier et al 2009; Mitchell 1990; Suttles 1990). Several distinct, yet culturally connected groups have traditional ties to this area, these groups include the Tsawwassen and Semiahmoo, based in the mainland Fraser river area; the Cowichan Tribes, Lake Cowichan, Lyackson, Penelakut, Halalt, and Stz-uminus based on the east and south-central parts of Vancouver Island; and, the Saanich peoples, Tseycum, Tsawout, Tsartlip, and Pauquachin peoples, on the Saanich peninsula geographically based nearest to the Project area on Mayne Island. These groups have strong connections due to movement to-and-from these geographic areas though the archipelago that is the southern Gulf Islands (Grier et al 2009).

Subsistence patterns in the southern Gulf Islands involved seasonal travel in semi- nomadic patterns involving larger populations settling in semi sedentary winter villages then dividing into smaller task and familial groups during the warmer months of the year. Permanent plank or bark-covered houses were constructed at well-established resource procurement locations. Temporary shelters of rush mats were utilized for shorter periods of time (Barnett 1955; Suttles 1974, 1990).

The Central Coast Salish produced a wide variety of objects, including tools, weapons, hunting gear, and fishing gear. Lithic items were manufactured by flaking in the case of basalts, obsidian (from locations in BC and Oregon), and chert. Slate and nephrite were ground into the desired form for tools and other goods. People also worked bone, antler, and shell. Plant materials were extremely important, with cedar being used for houses, canoes, boxes, clothing, bags, baskets, and mats. Blankets and clothing were woven from a variety of materials including the hair of both dogs and mountain goats.

Resources gathered, processed, and consumed included land and sea-mammals like deer, bear, wapiti, otter, seal, porpoise, sea-lion, and sometimes whale (excluding Orca).

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Mammals were not only a food staple in that their bones were heavily used as tools and fashioned into items of adornment and decoration. Riverine type fish like salmon and deeper water ocean fish like cod and halibut were caught and eaten; other dietary staples include all the varieties of shellfish, like clams, limpets, barnacles, and mussels, lastly most varieties of waterfowl were hunted and eaten. (Barnett 1955; Suttles 1974). Plant foods, particularly berries (Hoffmann et al. 2016), were also gathered as primary means of subsistence and for use as trade goods (Pojar and Mackinnon 1994; Turner 1974).

A detailed ethnographic summary of documented Indigenous lifeways is beyond the scope of this report. Key ethnographic sources include Barnett (1955), Boas (1887, 1889, 1891), Duff (1964), and Hill-Tout (1903). Carlson (1990) and Suttles (1990) provide summaries, syntheses, and overviews.

5.2 Historical Background The first documented European presence on Mayne Island was in 1794, when Captain camped on Georgina Point with his crew. Spanish explorers visited the area around the same time, giving names to , Juan de Fuca Straight, and the San Juan Islands (Mayne Island Chamber of Commerce 2019). In the 1850s the Royal Navy began surveying the area from the H.M.S Plumper, led by Capitan George Richards, who named the Island after his lieutenant Richard Charles Mayne and Active Pass after the American Survey Ship U.S.S Active (Mayne Island Chamber of Commerce 2019).

Homesteading began in earnest in the mid to late 1800s, with the earliest land claims registered in 1859 at the beginning of the Cariboo Gold Rush, making Mayne Island the commercial and social center of the Gulf Islands (Mayne Island Chamber of Commerce 2019; Mayne Island Webpage 2019). Settlers from England, Scotland, Portugal, and America returned from the gold rush to Mayne Island and began to put down roots. Many of these immigrants married local Indigenous women and soon a school was built in 1883 to accommodate the growing population (Spalding 2007). In 1898, St. Mary Magdalene Church was built in Miners Bay, the first of its kind in the outer islands (Figure 1; Spalding 2007).

