Japan Between the Challenge of Evangelism and the National

Japan Between the Challenge of Evangelism and The National Isolation (1549-1639) Lecturer, Ph.D Muthana Abduljabbar Abood College of Basic Education - University of Babylon [email protected]

Abstract: When the evangelists arrived to Japan in 1549, the evangelical movement posed a critical challenge for Japanese people. Despite the early and influential economic and social methodologies the evangelists came with, soon it created political and colonial doubts that threatened the social and political structure of Japan. That prompted many Japanese rulers to issue a series of regulations against the evangelist existence at that time, which led to the announcement of a policy of total isolation "Sakoku" from the outside world by 1639. to avoid the prevalence of Christianity in the country,and its threatening effect to the unity of the nation of Japan. These isolation decisions remained in place until the mid-nineteenth century.

This paper consists of three sections: the first one focuses on the beginning of the Evangelist movement in Japan (1549-1571). The second sheds light on the infiltration of the evangelists into the government and society. Finally, the last one presents the rise of the Evangelism danger and the announcement of national isolation (1603-1639).

Key words: Japan - Missionaries - Christianity - Isolation - Tokopawa

Sakoku

(Tanegashima

Tanegashima Tokitaka

Malacca

Buddhism

James L. Huffman, Modern Japan: A History in Documents, (New York, Oxford 4 University Press, Inc., 2004),P.20.

Awnyn Warring States

= Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan , Vol. 6, pp. 106-107. Marius B. Jansen, The making of modern Japan, Third printing ,( London , Harvard 8 University Press, 2002),p.7. Siddharta Guatama 9 Buddha John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the wake of world war II, (New York, W.W. Norton Company, Inc., 1999),pp.19-30; Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Vol.2, pp.176-178.

Francis Xavier

Goa

Juan Cosme de Torres Fernández Satsuma Kagoshima

Franco Mormando, Jill G. Thomas, Francis Xavier And the Jesuit Missions in the 11 Far East, (Massachusetts, Mercantile/Image Press,2006),p.18; Oliai, Op,Cit.,p.16. 12

Jesuits Japanese language

Dainichi

Daiusu

Yumi Murayama-Cain, The Bible in Imperial Japan, 1850-1950, A Thesis 14 Submitted for the Degree of PhD, Scotland, University of St. Andrews,12th March 2010,p.6. 15

M. H. Oliai, The Japanese and Christianity : A Complex Relation, (Netherlands, 16 Foundation Press, 2013), p.101. Sharp, W.H., the Educational System of Japan, in office the Director- General of 17 Education in India, Occasional Reports, No. 3, (Bombay ,the Government Central Press, 1906),p.3.

Hirado Yamaguchi

Cosme de Torres

Ian D. Miller, Choosing the Other Conversion to Christianity in Japan, A Doctor 18 thesis, The University of Manchester, the Faculty of Humanities, Britain, 2010,p.99. 19 20

21 22 23

(Bungo Amakusa (Arima

Samurai

Hideyoshi Toyotom Nabunaga Oda Ieyasu Tokugawa

Azuchi Momoyama

24 25

Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Vol.2, pp.176-178. John Living ,Imperial Japan 1800-1945, (New York, Random House, Inc., 1973), p.33; Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Vol.2, pp.61-64. Miller, Op, Cit.,pp.99-100. 26

Yoritomo No Minamoto Go-Toba Heike Taira

Azouchi

Omura Sumitada Hizen

Nagasaki

A little Rome

Shin Kami The way of The Gods

Carla Tronu Montane, Sacred Space and Ritual in Early Modern Japan: The 30 Christian Community of Nagasaki (1569 1643). PhD Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2012,p.38. William Elliot Griffi s, A.M.,The Mikado s Empire: A History of Japan from the 31 Age of Gods to the Meiji Era (660 bc ad 1872), 8th edition, (United States of America, Stone Bridge Press, 2006),p.275.

Francisco Cabral

Alessandro Valignano

Theology

Hoey, Jack B.,Alessandro Valignano and the Restructuring of the Jesuit Mission in 33 Japan, 1579-1582, 'A Graduate Student Journal' ,Eleutheria: Vol. 1: Iss. 1, Article 4, 2010, pp.23-42. Randall Shaun Batchelor, Borrowing Modernity: A Comparison of Educational 34 Change in Japan, China, and Thailand from the Early Seventeenth to the Mid- Twentieth Century, Ph.D. dissertation, (Batchelor State university,2005), pp.14- 15.

- Nagoya

Amuthi Confucianism Kagagaku

Osaka

Gaspar Coelho

38 Kenneth G. Henshall, A History of Japan : from stone age to superpower , 2nd 39 ed,(Grea Ltd,2004),P.47.

Franciscans Augustinians (Dominicans

Hamish Ion, American missionaries, Christian oyatoi, and Japan, 1859- 43 73,(Vancouver, UBC Press, 2009),p.1;Jansen, Op,Cit.,p.68. 44 Oliai, Op,Cit.,p.20. 45 Spackman, Op,Cit.,p.209. 46 47 48

Ieyasu Hideyori Tokugawa Sekigahara

Tokugawa

New Cofucianism

Masao , Maruyama , Studies In The Intellectual History Of Tokugawa Japan, Trans by Mikso Hane, 4 thed,Tokyo, Univ. Press, printed in Japan,2001,P.5; Malcolm D. Kennedy, A History of Japan,London,Bristol,Ltd.,1963,P.88. Frank Alanson Lombard, Pre-Meiji education in Japan; a study of Japanese education previous to the restoration of 1868,( Tokyo, Methodist Publishing Mouse,1913),pp.68-69

Cullen, L.M., A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Intend and External Worlds,(New 55 York, Cambridge University Press,2003),p.33. 56

Hidetada Tokugawa

Iemitsu Tokugawa

National Seclusion Sakoku

Heung, Li Yuk, Women`s Education in Meiji and the Development of 57 Christion Girl`s School, The Degree of Dector, University Hong Kong, 1993. 58 Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan , Vol.7, 59 p.3. 60

Amakusa Shimabara Amakusa S

Shumon aratame

kakure Kirishitan

Dejima

Thomas John Hastings, Exiles in their Own Land:Japanese Protestant Mission 64 History and Theory in Conversation with Practical Theology, (Connecticut, Yale Divinity School Ibrary, 2018),p.3; Storry, pp.63-64. Henshall, Op,Cit.,p.58 65 Oliai, Op,Cit.,pp.24-25. 66

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