AN ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF PHILLIP ISLAND
EVANS CARGILL EVANS Alf ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF PHILLIP ISLAND
RESEARCH ESSAY FOR HISTORY OF AUSTRALIAN ARCHITECTURE AND TO CONll'.E110RATE THE CENTENARY OF OPEN SETTLE¥£NT ON PHILLIP ISLAND AND CHURCHILL ISLAND FROM 1868 TO 1968
BY MAURICE BVANS, NEIL EVANS, AND lWSALIE CARGILL DEPART~iliNT OF ARCHITECTURE, UNIVERSITY OF ~lliLBOURNE.
AUGUST 1967. "), , AIM
It is the intention of the authors to ~ather and record the architectural and the relevant historical information of the resort- rural couwunity of Philli Island . The study ai' building from the beginning of the Island ' s recorded history, in both its archi tectural and social si nificance till the :lllodern eriod) has this essa as its end product.
SynOPSIS
In order to acLieve this aim, it is necessary to establish, throu~h history, a attern, and the social f&ctors inherent i~ aDd peculiar to, Philli~ Island , in addition to the study 01' its buildin s. 'rhi s requires the presentation of facts relatinE to the settling of the land, the motivation for buildin and the resultant effects on the building form and teclmiqu-e . It is also im.ortant . to study this in context . 'rhe obvious relationshi VoIi th the mainland and its herita e is funda ental to adequate appreciation of corresponding buildin on the Island , as is the context of internal industry. ACKNOWLEDGBNENTS
PRIME SOURC~S
DR K. BOWDEN, Cl./l.LINS STRr:;ET, I,lELBOURNE 11R GLIDDON SR., HISTORIAN OF PHILLIP ISLAND j\lR GLIDDON JR., "INNESHOWEN", PHILLIP ISLAND STAFF, LATROBE, BAILLIEU & ARCHITECTURE LIBRAHIES STAFF, C.DNTRAL PLANS OJ~'FICE, LANDS DEPARTr1ENT STAFF, J'I10RHINGTON SHIRE OFFICE STAFF, PHILLIE ISL~~D TOWN HALL LIBRARIAN, PHILLIP ISLAND LIBRARY ~~AGEYiliNT, CHICAORY ASSOCIATION
.PIUVATE DOCUkENTS & Il~FvH.lI.ATION
rill McLARDY, BUILDER, PHILLIP .l. SLA.l>J"D ERS CL~ELAND, WOOLAMAII, PHILLIP ISLAND Jliili & IvutS f'lcHA]'FIE, PARK ORCHARDS lVIRS THONPSON, CARISBROOK, PHILLIP ISLAND Iv:R WEST, GENERAL STORE, PHILLIP ISLAND lJJR JENNER, PHOTOGRAPHS OF PHILLIP ISLAND 1.\1R BETTS, "RHYLSTON PARK", PHILLIP ISLAND MRS BELL, FORlViEHLY OF "RHYLSTON PARK" PHILLIP ISLAND rvnss CAlilBELL, CHURCHILL ISLAND IVlR ANDERSON, PHILLIP ISLAND
.PRODUCT ION
LAWSTAFF & CO. lV10DERN PRINTING CO. ANNE J. BARwICK IViEREDITH B. IvlA.rtTIN CHAPTBRS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 "BLOCKHOUSE"
3 SEALERS
4 INT~RLUDE 1828-1844
5 hcHAFFIES 6 SUBDIVISION
7 i~EST 'S STORE
8 "INNESHOWEN"
9 II'I'i0OLAlvlAI I "
10 "GLBNISLA" AND ROBERT ili"J"DERSON 11 IV,cLARDY AND B;':';NAL, BUILDEliS
12 "TU.LLOCH GHEW"
13 CHURCHILL ISLAND
14 "BR.OADviATER", "CHA11hAN DhNE", "IONA", AND liST CLAIR"
15 "llHYLSTON PARK" 16 "TELOFA" 1-wD "HANILTON HOUSE"
17 CHICKO.H.Y AND CHICKORY KILNS 18 BUILDING IVJ.ATBiUALS
19 ~VALUATION BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(A) HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA & VICTORIA.