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Figure 1. Saint Mary Magdalene Church, consecrated in 1889. (RBCM Archives, G-01421)

Working farms began in the 1890s with Japanese farmers making up one third of the population of famers by the early 1900s (Mayne Island Webpage 2019). Mayne Island King Apples were the staple crop of the Island and one of the first apple crops planted in BC (Mayne Island Chamber of Commerce 2019). In addition to apples, one Japanese farmer in the Campbell Bay area named Kumozo Nagata specialized in hothouse tomatoes and cucumbers and was the founder of the cooperative “Active Pass Growers Association” which exported Island Brand Tomatoes and Cucumbers (Mayne Island Webpage 2019). One of the unique landscape features attributed to the Japanese farmers were the large charcoal kilns, which have been found all over the southern Gulf Islands wherever Japanese farmers settled (Figure 2; Kanesaka and Smallshaw 2018). These large kilns, measuring six meters long, three meters wide, and two meters deep, were dug into a slope in the ground and lined with rock and mortar then covered with clay soil over branches (Kanesaka and Smallshaw 2018). The kilns were predominantly teardrop or circular in shape and took an average of four or five days to produce charcoal from wood (Kanesaka and Smallshaw 2018).

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Figure 2. Reconstructed circular kiln on Mayne Island. (Kanesaka and Smallshaw 2018)

On April 21, 1942, 50 Japanese men, women, and children were removed from Mayne Island on the CPR steamer Princess Mary to be sent to prisoner of war camps in the interior (Mayne Island Webpage 2019). At this time, the government began the removal of Japanese immigrants from coastal areas of British Columbia and belongings such as property, cars, cameras, and radios were confiscated for protective measures. In 1943, Federal cabinet order-in-council granted Custodian of Enemy Alien Property the right to dispose of or sell Japanese property without owners' consent, including the many Japanese-run farms on Mayne Island (Kanesaka and Smallshaw 2018; Mayne Island Webpage 2019).

In modern times, Mayne Island has become a vibrant place for locals and visitors alike, continuing the tradition of locally grown or produced food, as well as fostering a healthy community of artisans and galleries and outdoor activities (Mayne Island Chamber of Commerce 2019). Special attention has been given to recognize the early Japanese residents of the islands, and acknowledge the wrongs committed on behalf of the Canadian Government. In 1987 the Mayne Island Parks and Recreation Commission set aside a section of Miner Bay Park to be made into a Japanese Garden. The garden was completed in stages, and finally completed in 2002 with a ceremony and a plaque commemorating the early Japanese settler families (Mayne Island Webpage 2019). In

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2007, a bay on the south side of Mayne Island was re-named Kadonaga Bay, in memory of Gontaro Kadonaga, one of the first Japanese farmers to settle on Mayne (Mayne Island Webpage 2019).

5.3 Summary The ethnographic record provides limited descriptions of pre-contact to early contact period land use activities by Indigenous peoples. The historical record describes land use activities in the post-contact period following the arrival of settlers. The ethnographic record indicates that the Anson Road Public Wharf Replacement project is within an area that was used by First Nations peoples for purposes that could have left archaeological remains, notably cultural shell deposits, clam gardens, fish weirs and traps, and reef netting sites.

The historical record describes land use activities of homesteading and farming of apples, tomatoes, cucumbers, and other crops. The historical record suggests that settlers from England, Scotland, Portugal, and America returned from the gold rush to Mayne Island and began to put down roots. Many of these immigrants married local Indigenous women from the area (Spalding 2007). Additionally, the region saw a large influx of Japanese farm workers who represented a third of all farmers on Mayne Island by the 1900s. By 1942 however, more than 50 Japanese men, women, and children, were rounded up and removed from Mayne Island to prisoner of war camps in the Interior of the province.

Locally grown and prepared food, as well as arts and crafts, draw locals and visitors alike to Mayne Island in present times. In 1987 the Mayne Island Parks and Recreation Commission created a Japanese garden within Miner Park, to commemorate the Japanese settler farmers and their families, and acknowledge the wrongs committed against them by the Canadian government during the war.

Based on a review of the ethnographic and historical record, along with an analysis of subsea data, it is reasonable to assume archaeological sites (particularly clam gardens and other marine resource gathering site types, as well as related settlements and camps) may still be present in the Project Area.

