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8 SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS. CHAPTER I., LIFE AND ASPECTS AT ANCIENT CAWOOD ... 25 Importance of Cawood—Where Wharfe joins Ouse—Aspects of the town—The new bridge—Character of surrounding country—Local geology—Carrs and marshes—Name of Cawood—Ancient woodlands—The manor at the Con- quest—Tenure in bondage, some of its effects—Local customs—Manor-house of the Archbishops of York—Royal visitors at Cawood—Ancient inns- - Hostilers " of the 41 th century—Great banquets at the Castle—Life at Cawood past and present. CHAPTER II., CAWOOD AND WOLSEY Wolsey appointed to the See of York—His arrival at Cawood—Repair of the castle—High state life at the castle—The coming crisis—The Cardinal's arrest at Cawood—His farewell and grief at his departure—Great concourse of spectators—The journey to Pontefract and Leicester—The Cardinal's death—Decline of Cawood—The castle after the Reformation—Local feeling —Arrival of Archbishop Grindal—Visit of Queen Elizabeth to Cawood— The Civil War—Cawood Castle dismantled, and its old glory departed. CHAPTER III., CAWOOD CASTLE, CHURCH, AND TOWN ... 41 Description of the Castle—Cawood Park—Site of church liable to inundations— Early history—Description of the church—Local families—Ancient markets and river-traffic—Old custom—Old system of rating—Keesberry Hall—First mention of Cawood— Present aspects of the town—The new light-railway- Former importance and population of Wistow—Its ancient church. CHAPTER IV., SOME CAWOOD CHARITIES ... 58 Hitherto unpublished records—Bequests of Archbishops Mountaigne and Harsnett —Inquisitions at Cawood in 1648—References to old field-names, pinfold, stocks, rood-stile, &c —Abuse of the trusts—Enquiry at York Castle—Past and present value of the charities—School endowments, &c. CHAPTER V., ABOUT RYTHER Effluence of the Wharfe—Wild flowers—Situation of Ryther—An ancient settle- ment—Meaning of Ryther—Early history—Large extent of woodland—Local possessions of the canons of Bolton—Ancient knight-service—The family of Ryther—Its great military distinction—Free-warren at Ryther—The reverses at Bannockburn—Compulsory knighthood—John de Ryther, " hero of a hundred fights "—Ryther nuns—Later history and pedigree of Ryther—The Earls of Harrowby—The castle—Aspects of Ryther—Local charities—The Wesleyans—The township of Lead. 9 CHAPTER VI., RYTHER CHURCH ... • • • 77 Unique collection of stone altars—Preservation of relics—Popularity of St. William, Archbishop of York—His portrait in the church—Architectural description of the fabric—The ancient monuments—The Robinson brasses— Restorations of the church—Grant to Appleton Nunnery—Taxation of the living—The registers—List of rectors. CHAPTER VII., CHURCH FENTON : ITS ASPECTS AND HISTORICAL RECORDS 8o Landscape effects—Wild flowers—Apple-land—The autumn-crocus—Name of Fenton—History of the manor—Ancient landowners—Old field-names-Wapentake courts—Ancient charters—Population in 1378—An unpublished inquisition—The Civil War—The Jacobite rebellion—A diabolical murder CHAPTER VIII., THE CHURCH, VILLAGE, AND OLD FAMILIES OF CHURCH FENTON ... 97 Antiquity of the church—Its dedication—Description of the church, and archi- tectural details—Singular position of holy-water stoup—Prebendary of Fenton—The vicars—Old families—Old houses—Remains of ancient cross. CHAPTER IX., BOLTON PERCY : ITS HISTORY AND OLD FAMILIES ... ... 105 Picturesque aspects—The vine and rosemary—Old houses—Evidences of the Ice Age—Many Boltons in Yorkshire and consequent confusion—The manor of Bolton Percy—Methods of land cultivation at the Conquest—The soke of Healaugh an important heritage—The pre-Conquest church—The Percies and their Yorkshire castles—Successive owners of Bolton Percy—Peculiar anomaly in the ownership of the church and manor—Grant of free-warren-Plague and murrain—Effects at Bolton Percy—Population in 1378—The Lords Beaumont—Sale of the manor to the Fairfaxes—The Duke of Buckingham and Mary Fairfax married at Bolton Percy—Sale of the manor to the Milners —Old families—The Wickhams—Some notable connections with Bolton Percy—Manor of Hornington—The Kendalls CHAPTER X. BOLTON PERCY : OLD CUSTOMS AND EVENTS ... 116 Village life in the olden times—The parish accounts—Lord Fairfax and King James IL—Perambulation of boundaries—Wandering beggars—A woman of Bolton Percy publicly whipped—Local wild animals—Sparrow-shooting -A remarkably late occurrence of the beaver at Bolton Percy—Suitable habitats of the beaver—A Book of Briefs—Some old church restorations— The church of St Olave's, York—The Ripponden flood—Horse-races at Bolton Percy—Carriage of letters—Bequests to the poor—Brockett Hall and the Brocketts—Bolton Lodge and its tenants—Old inn 10 CHAPTER XI., THE CASTLE, CHURCH, AND RECTORS OF BOLTON PERCY ... 