When do peaceful protesters support political violence in the United States? Michael T. Heaney University of Glasgow
[email protected] Paper presented at the 116th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, held in San Francisco, California, and virtually, September 10‐13, 2020. Abstract: Political violence has become an increasingly salient element surrounding peaceful protests in the United States in recent years. This study examines the attitudes of peaceful protesters towards various conceptions of political violence. Drawing on surveys of participants at major protest events in Washington, DC in 2017 and 2018, it shows that protesters are more inclined to endorse the use of violence for political purposes when they are less satisfied with the way that democracy works in the United States. They are also more likely to support violence when they are identified with the left side the ideological spectrum than when they are identified with the right side of the spectrum. These views are reversed when protesters themselves are the target of violence. In this instance, the interaction of democratic satisfaction and ideology helps to explain attitudinal variations. Keywords: Political violence, protest, social movements, satisfaction with democracy, ideology, United States Acknowledgments: This study was supported by funding from the National Institute for Civil Discourse and, at the University of Michigan, the Institute for Research on Women and Gender, the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, the National Center for Institutional Diversity, and the Organizational Studies Program. For helpful suggestions, thanks are owed to Chris Carman, Vince Hutchings, and seminar participants from the Glasgow Quantitative Methods Group. This research would not have been possible without the involvement of the many research assistants, surveyors, and survey respondents that are too numerous to be named individually.