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Home , Lord Voldemort, Muggle, MuggleNet, Quidditch, The Harry Potter Lexicon

広島文教大学紀要 54，2019

【原著】

Revisiting Neologisms in

Cristina Tonog Malimban

ハリーポッターにおける造語の再考

クリスティーナ マリンバン

Introduction

For the past decades, a vast amount of new words and expressions have been added to the English language. These are neologisms or newly coined words in technology, the internet, economics, entertainment and pop culture and others that have greatly contributed to the English corpus. Examples of those coinages are smartphone, texting, ecommerce, slumdog, burkini and octomom, to name a few. In Colin’s dictionary, neologism is defined as a new word or expression in a language, or a familiar word or expression that is now being used with a new meaning. Interestingly, there are about 14 new words being created a day, or one word every 98 minutes according to the Global Language Monitor in 2018.

Literature also plays an important role in these word inventions as Shakespeare was known to have invented more than 1700 words in his literary works which helped shaped the English language that we know today (Shakespeare-online.com). Other notable authors such as Chaucer, Tolkien and Dahl had largely contributed to the English language corpus, and some of their contributions are discussed in the later sections. A contemporary writer and wordsmith, J. K. Rowling is also known to have created hundreds of neologisms in her seven-book series of Harry Potter. More than twenty years later after the first book of the series was published, the Harry Potter saga continues to inspire people and influence the English language with Potter-related words that keep on mushrooming.

In 2017 Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, the first book in the series, marked its 20th year. Coincidentally, the Harry Potter word ‘’ was added to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). This is the second word from the series to be added into mainstream use; the first one being the term ‘,’ which was earlier entered in the dictionary in 2003 (Wikipedia.org.) The OED entry ‘quidditch’ which means an imaginary game where players fly on broomsticks, is a popular sport in the Potter world, while ‘muggle’ in OED meaning a person who is not skilled in a particular activity, is a term for a non-magical human in the book series. Aside from these two OED additions, the author, J. K. Rowling created many more neologisms in the seven-book series that have already appeared in the Cambridge English Corpus and the Spoken British National Corpus due to their popularity (Norton, 2017). Also, there emerged many Harry Potter -related

─ 1 ─ words outside Harry Potter’s magical world or ‘Potterverse’ that have significantly changed the language dynamics of the English-speaking world.

It is in this line that this paper’s aim is based, to examine Rowling’s collection of skillfully created words in the first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, that has largely contributed to the books’ and the author’s phenomenal success, and how other Potteresque words have helped invigorate the English language.

Background

To help understand more of Rowling’s neologisms, it is a good starting point to look into the first book in the series, where all these Potter coinages began. The neologisms ‘quidditch’ and ‘muggle,’ together with numerous others, first appeared in book one, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. The first of the seven-book saga, the Philosopher’s Stone, has literally taken the world by storm since its first publication in 1997. The book chronicles the young wizard Harry Potter growing up with muggle relatives who hate him, and his first year in , the magical school for witchcraft and wizardry. In this book, young and adult readers have been enchanted by Harry’s adventure as an orphan boy growing up to be a bright, brave wizard as he sets to defeat the Voldemort and avenge the death of his parents. As Harry Potter, together with his friends, discovers the magical rooms, passageways and moving staircases around the bewitched castle of Hogwarts, he learns his first magic spell; and the fans share this new-found adventure with him. As events unfold with Rowling’s clever use of invented words that make the characters and situations come to life, readers could not help but be magically drawn to it all. The fans positive reactions to the first book slowly became globally contagious, and the Philosopher’s Stone took off. With the publishing of the American version, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone a year after, the book soon became a worldwide phenomenon.

As such, the Harry Potter saga is now hailed as the best-selling book series in history, having sold more than 500 million copies worldwide since the first book was published in 1997; which inarguably cemented J. K. Rowling’s place as the 9th best-selling fiction author of all time (Wikipedia.org.) Many critics attributed this success to the author’s effective mixture of the right literary formulas of magical fantasy, the beautiful dichotomy of good and , the author’s narrative technique and the creations of neologisms wittingly crafted by the genius author, J. K. Rowling (Gobel, 2002).