6.0 Archaeology of the Region

6.1 Archaeology of the Salish Sea The Project area is situated within the Northwest Coast Culture Area, which encompasses the west coast of North America from southeastern Alaska to southern Oregon. The history of human occupation for this part of the Northwest Coast is based upon a large number of excavated sites in the Salish Sea region, including the Fraser Delta and the Burrard Inlet area, the adjoining counties of Washington State to the south, the east coast of Vancouver Island between Comox and Victoria to the west, the Gulf and San Juan Islands to the southeast, and the Fraser River valley between New

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Westminster and Yale to the east. Fladmark (1982) provides a generalized summary of precontact archaeology in BC. Ames and Maschner (1999), Borden (1970), Carlson (1990), Matson and Coupland (1995), Matson et al. (2003), and Mitchell (1990), among others, cover the prehistory of the Northwest Coast culture area, including the and areas.

Archaeological research has uncovered evidence for approximately 9,000 years of human occupation in the southern Salish Sea, also known as the (Ames and Maschner 1999). This evidence has been organized into a sequence of archaeological time periods, known as “culture types.” Each culture type is marked by distinctive artifact styles and technologies, as well as inferred economic, social, and political traits.

The archaeological periods of this region, from oldest to most recent, are:

• Old Cordilleran (9,000–5,500/4,500 BP) • Charles (5,500/4,500–3,300 BP) • Locarno Beach (3,300–2,400 BP) • Marpole (2,400–1,000 BP) • Gulf of Georgia (1,000–200 BP)

These terms refer primarily to coastal culture types; archaeological sequences for inland areas of this region are related but distinct. Comparable material culture, such as artifact/belonging types and features found at archaeological sites in this area, loosely follow these established culture types.

6.2 Previous Archaeological Studies Previous archaeology studies surrounding the Project area were mainly conducted under two regional surveys of the southern Gulf Islands: the Gulf Island Archaeological Survey in 1974, by S. Cassidy, M. Cranny, and P. Murton, and the Archaeological Survey of the Southwestern Gulf of Georgia in 1975 by S. Acheson, S. Cassidy. These surveys were large scale surveys attempting to inventory and briefly assess the condition of the numerous archaeological sites within the study area. A provincial siteform describing site disturbances and basic recommended mitigation was completed for each site.

A subsequent archaeological investigation was conducted at site DeRt-74 in 1993 in order to determine the impacts to the site from a proposed sub-division. Other than this AIA, no other surveys were conducted at any of the recorded sites near the Project area.

6.3 Archaeological Sites Within/Adjacent to the Project Area This section presents previous archaeological investigations and studies in the vicinity of the Project area (Appendix I: Map 1). Site descriptions for each site follow Table 1.

Table 1. Archaeological sites recorded within 1 km of the Project area.

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Nearest Archaeological Site type Reference site Cultural Shell Archaeology Branch nd; Acheson and Cassidy DeRt-7 Deposits, Burials, 1975, Cassidy and Cranny 1974 Lithics Cultural Shell Archaeology Branch nd, Cassidy and Cranny DeRt-72 Deposits 1974 Cultural Shell Archaeology Branch nd, Cassidy and Cranny DeRt-73 Deposits 1974 Cultural Shell Archaeology Branch nd; Acheson and Cassidy DeRt-74 Deposits, Burials 1975, Cassidy and Cranny 1974, Simonsen 1993 Cultural Shell Archaeology Branch nd, Cassidy and Cranny DeRt-75 Deposits, Lithics 1974 Cultural Shell Archaeology Branch nd, Cassidy and Cranny DeRt-76 Deposits 1974 Cultural Shell Archaeology Branch nd, Cassidy and Cranny DeRt-89 Deposits 1974

DeRt-7: This site is located approximately 552 m northeast of the Project area and consists of cultural shell deposits, which produced a variety of artifacts and lithics including a groundstone slate knife, and antler wedge, a possible pendant, a fishhook barb (Archaeology Branch nd). Ancestral remains were also collected at this site, reported by Cassidy and Cranny in 1974. All artifacts are now housed at the Royal BC Museum (RBCM) or in private collections (Archaeology Branch nd). The site is in “fair” condition, with some erosion occurring at the foreshore (Archaeology Branch nd).

DeRt-72: This site is located approximately 867 m southeast of the Project area and consists of cultural shell deposits. The site was originally recorded by Cassidy and Cranny in 1974 and was described as damaged, with some “salvageable remains” (Archaeology Branch nd).