"AUSTRALIA" CRAWFORD tfUTCHINSON mnv. PMSS 1960 "SB1ECT DOC UJ:...ENT 0 OF AUSTRALIAN HI STORY" CLARKE OXFORD PRESS 1960 LONDON "BARLY HISTORY OF THE COLONY OF VICTORIA" VOL 2. F.P. LABILLIBRE 1878 LONDON "VICTO£lIA - THE FIRST CBNTURY" HISTORICAL COi'JHTTEE - CENTENARY COUi~CIL "VICTORIA" CAPT. H. STONEY 1856 LONDON "R:6COLLECTIONS OF SQUATTING IN VICTORIA" "::D.iARD CURR 1888 LarmON "FIRST YEARS AT PORT PHILLIP 1834-42" ROBERT BOYS 1959 ~~LBOURNE "NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN ARCHITECTURE" R. I"lENZIES 1950 JVlELBOURNE "DISCOVERY A.ND SETTLEhENT OF PORT PHILLIP" J AI1ES BONWYCK
"TALES O~' OLD TI~lES" C.H. CHO~'_LEY PUB. 1903 8'
(B) DETAILED HISTOHIES
"EARLY HISTORY OF IVIORNINGTON PENIN.::'ULA AND WESTERN PORT" HUNT'::;R ROGERS HALLCHAFT 1966 l>lELBOURNE
"HISTORY OF BRIGHTON" WESTON BATB IVl.U.P. 1963
"PHILLIP ISLAND STORY" GJDDON8T AL.
(c) AUSTRALIAN ARCHITECTURE
"THE EARLY AUSTRALIAN ARCHITECTS ANt THEIR WORK" l'lORTON HERlYLAN AHGUS & ROBERTSON 1954 SYm~'EY
II AUSTRA1JIA 'S HOl,J:)" ROBIN BOYD M.U.P. 1961 r':ELBOURNE "THE WALLS AROUND US" ROBIN BOYD F.W. CHESHIRE 1962 lviELB0URNE
"HISTORIC BUILDING~) IN VICTORIA" D. SAJNDERS JACAJiANDA 1967 .\.ELBOURNE
"DATING HOuSES IN VICTORIA" BALIvIFORD ET AL. (ARTICLE IN "HISTORICAL STUDIES" 1961)
(D) PRIIviARY SOURCZS (PUBLISHED OR PRINTED)
LOG OF THE LADY ImLSON
DIARY OF MHS McHAFFIE
DIARY OF ~lli R. GALL (D) (CONT.)
PRIV/l.TE DOCUMENTS OF r-JR GLIDDON (P. I. ) 11R 'w' 3ST (p • I. ) NR ANDER~ON (P. I.) :rvlRS THC~PSON (P. I • ) MORNINGTON SHIRE OFFICE PHILLIP ISLAND TOWN HALL PHILLIP ISLAND LIBRARY ~~ JENNER (P.I.) (PHOTOGRAPHS) LAXDS DEPARTJ,\iBNT.