In the Philosopher’s Stone, the author’s extraordinary use of language was reflected in the numerous invented names for places, things and characters such as Hogwarts, Dumbledore, Voldemort, Draco, mudblood, Quaffle, Golden Snitch, Remembrall, Diagon Alley, Put-outer; as well as some magic spells like Wingardium Leviosa, Pertificus Totalus, Alohomora and Locomotor Mortis. These neologisms will be the focus of this paper, as well as the word formation processes the author used in creating them.

─ 2 ─ Revisiting Neologisms in Harry Potter

Neologisms in Literature

Neologism or neology in itself was a made-up word in 1770s, which literally translates to ‘new word,’ taken from Greek words ‘neos’, meaning new, and ‘logos’, meaning word or utterance. In literature, neologism or word coining is not something new. In fact, to quote Shakespeare in his play Coriolanus in 1607, he wrote, “So shall my lungs coin words till their decay.” The English corpus we know today consists of countless literary inventions of great authors such as Shakespeare, Chaucer, Tolkien, Lewis, and Dahl to name a few. According to Shakespeareonline. com, Shakespeare alone had contributed more than a thousand literary neologisms, and some are still in use today such as bump, luggage, obscene and swagger, which first appeared in Romeo and Juliet, King Henry IV, Love’s Labor’s Lost, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream, respectively. Additionally, other notable authors had their fair share of literary neologisms. For example, the first to use ‘’, was Geoffrey Chaucer who introduced the word long before the age of internet and blogging; Jonathan Swift must have predicted the internet age when ‘yahoo’ first appeared in his Gulliver’s Travel; Lewis Caroll’s funny creation ‘chortle’ in his poem Jabberwocky, is a sound made by combining chuckle and snort by someone who probably sees a ‘butterfinger’, a word by Charles Dickens, meaning a clumsy person. We are also ‘bedazzled’, from Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew, by witty word inventions of Tolkien’s ‘hobbit’, which means a halfling or a little creature; and by Roald Dahl’s ‘gremlins’, the small creatures that caused mechanical problems in aircraft; or by ‘nerd’ coined by Dr. Seuss in his book If I Ran the Zoo, meaning a boring person; and lastly, by Tolkien’s famous synonymous word for hope, ‘eucatastrophe’, (opposite of catastrophe), to describe a sudden shift from a supposed sad ending of a story to a happy one.

Some of these neologisms that were coined 50 or 70 years ago, and lately became more popularly used, remind us that neologism has a powerful and important task to keep language constantly evolving, changing and adapting, and as such, literary authors are considered one of the greatest manipulators of language.

Word Formation Processes in Neologisms

Neologism, as a process of creating new word, covers a broader range of word-formation processes which are central to this study. Newly formed words may fall under any or a combination of these processes namely: coining, eponym, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym, and borrowing. Each will be discussed briefly with examples for each process.

Coining or coinage happens when a totally new word is created or invented, especially for a concept or object that is previously nonexistent. A modern example of coinage is ‘google’, which originated from a misspelling of googol, which represents the number 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Other examples are ebay, xerox, Klennex, teflon, zipper, and vaseline, which started as brand names for commercial products and later became general terms (Fromkin et al. 2011). Eponyms are words from proper names, derived from the person who first created the object or did the

─ 3 ─ activity. The more recent example is ‘paparazzi’, which was derived from Signor Paparazzo in the movie La Doce Vita; and an older examples are ‘boycott’ from Charles Boycott, and ‘sandwich’ from the 18th century 4th Earl of Sandwich. Quidditch and muggle can be categorized as newly coined words from the Harry Potter series.