DeRt-73: This site is located approximately 834 m east-southeast of the Project area and consists of cultural shell deposits. The site was originally recorded by Cassidy and Cranny in 1974 who noted disturbances from road building and clearing (Archaeology Branch nd; Cassidy and Cranny in 1974).

DeRt-74: This site is located approximately 497 m east-southeast of the Project area and consists of cultural shell deposits and several burial cairns (Archaeology Branch nd). The six cairns are either oval or circular in shape and range in size from 3.7–0.8 m in length and 2.64–0.74 m in width (Archaeology Branch nd). It is assumed the additional burial cairns exist within the vicinity of these six (Archaeology Branch nd).

DeRt-75: This site is located approximately 70 m west-northwest of the Project area

Kleanza Project #19-013 18 Kleanza Consulting Ltd. and consists of cultural shell deposits. The site was originally recorded by Cassidy and Cranny in 1974 who noted disturbances from road building, clearing, and wave erosion (Archaeology Branch nd; Cassidy and Cranny in 1974).

DeRt-76: This site is located approximately 262 m north of the Project area and consists of cultural shell deposits which may be a component of DeRt-7. The site was originally recorded by Cassidy and Cranny in 1974 who noted disturbances from road building and clearing (Archaeology Branch nd; Cassidy and Cranny in 1974).

DeRt-89: This site is located approximately 960 m northeast of the Project area on Curlew Island and consists of cultural shell deposits. The site was originally recorded by Cassidy and Cranny in 1974 who noted disturbances from construction, landscaping, and erosion (Archaeology Branch nd; Cassidy and Cranny in 1974).

7.0 Archaeological Potential Assessment The potential for archaeological sites within and near the Project area was assessed using a variety of mapping/charting tools and data sources. These data sources include Terrain Resource Information (TRIM) hydrology layers (coastlines, streams, lakes, and wetlands), forest cover data from Vegetation Resources Inventory data and Canada digital elevation data from the National Topographic Database digital files, chart data from the Canadian Hydrographic Service and real-time bathymetric data as supplied by Navionics®. Sea-level data was also reviewed with respect to the Project area, considering the levels of current and ancient shorelines as sea levels have changed within the Gulf Islands from a combination of tectonic, isostatic, and eustatic forces. A review of published literature included a review of the Remote Access to Archaeological Data (RAAD), archaeological consultant’s technical reports, academic reports and other published literature. Traditional knowledge as supplied by First Nations with territorial interest in the Project area was solicited and supplied. A very helpful source was the Saltwater People as told by Dave Elliott Sr. (Elliott 1983). Maritime publications and shipwreck charts were researched; the Transport Canada Marine Transportation Occurrence (MARSUS) database and Nauticapedia Vessel database were also researched for marine and aviation casualties within and near the Project area.

7.1 Areas with High Potential High potential for pre-contact archaeological sites is present in the intertidal and subsea portion of the Project area. Navionics® chart data shows a marked change in bathymetric contour approximately 20–25 m off shore at the proposed dock location suggesting the possibility of a clam garden wall or paleoshoreline (Figure 3).

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Figure 3: Navionics® Chart for Anson Road Dock Facility Location

Given the proximity to a known habitation site DeRt-75 and considering the sea level rise by 1.4 m (Grier et al 2009) above the palaeoshoreline, coupled with seismic activity (Clague and Matthews, 1992), a former terrestrial archaeological site may be present within the Project area. This location may also contain contemporary evidence of pre- contact clam gardens within the Project area (Lepofsky et al 2015).

Research of notable maritime research publications, the Nauticapedia website and the MARSUS database does not suggest any heritage wrecks are expected within or near the Project area, however.

8.0 Recommendations The following recommendations are made regarding the Anson Road Public Wharf Construction project: • Benthic video and/or still photographs be examined for further subsea archaeological indicators; • The archaeological impact assessment which is planned for the shoreward portion of the Project area be extended into the intertidal and subtidal areas and include testing of the sea floor; and, • The archaeological impact assessment which is planned be conducted at an

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extreme low tide to facilitate a pedestrian traverse of the intertidal area; and that an examination of the submerged portions of the Project area be facilitated by swimming or scuba diving.