•
CRlLPT I R ON I TRODUCT Ion HISTORY - AN INTRODUCTION
1. DISCOVERY OF PHILLIP ISLAND "Captain Cook in April 1770 , at Pint Hicks saw the east coast of Austral ia for t he f i rst t ime . Co ok was . uncertai n whe t her this part of Australia extended sout h to join Tasmania •..•• so f or the next 28 years , Tasmania was shown as part of the ma inland of Austra lia " (1). It was in this light that Phi llip I sland in Wes tern Port Bay was event ually discover ed as expl orers s t umb l ed upon i t whil e attem t ing to est a blish t he existence of a strait betwe en the ma i nl and and Tasmania . 1796 saw the ship "Sydney Cove " , bound for Por t Jackson f r om Ca l cutta, roun ing the southern-mos t poi nt of Van Di emen ' s Land (Tasmania) . Havin s truck a s t orm, t he vessel was f orced to r un a s hore on an island off t he coast (Ca t a i n Hamilton l a ter na ed t hi i s l and , a member of the Furneaux Group , "Preservation I s l and " ). The ma te of t h e "Sy ney Cove " set off for Port Jackson i n a longboa t wit h a crew of seventeen. Agai n. this crew was wrecked at sea. The survivors attemJt ed t h e remaining 500 mil e j ourney on foo t, with only three f inally r achi ng Port J a ckson. Go vernor Hunter , on rece iving news of the l i ght of t h e "Sydney Cove ", sent t he ves s el "Francis " to r escue Capta i n Hami lton an d his crew . This voyage of mercy having been complet ed , Hamilton reviewed his obs ervations and spe cul ated t h e exist ence of a s t rait betwe en Van Diemen ' s Land and the mainland . Governor Hunt er was i m re sed by t hi s t heor an commis ion ed an inves t i a tory expedi tion 1 d by Geo r ge Bass, a sur eon, officer , an e xperienced expl orer and na vigat or. To gether with a crew of six, Bass left Port J a ckson on De cember 3rd , 1797 i n a 28 ft. Aust ralian built wha leboat, wh i ch Hunter had put at hi s di posal. Bass had been ins tructed t o settle the specula tion as to t he exist ence of a s t rait or otherwise. Bass foll owed t h e eastern coast to t he s outh, but a f t er passing a poi nt , which was to be later nam ed Wils on ' s Promontor , on J anuary 2, 1798 , t he expedition met heavy stormy s eas . 0 r event t he a l ready leaking ves sel from II st r a ining one of its l anks, " (2 ) t h ey put i nto shore to shel t er in the "lee 0 . the headlan d . " ( 2 ) On an i land nearby, Bass came a cross seven convi ct s bu t he could only as ist t hem with f ood. After t e s torm, he continued on westward t o iscover alar e break i n t he c oastlin e. On Janua ry 4th or 5t h (3), Ba ss found himself "in a very exten s ive harbour" wh ich he named Hestern Port Bay beca us e of i t s ge ocrr aphi cal pos ition in rela tion to "ever-g oth er lrnown harbour on the c oa s t." He entered the bay through t he East ern channel naming Ca pe Woolamai, and shelter ed near yl l on Philli p Island. He r e he s t ayed t o ex lore and repai r t he small craft . He n oted in hi s log t ha t fresh wa t er was di fficult t o procure a s he faun n one on the i sl and bu t a s t ream (Bass River ) was discovered to wind i nland f rom t he East er n sh ore of t he Bay . He stayed a t the islan for 12 days explori ng on f oo t an d s ke tchi ng; while doing s o he mistakenly took French Island t o b e part of t he ma inl an an sh owed t his on h i s map. Le av i ng by the East ern passage , Bass and his crew set out f or Por t J a ckson on 18th J anuary 1798, rea ching t here only a fter a per ilous jour ney on 25t h day of the same month . Although Bass ha d not prov e d that a s t r a it exist ed , t he exped it ~ o n had reinf or ced his convictions. Hav ing given his r eport to Gov ern or Hunter on his r eturn, Bass was t o f ind hims elf wi t h Capt a in Flinders of t he ve ssel "Norf ol k " s ever a months l a t er c ircumnav iga ting Van Di emen ' s Land t hus est a bl i sh ing bey ond doubt t he exi s tence of a passage .