Compounding is generally one of the most productive word formation processes in the English language according to Ljung (2003). In this process, two words or more are joined together to form a new word. Most English compounds are nouns such as the recent ones ‘Facebook’, ‘YouTube’ and ‘cyberspace’, but compound adjectives are also possible like bittersweet, hard-earned and over-ripe. In the third book, Harry Potter received a ‘Firebolt’, a superfast broomstick, as a present from his godfather . Blending or portmanteau occurs when two words or more are joined together whose meaning is often a combination of the original words, for examples ‘brunch’ (breakfast + lunch) and ‘smog’ (smoke + fog). More modern blends are ‘emoticons’ (emotion + icon) ‘netizen’ (network + citizen) and ‘camcorder’ (camera + recorder). In the later series of Harry Potter, the word ‘portkey’ (port + key), was used, which means an everyday object wizards and witches use to teleport to another place.

Clipping is done when a long word (more than one syllable) is reduced to a shorter form. There are four types of clipping: fore-clipping is removing the beginning of word as in phone from telephone; back clipping is removing the end of a word as in ad from advertisement; middle clipping is retaining only the middle part of the word as in flu from influenza; and complex clipping is removing different parts of the combined words as in sci-fi from science fiction. Backformation happens when a derivational affix is removed from the base form of a word to create a new word such as edit from editor, babysit from babysitter and donate from donation. Conversion occurs when a word of one grammatical category becomes a word of another grammatical form, also known as category change or functional shift such as in the words like email, chair and host, which can be used either as its verb form or its noun form; or words such as guess, spy and fan which can be used either as its noun form or its verb form.

Acronyms, also called initialisms, are new words created from the initial letters of a group of other words and are read as separate letters such as lol (laughing out loud), brb (be right back) and the not-so new ones like scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus), pin (personal identification number), and zip (zone improvement plan), which have become everyday terms and are now pronounced as single words. In the later series of Harry Potter, O.W.L. (Ordinary Wizarding Level) and N.E.W.T. (Nasty Exhausting Wizarding Test) were created to be used as acronyms for the wizarding final tests at Hogwarts. Borrowing or Loanword occurs when a word is borrowed from another language. Examples of English words borrowed from other languages are a la mode and deja vu (French), rumba and tango (Spanish) yogurt and kebab (Turkish), iceberg and kindergarten (German), and tycoon and samurai (Japanese). However, Ljung (2003) argues that borrowing should not be considered a word formation process as it is a vocabulary enrichment process particularly when the English language borrowed a significant amount of words from French, Latin and Scandinavian. A lot of French borrowing is evident in

─ 4 ─ Revisiting Neologisms in Harry Potter the Harry Potter series such as the names of the characters like , , Voldemort and many others.

Affixation and derivation are the most common word formation process according to Bauer (1994), which uses affixes (prefixes and suffixes) to change the meaning or grammatical form of a word. Using several affixes in the formation of words is also possible. Using some prefixes, however, only modify the meaning of the word and does not change its grammatical features. Suffixes on the other hand, indicate the class of the word. Neologisms such as Seeker, Chaser and Keeper, which are further discussed later, fall under this category.

Neologisms in Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone

In the Potter saga, Rowling used most of these word processes or a combination of, in creating hundreds of neologisms. The author claimed in an interview that inventing names and words for her novels was crucial to her, and that she would fill all sides of a paper until she gets the right word she wanted (Accio Quote! 1999). Following are the some of the more popular neologisms that appear in Philosopher’s Stone selected for this paper. The authors’ immense love for words and ability to craft new and interesting words can be seen from the long list of invented words below.

Coinage Rowling’s most famous newly coined word and the first to be added to OED is muggle. It refers to non-magical human or a common person without magical abilities, born to non-magical humans Examples of in the series are the Dursleys, Harry Potter’s relative whom he grew up with. Interestingly, the word is written in the book with a capital M, as if referring non-magical humans as proper nouns. It should not be confused with a Squib though, who is a non-magical human born to wizard parents. The word muggle is a perfect example of a newly created word which stemmed from the author’s own creative literary invention. The author said that the word took an inspiration from an English slang ‘mug’ which means easily fooled and added the letters ‘gle’ to make it sound more loveable. In one interview, Rowling declared that she loved making up words, and would collect words from any sources – maps, street names, people she met, old books, old Saints, to be able to have materials for her linguistic creations (Accio Quote! 1999).