9.0 Conclusion

9.1 Summary This report presents the results of the marine AOA of the Anson Road Public Wharf Construction project, located on Mayne Island. The marine AOA presented here was conducted to provide a planning-level evaluation of archaeological assessment and permitting needs for the Project area with a focus on determining if there are any archaeological resources that may conflict with the proposed development.

The Project area has seven registered archaeological sites with 1 km of the Project Area: DeRt-7, DeRt-72, DeRt-73, DeRt-74, DeRt-75, DeRt-76, and DeRt-89. These sites comprise a wide variety of typologies including lithics, ancestral burials, and cultural shell deposits. Given the close proximity of the Project area to these sites, the knowledge shared by First Nations regarding traditional practices of clam gardening and reef netting in the area, and the results of bathymetric data for the intertidal and subsea portion of the Project area, Kleanza concurs with the CRD that an Archaeological Impact Assessment of the Project area should be undertaken.

9.2 Closure This report was prepared for use by the proponent specified herein. Any third-party use of this report is the responsibility of that third party. This study does not constitute a traditional use study and was prepared without prejudice to First Nations Treaty Negotiations, Indigenous rights, or Indigenous title.

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References Cited Acheson, S., and S. Cassidy 1975 Report of the Archaeological Survey of the Southwestern Gulf of Georgia. Permit 1975-006. Unpublished report on file at the Archaeology Branch of BC, Victoria.

Ames, K., and H. Maschner 1999 Peoples of the Northwest Coast: Their Archaeology and Prehistory. Thames and Hudson, London.

Archaeology Branch of BC nd Detailed Site Report DeRt-7. On file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. Electronic version accessed March 2019. nd Detailed Site Report DeRt-72. On file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. Electronic version accessed March 2019. nd Detailed Site Report DeRt-73. On file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. Electronic version accessed March 2019. nd Detailed Site Report DeRt-74. On file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. Electronic version accessed March 2019. nd Detailed Site Report DeRt-75. On file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. Electronic version accessed March 2019. nd Detailed Site Report DeRt-76. On file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. Electronic version accessed March 2019. nd Detailed Site Report DeRt-89. On file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. Electronic version accessed March 2019.

Barnett, H. G. 1955 The Coast Salish of British Columbia. University of Oregon Monographs, Studies in Anthropology 4. Reprinted in 1975, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut.

Boas, F. 1891 Second general report on the Indians of British Columbia. In Report of the 60th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1890, pp. 563–582, London. 1889 Indians of British Columbia. Transcriptions of the Royal Society of Canada Section 2:47–57. 1887 Zur ethnologie, Britisch Kolumbiens. Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 33(5):129–133.

Borden, C. E. 1970 Culture history of the Fraser Delta region: an outline. BC Studies. Special Issue, 6– 7:95–112.

Carlson, R. 1990 History of Research in Archaeology. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, Northwest Coast, edited by W. Suttles, pp. 107–115. Smithsonian Institution,

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Washington DC.

Cassidy, S., and M. Cranny 1974 Report of the Gulf Islands Archaeological Survey, September 1, 1974. Permit 1974-001. Unpublished report on file at the Archaeology Branch of BC, Victoria.

Church, M., and J. M. Ryder 2010 Physiography of British Columbia. In Compendium of Forest Hydrology and Geomorphology in British Columbia, edited by R. G. Pike, T. E. Redding, R. D. Moore, R. D. Winkler, and K. D. Bladon, pp. 17–46. Ministry of Forests and Range, Victoria, BC.

Clague, J. and R. Mathewes 1996 Neoglaciation, Glacier-Dammed Lakes, and Vegetation Change in Northwestern British Columbia, Canada. Arctic and Alpine Research.

Duff, W. 1964 The Indian History of British Columbia. Vol. 1: The Impact of the White Man. Anthropology in British Columbia Memoirs 5. Victoria, BC.

Easton, N.A. 1992 Underwater Investigations in Montague Harbour. Interim Report on the 1992 Field Investigations (Vols I and II). Report on file at the Archaeology Branch of BC, Victoria.

