Part I the Pharmaceutical Industry in Africa
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Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Making Medicines in Africa The Political Economy of Industrializing for Local Health Edited by Maureen Mackintosh Professor of Economics, The Open University, United Kingdom Geoffrey Banda Research Fellow in Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom Paula Tibandebage Senior Research Associate, REPOA, Tanzania Watu Wamae Visiting Research Fellow, The Open University, United Kingdom Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/version4 Editorial matter, selection and introduction © Maureen Mackintosh, Geoffrey Banda, Paula Tibandebage and Watu Wamae, 2016 Individual chapters © their respective authors, 2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-54646-3 The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Open access: Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/version4 First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of Nature American, Inc., 75 Varick Street, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-137-54647-0 E-PDF ISBN: 978-1-137-54647-0 Paperback ISBN: 978-1-137-57133-5 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Making medicines in Africa: the political economy of industrializing for local health / [edited by] Maureen Mackintosh, Geoffrey Banda, Paula Tibandebage, Watu Wamae. p. ; cm.—(International political economy series) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978–1–137–57133–5 I. Mackintosh, Maureen, editor. II. Banda, Geoffrey, 1969– , editor. III. Tibandebage, Paula, editor. IV. Wamae, Watu, editor. V. Series: International political economy series (Palgrave Macmillan (Firm)) [DNLM: 1. Technology, Pharmaceutical – economics – Africa. 2. Technology, Pharmaceutical – methods – Africa. 3. Diffusion of Innovation – Africa. 4. Drug Industry – standards – Africa. 5. Economic Development – Africa. 6. Pharmaceutical Preparations – supply & distribution – Africa. QV 778] RA401.A55 338.4976151096—dc23 2015025771 Contents List of Figures viii List of Tables ix Preface xi Notes on Contributors xiii Introduction: African Industrial Development, Values and Health Care 1 Maureen Mackintosh, Geoffrey Banda, Paula Tibandebage and Watu Wamae Part I The Pharmaceutical Industry in Africa 5 1 Making Medicines in Africa: An Historical Political Economy Overview 7 Geoffrey Banda, Samuel Wangwe and Maureen Mackintosh 2 Pharmaceuticals in Kenya: The Evolution of Technological Capabilities 25 Roberto Simonetti, Norman Clark and Watu Wamae 3 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Decline in Tanzania: How Possible Is a Turnaround to Growth? 45 Paula Tibandebage, Samuel Wangwe, Maureen Mackintosh and Phares G.M. Mujinja 4 Bringing Industrial and Health Policies Closer: Reviving Pharmaceutical Production in Ethiopia 65 Tsige Gebre-Mariam, Kedir Tahir and Solomon Gebre-Amanuel 5 South-South Collaboration in Pharmaceuticals: Manufacturing Anti-retroviral Medicines in Mozambique 85 Giuliano Russo and Lícia de Oliveira 6 Can Foreign Firms Promote Local Production of Pharmaceuticals in Africa? 103 Sudip Chaudhuri v vi Contents 7 Raising the Technological Level: The Scope for API, Excipients, and Biologicals Manufacture in Africa 122 Joseph Fortunak, Skhumbuzo Ngozwana, Tsige Gebre-Mariam, Tiffany Ellison, Paul Watts, Martins Emeje and Frederick E. Nytko III Part II Industrialization for Health 145 8 Health Systems as Industrial Policy: Building Collaborative Capabilities in the Tanzanian and Kenyan Health Sectors and Their Local Suppliers 147 Maureen Mackintosh, Paula Tibandebage, Joan Kariuki Kungu, Mercy Karimi Njeru and Caroline Israel 9 The Dissemination of Local Health Innovations: Political Economy Issues in Brazil 166 Erika Aragão, Jane Mary Guimarães and Sebastião Loureiro 10 Healthy Industries and Unhealthy Populations: Lessons from Indian Problem-Solving 183 Smita Srinivas Part III Industrial Policies and Health Needs 201 11 Policies to Control Prices of Medicines: Does the South African Experience Have Lessons for Other African Countries? 203 Skhumbuzo Ngozwana 12 Pharmaceutical Standards in Africa: The Road to Improvement and Their Role in Technological Capability Upgrading 224 Geoffrey Banda, Julius Mugwagwa, Dinar Kale and Margareth Ndomondo-Sigonda 13 Innovative Procurement for Health and Industrial Development 243 Joanna Chataway, Geoffrey Banda, Gavin Cochrane and Catriona Manville 14 Industry Associations and the Changing Politics of Making Medicines in South Africa 261 Theo Papaioannou, Andrew Watkins, Julius Mugwagwa and Dinar Kale Contents vii 15 Finance and Incentives to Support the Development of National Pharmaceutical Industries 278 Alastair West and Geoffrey Banda Bibliography 298 Index 323 List of Figures 1.1 A timeline of selected pharmaceutical firm start-ups by country,