Another word coinage is Quidditch which has been recently added to OED, which refers to the most famous sport in the Poter . It is played by seven players, each flying on a broomstick with three balls to catch and three goals on each side. For this word creation, the author admitted in an interview that she wanted a word for the magical sport to begin with a ‘Q.’ She then started filling about five pages of a notebook with different Q words until she hit Quidditch. One of the three balls in the game is the Quaffle, which is the main object of play, red in color and has approximately the size of a football. Players carry and throw the Quaffle into one of the three rings or goal hoops to score ten points. The Bludger is a black iron ball that rockets around trying to knock players off their brooms. There are two Bludgers in the game and it is the responsibility of the Beaters to protect their teammates from the Bludgers. The Golden Snitch or

─ 5 ─ simply Snitch is the smallest of all the balls in the game. It is a winged ball; the size of a walnut and it flies fast so it is difficult to see and catch. Only the Seeker from each team is allowed to catch or to touch the Snitch. Quidditch ends when the Snitch is caught and whoever team does gets an extra hundred and fifty points. These three words for the balls in the game are all interesting and witty coinages that were products of Rowling’s creative mind, although bludger and snitch are already OED entries, Rowling gave them different meaning in the book, hence can be categorized as a new coinage.

Some Potter fans however, suggested that the word Quidditch came from the letters of the balls used in the game – quaffle, bludger and snitch – taking the beginning Qu from quaffle, two d’s from bludger, as there are two bludgers in the game, and the last letters itch from snitch (languagerealm. com). By these processes, Quidditch can be classified as a combination of coining and blending words. Whether the word formation process was known to Rowling is not disclosed, but Potter fans are happy that the word for the magical sport sounds good.

Compounds and Blends Hogwarts, officially known as The Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, is the magical school that Harry Potter and his magical friends attend to. The author suggested in her previous interviews that the name Hogwarts was taken from the ‘hogwort’ plant which contains croton oil used as a laxative. She may have just substituted the vowel ‘o’ with ‘a’; a word play she also did with Diagon Alley, a shopping street for witches and wizards (harrypotter.fandom.com). However, other fans suggest that Hogwarts is a combination of ‘hog’ and ‘warts’. Interestingly, the name Hogwarts also appear outside the magical world of Harry Potter. It is the title of one of Molesworth’s fake Latin plays and also the name of the Headmaster of Porridge Court, the rival to Molesworth’s school (languagerealm). The Put-Outer or the Deluminator used by Dumbledore to extinguish all light from the lamp posts at the beginning of the book, is an obvious but witty compound of the words put + out. It looks like a standard cigarette lighter (hp-lexicon.org 2016).

An example of a blend is Remembrall, a magical glass ball, the size of a walnut, with smoke that glows red when the holder forgets something. In the first book, this was a gift to from his grandmother. Obviously, it comes from the words remember + all, which exactly does that in the novel – a tool for remembering all kinds of things (harrypotter.wiki).

Borrowed or Loaned Words Albus Dumbledore, Hogwart’s headmaster and the most powerful wizard to have lived, has a Latin first name and an Old English last name (harrypotter.wiki). ‘Albus’ means white in Latin and ‘Dumbledore’ means bumblebee in Old English, just as the author imagined the to be: pure and brilliant and the opposite of ; and someone who is humming to himself a lot, as the author revealed in an interview in 1999 (Accio Quote!).

Voldemort is Harry Potter’s nemesis, and the main antagonist in the series. He was the Dark Lord introduced in the first book as the one who killed Harry Potter’s parents when he was just a young

─ 6 ─ Revisiting Neologisms in Harry Potter boy, because of his vain search for immortality. When Rowling was asked about her creation of the name Voldemort, she said that names are really important to her and she would have had several name drafts for her characters until she found the right one (Accio Quote! 1999). Rowling’s linguistic cleverness in creating her neologisms must have come from her wide readership, as reflected in the possible origin of the word Voldemort. The Swedish word ‘mord’ means ‘murder, ‘and French word ‘mort’ means ‘death’. In French, ‘vol’ means ‘stealing’ or ‘flight’. Therefore, if these etymological words were put together, ‘vol de mort’ would literally mean ‘flight from death’. This is true in the series as the one thing that Voldemort fears the most is death, hence his search of immortality in splitting his soul seven times (Horcruxes) as was later revealed in the series. Although Rowling said she invented the name Voldemort, some people assumed that the name might have been taken from the character M. Valdemar by Edgar Allan Poe, who died under hypnosis and came back as a squishy mass of rotting flesh, which is what Voldemort was like, until he regained his human form in the later series of the book (stackexchange.com).