Egan, B. 1999 The Ecology of the Coastal Western Hemlock Zone. BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.

Elliott, J., Sr. 1983 The Saltwater People as told by Dave Elliott Sr. – A Resource Book for the Saanich Native Studies Program, School District No. 63 (Saanich), Saanich, BC.

Fladmark, K. 1982 An Introduction to the Prehistory of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 6:95–156.

Golder Associates Ltd. 2016 Island Gas Connector Submarine Pipeline to Bamberton, BC.

Green, R. N., and K. Klinka 1994 Field Guide for site series identification and interpretation for the Vancouver Forest Region. Ministry of Forests Research Program, Victoria, BC.

Grier, C., P. Dolan, K. Derr, and E. McLay 2009 Assessing Sea Level Changes in the Southern Gulf Islands of British Columbia

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Using Archaeological Data from Coastal Spit Locations. Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 33(2):254–280.

Hill-Tout, C. 1978 The Salish People: The Contribution of Charles Hill-Tout, Volume IV: The The Sechelt and the South-Eastern Tribes of Vancouver Island, edited by R. Maud. Talon Books, Vancouver.

Hoffmann, T., N. Lyons, D. Miller, A. Diaz, A. Homan, S. Huddlestan, and R. Leon 2016 Engineered feature used to enhance gardening at a 3800-year-old site on the Pacific Northwest Coast. Science Advances 2(12):e1601282. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601282

Kanesaka, R. and B. Smallshaw 2018 Island Forest Embers: the Japanese Canadian Charcoal Kilns of the Southern Gulf Islands. Japanese Garden Society of Saltspring Island. Canada 150: Celebrating B.C. Research Grant.

Kenney, E.A., L.J.P. Van Vliet, and A.J. Green 1988 Soils of the Gulf Islands of British Columbia: Volume 2 Soils of North Pender, South Pender, Prevost, Mayne, Saturna, and lesser islands. Report No. 43, British Columbia Soil Survey. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa.

Lepofsky, D. et al 2015 Ancient Shellfish Mariculture on the Northwest Coast of North America. American Antiquity 80(2), 2015, pp. 236-259

Matson, R. G., and G. Coupland 1995 The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast. Academic Press, New York.

Matson, R. G., G. Coupland, and Q. Mackie (eds) 2003 Emerging from the Mist: Studies in Northwest Coast Culture History. UBC Press, Vancouver, BC.

Mayne Island Chamber of Commerce 2019 History. https://www.mayneislandchamber.ca/history.html

Mayne Island Webpage 2019 History. https://www.mayneisland.com/maynehistory.html

MARSUS Database 2019

Meidinger, D., and J. Pojar (eds) 1991 Ecosystems of British Columbia. Research Branch, Ministry of Forests and Lands, Victoria, BC.

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Mitchell, D. H. 1990 Prehistory of the Coasts of Southern British Columbia and Northern Washington. In Northwest Coast, Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, edited by W. Suttles, pp. 340–358. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.

Nauticapedia 2019 Nauticapedia Searchable Database. Various vessel names searched March 2019, at https://www.nauticapedia.ca/dbase/Query/Shiplist.php

Pojar, J., and A. MacKinnon 1994 Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC.

Poth, Janet 1983 Saltwater People as told by Dave Elliot Sr. – A Resource Book for the Saanich Native Studies Program. (Revised 1990)

Rogers, F. 1992 More Shipwrecks of British Columbia. Douglas and McIntyre, Vancouver. 1973 Shipwrecks of British Columbia. Douglas and McIntyre, Vancouver.

Royal British Columbia Museum 2019 RBCM Archives – Aircraft accidents collection search for the Victoria area. https://search-bcarchives.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/aircraft- accidents?places=19070&sort=alphabetic&listLimit=30

Simonsen, B. 1993 Results of An Archaeological Investigation at Site DeRt 74, Horton Bay, Mayne Island. Permit 1993-143. Unpublished report on file at the Archaeology Branch of BC, Victoria.

Spalding, D. A. E. 2007 Enchanted Isles: the southern Gulf Islands. Harbour Publishing Co. Ltd. Madeira Park, BC.