2. FIRST GOVE ~ffiNTA L DEVELOPMENT OF HI LLI P ISLAND On the basi s of t h e r esults of t h e expedi t ion by Bass and Flinders, in the yea r 1800, Lt. James Grant R. N. was given command of a small bri g of 60 ton s especial ly de ~igned and built i n En l an d by Capt. Schank for explora tion i n shallow wa ters. Gov ernor King , s ucceeding Hunter , sent Grant and hi s shi p , t he "La dy Nelson" , to carry out further investiga tion i n Western Port i n 18 1. In Ma rch of tha t yea r, Gran t' s Log r ead , "..• At p.m. of 21st, we had si ht of t he isl nd whi ch forms the Southern head of We s t ern art." He cont i nued on and entered t hrough the We s t ern Pas sage, disc overin -two smal i s l ands situated a t t he a s sage e t r ance and naming them Seal I s l and on t he we st and Snapper I s l a d on t h e east. Bass put to shore to anchor in a "li ttle c ove with a fin e sandy bea ch " which he named El i zabeth Cove." ( Thi s poin t i s jus t north east of McHa f f i e ' s Point.) On 28th March 1801, Grant came upon an i s l and of some 140 a cr es t o t he east of El i za bet h Cove. He named t h i s Chur chi l l Island a fter John Churchi ll who ha d s upplied the expedit i on wi th seeds and lants. Ground was cleared and prepared , and s ome wheat, onions, potatoes, r ice, peas , cof fee, maize , and vari ous fruit trees were s own . Churchi ll Island was t he site of the fir s t cultivati on of Vi ctorian ' s oi l. But more import ant i s the f a c t t hat t he fir s t recorded building was erected here. Grant built a "Bl ockhouse" on t he i s l and for defen ce a a i n st t he na t ive s . I t was built a t Pt. i kersgil l but the exact loca tion has not been es t abli shed . ( The a uthors and many other r e searchers a nd historians have spen t c onsider able lengths of t i me exploring and searching for tra ces and references to t he exac t loca t i on. 'here are n o vis i ble r ema i ns of t h i s structure as it i s t h ought t ha t t hey have been e i ther wa s hed away or rot ted. ) The onl y refer ence to it is in Grant' s Lo g of t he "Lady Ne l son" .. . . • "wi t h the t runks of t he t r ees I f elle d , I r a ised a blockhouse of 24 ' x 12 ' which wi l l pr ob ably r emain s ome years, the suppor t ers being we ll fi xed in the eart h .• • . • round t his skelet on of a mansion house I pl anted st ones and f ruit trees." He f urther r epor t e d ...•. "Western Po r t i s ca pable of c ontaining s ever a l h1L.'1dred shi ps in perfect security f r om s t orms and wi l l a it to bei ng :fo rtified .. ••. i t i s sit ua ted in a c ountry which may be i mpr oved by cultivation and is an excellen t c i ma te. ( Thi s l atter s t a tement i s i n c ont radicti on t o the f indi ngs and conc lusi ons of an ex edi t i on in 1827.) On his r eturn to Port J a ckson in 1 y 1801, a disint ere t ed Grant resigned a s ma s ter of t he "Lady Nelson" and Lt. Murray , formerly her first officer was a ointed ca tain to continue expl oration and char t i ng. Leavi ng ydney on 12 t h Nov ember 1801 , Murr a y a r riv ed back in Western Port on 7th De cember . He a. chored t h e "Lady Ne l s on " a ga in in Elizabeth Cove a nd sent a party acro s to Churchill I sl and onl y t o discov er " every t hi n as we l eft i t - I mean t he r emains of our fires and huts - the whea t and corn as i n full vigou r, 6 f e et high an a l most r i p e ..••. " So t he Bl oc khouse was rec overed to a poi n t . An other expedit ion "f ound remai ns of fires, a number of bamboo pegs and a cl ub on ea l Island" ( 5) on the 18th December. The Lo os t ulates t hat a smal l trading v ,ssel, t he "Harri ngton" , belongi ng to a Madras firm must ha ve been t h r , as s everal items from t he s hiV we r e i ent ified (no evidence of anchorage was found ). Seal ing had begun on a commercial scale from Sydney in 1798 , ther efore the a uthors feel t hat it is possible to s t a te t hat t he earliest white inha bitants of \'/est ern Port :Bay ~~d probably Phillip Island were members of sealing angs. £he hi s t or ' of sealing cannot be writ ten here as neither c.ccurate 10 s nor an a.uth ority could be found . Further inv es tigations by Murray, uncovered an important spring from whi ch he easily obt ained a hundred al lons of go od wa ter. "Nearby there was a better spring wi t h enough water for a battle ship of t he line. A good road was mad e t o t he spri ng . •••. ., ( 6 ) Murray a l s o rovide d the ini tial s timulus for the idea tha t French Island was a arcel of I an separ a ted from t he ma i nland . Altogether , Murray sen t a bout a month a t Wes tern Port , leaving on 5th J anua ry 1802 to travel furthe r west as f ar as Cape Otway 5 discovering and naming Port Phillip en route.