Malfoy, Draco is another wizard student in Hogwarts portrayed as Harry’s enemy because of his family’s strong support to the Dark Lord. His first and last names were loan words from Latin, where ‘Draco’ means ‘dragon’ and ‘Malfoy’ translates to ‘bad faith’ (languagerealm.com). His character in the book was that of a villain who constantly bully and antagonize Harry Potter and his friends. He belongs to the house of Slytherin, which coincidentally was the same house Voldemort was in when he was a student in Hogwarts.

There are only four magic spells that appear in the Philosoper’s Stone: Alohomora,Wingardium Levisosa, Petrificus Totalus and Locomotor Mortis (.com). These fictional magic spells are borrowed or loaned words from different languages. Alohomora, the magic spell used to open and unlock doors is supposedly from the West African Sidiki dialect which means ‘friendly to thieves’, (dictionary.com). Wingardium Leviosa is interestingly a combination of English and Latin root words – ‘wing’ meaning ‘to fly’ + ‘arduum’ which means ‘steep’, ‘-ium’ (Latin ending) and ‘levo’, a Latin word for ‘to raise’. It is a levitation spell that causes the person or thing to be ‘lifted up high.’ Petrificus Totalus comes from the Greek ‘petra’ meaning ‘stone,’ ‘fieri’ a Latin suffix meaning ‘to become’ and ‘Totalus’, a Latin meaning ‘complete’. These Greek and Latin roots translate to ‘make rock totally’ which is just about right for a Body-Binding spell (wizardingworld.com). The fourth spell, the Leg- Locking curse Locomotor Mortis comes from Latin ‘loco’ meaning ‘place’ and Latin word ‘mortis’ meaning ‘death’, is used to stop someone from moving normally (harrypotter.fandom.com).

Eponyms The names of the four houses in Harry Potter were taken from the last names of the founding witches and wizards of Hogwarts – Godric Gryffindor, Helga Hufflepuff, Rowena Ravenclaw and Salazar Slytherin and would qualify as eponyms. The traits of each founding members are also reflected on the traits of the House as well as the House symbol or mascot.

Gryffindor’s House mascot is a lion which could be attributed to the origin of the surname ‘griffin’ which is a magical beast with a head and body of a lion, and the wings of an eagle. Hufflepuff

─ 7 ─ which could be a combination of the onomatopoeic phrase ‘huff and puff,’ a sound which could be heard if one works hard or bluster. Similarly, the animal mascot for Hufflepuff is a badger who can be blusterous. Although Ravenclaw’s House mascot is an eagle, Ravenclaws are deemed to be quick learners like the bird raven. Lastly, Slytherin is also aptly chosen to represent the House of Lord Voldemort, from ‘slithering’ which resembles the snake movement which coincides with the House mascot basilisk and Salazar Slytherin’s ability to speak snake language or Parseltongue (quora.com).

Affixation and Derivative Seeker, Chaser and Keeper are players in the wizarding sport of Quidditch and are good examples of affixation adding -er to a verb to change the word to a noun and name of the agent of the action (Plag, 2003). In the sport of Quidditch, there is only one Seeker per team, whose job is to catch the Golden Snitch (the third ball and the smallest one in the game) which will give the team 150 points and is declared the winner. The game also ends when the Snitch is caught. In book one, Harry Potter was chosen as the Seeker for his house, Gryffindor, and was the youngest Seeker to have been chosen. The three Chasers job is to control the Quaffle and attempt to get it through the goals past the Keeper (harrypotter.wiki). Nimbus, a brand name for broomsticks, is a derivative of the word ‘nimble’ meaning quick, light and agile in movement and action – a very apt description for flying broomsticks.