Suttles, W. 1990 Central Coast Salish. In Northwest Coast, Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, edited by W. Suttles, pp. 453–475. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. 1974 Economic life of the Coast Salish of Haro and Rosario Straits. In Coast Salish and Western Washington Indians. pp. 41–512, I. Garland Publishing, New York.

Turner, N. J. 1974 Food Plants of British Columbia Indians. In Royal British Columbia Museum, Handbook No. 34. Part 1: Coastal Peoples. Victoria, BC.

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Appendix I: Maps

Kleanza Project #19-013 26 DfRt-7 AIA of Capital Region District's Proposed Dock Upgrades at Anson Road Mayne Island, B.C. . Project Area Location DfRt-15 Overview Map DfRt-15 Map 1

DfRt-6 DfRt-3 Project Area Previously Recorded DfRt-16 Archaeological Sites

DfRt-16 Kleanza Consulting Ltd. DfRt-20 Vancouver Island Office 4615 Maple Guard Drive DfRt-14 Bowser, B.C. V0R 1G0 DfRt-13 DfRt-26 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Kilometers 1:50,000 DfRt-2 DfRt-12 DfRt-9 W:\esridata\dkm\Kleanza\19-013_CRD\Anson_Overview.mxd DfRt-5 NTS 50k Mapsheet 092B14 DfRt-1 DfRt-1 DfRt-5 DfRt-4

DfRt-8

DeRt-67 DeRt-7 DeRt-89 DeRt-42 DeRt-67 DeRt-76 DeRt-88 DeRt-90 DeRt-75 DeRt-99 DeRt-68 Project DeRt-6 Area DeRt-74 DeRt-73 DeRt-71 DeRt-69 DeRt-71 DeRt-74 DeRt-72 DeRt-70 DeRt-123 DeRt-115 DeRt-61 DeRt-44 DeRt-123 DeRt-85 DeRt-43 DeRt-124 DeRt-87 DeRt-61 DeRt-86 DeRt-66 DeRt-20 DeRt-22

DeRt-77 DeRt-82 DeRt-116 DeRt-77 DeRt-100 DeRt-117 DeRt-63

DeRt-111 DeRt-80

DeRt-109 DeRt-84 DeRt-110 DeRt-79 DeRt-27 DeRt-55 DeRt-83 DeRt-1P08roject Area Location DeRt-78

DeRt-64

DeRt-58 DeRt-65 DeRt-12 DeRt-107 DeRt-12 DeRt-8 DeRt-59 DeRt-11 DeRt-104 ! DeRt-11 DeRt-105 DeRt-106 481000 481200 481400 481600 481800 482000 482200

0 AIA of Capital Region District's 0 0 0 8 8

8 Proposed Dock Upgrades 8 0 0

4 at Anson Road 4 5 S 5 teward Dr Mayne Island, B.C. Curlew Midrange Map View . Rd Map 2 Easting:__4_8_1_5_7_9__ Northing:__5_4_0_8_3_4_5_

Elevation:___0_ _- _1_0_ m______DeRt-7 Survey Date:_____T_B_D______

A 1:5,000 92B.084 n Aitken Scale:______Ref. map:______c h DeRt-76 o Point CRD Orthos 2017 0 r Imagery Source:______0

0 0 R 6 d 6 8 Map Projection:__N_A_D__ 8_3_ _U_T_M__ Z_o__n_e_ 1_0_N___ 8 0 0 4 4 5 Kleanza Consulting Ltd. 5 Vancouver Island Office 4615 Maple Guard Drive Bowser, B.C. V0R 1G0

Mapped by:

W:\esridata\dkm\Kleanza\19-013_CRD\Anson_Midrange.mxd DeRt-75 Last map update: March 29, 2019 Horton Bay

0 0 50 100 150 0 0 0 4 4 8 8

0 Meters 0 4 4 5 5

Ho rto n Ba y Rd 0 0 0 0 2 2 8 8 0 0 4 4 5 5

DeRt-74

DeRt-74

DeRt-74 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8

0 DeRt-73 0 4 4

5 B 5 e e c h w o o d D Legend r

Project Area DeRt-72 y Wa iew Previously Recorded Archaeological Site el V ann Ch

481000 481200 481400 481600 481800 482000 482200