121 License to erect a castle at Bolton Percy—Was the castle ever built ?—The castle at Spofforth—The 15th century manor-house at Bolton Percy—Its site and aspects—Traditions of Robin Hood—Historical records of the church— Description of the church—Pagan and Christian ritual—Burial of Ferdinando, Lord Fairfax—Chantry in the church—Barker family—Local customs—A curious dispute about the Hall pew—Local recusancy—The old church bells —Burials in woollen—Old tithe-barn—The rectory—The old rectors—Torre's omissions—Recent rectors CHAPTER XII., APPLETON ROEBUCK AND NUN APPLETON 139 Importance of Appleton in Saxon times—Relics of pre-historic occupation— Early history—The foundation of Appleton Nunnery—The monastic fish- pond—The Cistercian system—The origin of first-fruits—Rushes and rush- lights—The Fauconberg family—The right to dower—Civilization in the 15th century—General demoralization—Monastic relaxation—Charges against the Nuns of Appleton—Stringent regulations—The story of the wooing of Isabel Thwaites by William Fairfax—An unfounded romance —Their marriage at Bolton Percy—A notable alliance—Suppression of the Nunnery—Fairfaxes opposed to the Dissolution—Public unrest and tyranny of the " reformers " —Execution of the aged Countess of Salisbury—Grant of site, &c., of Nun Appleton—Erection of the Hall, the home of the great Lord Fairfax—Sale of the estate to the Milners—Purchase by Mr (now Sir) Angus Holden— Pedigree of Holden—The Markham Family—Description of the mansion— An attractive neighbourhood—Local natural history—The village of Appleton CHAPTER XIII., COLTON, STEETON, AND THE FAIRFAXES 155 Prehistoric evidences at Woolas—Name of Colton—Manorial history and some results of subinfeudation—The creation of new manors—The old Hall at Colton—Local aspects—The new church—Old beliefs and customs—Incense and flowers—History of Steeton—Local landowners—Accession of the Fairfaxes to Steeton—Sir Guy Fairfax built Steeton Hall—Antiquity of chapel —A confusion of Steetons—Alliance of Fairfax with Coates' family of Craven —Steeton Hall made a farm-house—Description of the Hall—Interesting inventory of effects at the Hall in 1558—Chimneys a novelty—The chapel, its ancient arms, and Fairfax associations—The chapel removed CHAPTER XIV., BILBROUGH... ... 165 Situation of Bilbrough—A supposed Roman look-out post—Prehistoric tumuli-- Recent excavations at Bilbrough Hill--A large tumulus—Antiquity of the church, and its position near the Roman camp—History of the manor—Local families—Purchase of the manor by the Fairfaxes—Its subsequent sale and purchase by Admiral Fairfax in 1716—The old manor-house—The Fairfaxes resident in the neighbourhood over seven centuries—Pedigree of the Fairfaxes —The York and Ainsty Hunt—The American Fairfaxes —Their old home in Virginia—The late Lord Fairfax—Old family portraits at Bilbrough—The church and its re-erection in 1844—The Nortons—The great Lord Fairfax buried in the Norton Chapel—Local memorials—The churchyard—Dedica- tion of the church—Its endowments and the Parliamentary report—The village of Bilbrough, and surrounding scenery. II CHAPTER XV., KIRKBY WHARFE ... 177 Geological aspects—Curious phenomena—Architectural qualities of the Magnesian Limestone—Ancient settlements—Flint relics found at Kirkby Wharfe— Discovery of a Roman inscribed tablet—Local sculptured crosses in the church —Kirkby Wharfe a Danish settlement —Historical records-Old families—Picturesque situation of the church—Description of the church— The churchyard—Registers—The vicars—Biographical notices—The vicarage houses—Rural aspects of the village—Old customs. CHAPTER XVI., GRIMSTON PARK ... ... 193 Ancient cultivation— Meaning of Grimston— Grim in the A -S. dedication stone at York—The manor of Grimston—The manor-house—Local families—The Stanhopes and Gascoignes—Purchase of the manor by Lord Howden—Local field names—Duke of Wellington at Grimston—Sale of Grimston to Lord Londesborough, and afterwards to John Fielden, Esq.—Description of the mansion—A remarkable collection of relics—The park and gardens—Former population of Grimston—Schools—Bella Hall estate CHAPTER XVII., ULLESKELF ... 203 A place without a history —Importance of Ulleskelf in pre-Norman times— Gallows at Ulleskelf—Some important discoveries—Meaning of Ulleskelf— The manor with church—Historical records—Baptisms at Ulleskelf— Population in 1378—Local men in the wars—Old families—Village aspects —An ancient homestead—A great fire—Disappearance of the old church Erection of the new church—Wesleyan Chapel and National School CHAPTER XVIII., ROUND ABOUT TOWTON • •• 210 North Milford—The ancient family of Ledes—Custom of garsome—Milford Hall Manor of Towton—Baron Hawke—Towton Hall—The great Battle of Towton—The site of the battle—The burial trenches—Lord Dacre's tomb— Horse and warrior interred
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