Harry Potter Influence on the English Language

It is interesting to note that the popularity of Harry Potter and of the neologisms invented by the author has extended beyond the realms of the magical world of the series. Some newly created words have become popular not only in the book, but also in real life, for example, ‘Hogwarts’ which refers to the fictional magical school, could also refer to other buildings with the same physical characteristics as the castle or to university in general as seen in its usage in the Cambridge English Corpus. People are heard saying: “How are things going at Hogwarts?” “Oh, it’s fine! It’s so nice to be back at uni, you know!” Likewise, the word ‘Voldemort’ has come to mean bad people in general such as dictators, war freaks or warlords. This word also gives birth to related words such as Voldemortish or Voldemortesque, adjectives to describe really bad behaviors. Also, ‘mudblood’ (which appeared in the later series) has come to mean a person of mixed geographical or cultural heritage, but with derogatory undertone; a quite different meaning from its original Harry Potter usage (Norton, 2017).

Harry Potter also has given rise to many Potter-related words outside the Potter universe or ‘Potterverse,’ for instance, ‘Potterhead’ which means a Harry Potter fanatic. I for one, am a proud Potterhead who still gets excited about anything Potterian, meaning ‘relating to Harry Potter’. Similar compounds referring to Potter fans arose such as ‘Potterholic’ and ‘Pottermaniac.’ On the same note, additional words appear such as ‘Potterdom’ which refers to the fandom of Harry Potter who reads ‘Potterfic’ or Harry Potter fiction (Norton, 2017).

─ 8 ─ Revisiting Neologisms in Harry Potter

Aside from the numerous neologisms in the Philosopher’s Stone, Rowling also re-invented some old words and gave them different meanings, as if giving them new life. Some of these words are ‘squib,’ ‘muggle’ and ‘bludger’ which were previously discussed in the earlier sections. Although already existing words, these words have been re-introduced into the English corpus with new meanings as used in Harry Potter. A ‘squib’ originally means weak explosions is not a very popular word before being reused in the series (Collins.com). A ‘bludger’ which was an obsolete word for freeloader is given a new meaning as a type of a ball in Quidditch game (wikionary.com). Same is true with the word ‘muggle’ which became more popular with its new usage and meaning in the Harry Potter book. The usage of these three words was seen to have increased after their usage in the book, signifying the positive impact the book had to its readers. It seems that the Pottermania influence has not diminished even after two decades, and in fact, continues to have positive impact on language development.

These Harry Potter neologisms and the continuous emergence of new words related to and about the series only confirm that language is ever dynamic. As Crystal (1990) pointed out that the only language which do not change are dead ones. English, like any other language known to man, is alive and inevitably undergoes a cyclic process of creating, borrowing and modifying words to suit the varying needs of the times and its users. Does creating new words mean the language quality is declining or having lesser value? No, it just merely suggests that it is becoming different, flexible and adaptive to its environment for it to survive. It needs continuous birthing and processing of new words, for it not to become arid and static. Hence neologism plays an active role in that matter.

References

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─ 9 ─ blog/2017/10/20/harry-potter-english-language/ Number of words in the English Language. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.languagemonitor.com/global- english/no-of-words/ OED (2003). Lexico. Powered by Oxford. https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muggle OED (2017). Lexico. Powered by Oxford https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/quidditch Plag, I. (2003). Word Formation in English. Cambridge University Press. Prene, E. (2012). Dumbledore, Remembrall and OWLS. Word formation processes of neologisms in the Harry Potter books. A graduate thesis. Linnaeus University. Rowling, J. K. (1997). Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. London: Bloomsbury Children’s. The etymology of Harry Potter spells. (2017). Originally published on .com https://www. wizardingworld.com/features/the-etymology-of-harry-potter-spells . (2016). Retrieved from https://www.hp-lexicon.org/thing/put-outer/ Wikipedia.org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muggle Wiktionary.com. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bludger Words Shakespeare Invented. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.shakespeare-online.com/biography/ wordsinvented.html

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