I n 1bOO a French expe dition, of "Le Geo r aphic II under Captai n Ni chol as Baudin and "Le Na t ura liste " under Captai n Emaneul Hamelin, lef t France to explore Aus-t r a l ia and ' asmania . The vessel s sailed South a bout the same time as Kurray , but by ear l y 1802 ( some sources indicate January, others Ma rch) they wer e near the eastern entr ance to Bass St rait . A s torm resulted in a separat ion of t he t wo ships, wi t h Ca t . Hamelin hea ding for the shor e. Hameli n found hims elf in We s t ern Por t , and spent days carryi ng out some explora tion. He was mos t impr essed wit t h e pot entia l of t he harbour but his sta y wa s cut short by scurvy whi ch f orced h i m t o sail f or Sydney . Aft er reuni t ing with Capt. Baud i n, t he Fren ch eX})ed i t ion I e ft S dney in No vember 1802 leavi n behind t hem i n tense rumours of Fr ench int erest in fest ern Por t and hint s t hat t he French had a car e f ul ly drawn chart. Concern f or s uch a French set t l ement provoke d Lord Bathurs t ~nd others i nto thought s of colonizing t his r egion. Governor Kin _' S fears f or Port Philli a nd V es tern Port i ns t i gated a furt her survey of the sui t a bi l i t y of this a r ea fo r s ettlemen t, by Robbins and Oxley. Their re ar t was unfavoura ble , based on t he l a ck of fre s h w t er and t h e resence of swampy Ian s . With t he defea t of the Fr ench by Nelson , f ears less ened, a s di d t he i mpe t us to s et t l e a t We s t ern Port. It i s t hought t ha t only sea lers r emaine d during t he ensui ng period.
3. ~CON D GOV RNMENTAL NT OF PHI LL I P ISLAND Stimulated by the news t hat the French er e outfit ting I' L' As t r olabe" f or a v oyage t o the South ~ ea s, a reviva l of intere st in establ i shing a colony wa s brought t o a head in the 182 IS by Lord Bat hurst. I n hi s ins tructi ons to the new Governor, Lt. Gen . Darling , Bat urst ordered t he i mmedi a t e prepar a tions for t h e founda t ion of a sett lement a t Western Port, eit her by sendi ng yet another surveyor an expedi t i on of convict fo r tune s e ttler s . Darlin ' s r epl y t o Lor Bathurs t , dated March 26t h 1826 , r-e ads in part •• . • . "I applied to Mr . Oxley ( Surveyor General) for any i nformation .... • Wes tern Port oe s n ot hold out any of those adva ntages whi ch under ordi nary circumstances would i nduce a settlement a t t hat place. I have a l s o seen Messrs . Bume and Rovell, t h e ersons who ex lored from hence to Wes t ern Port . ...• I t does not however appea r t hat any i nforma t ion was affor ded r especti ng t he or t or its eligibil it as a settlement. I shall, not withstanding, send a smal l expe dition under Capt a i n Wr i ght of t he "Buffs" and Captain Wetherall of the "Fly" t o es t ablish set t l ement . " An other despatch from Governor Dar ling t o Lor d Ba t hurst dat ed ~ o v emb er 24t h 1 26 announced .... "Hi s Ma jes ty' s Shi p "Fly" and the Colonial Bu s "Amity" and "Dragon" s et sail on t he 9th of l ast mon th f or We s t ern Port a d King George s Sound." Darl in ha d inst ructed Captai n Vright to consi der s election of site, natives , fo al possession, issue of provi s ion, etc. with s eci a l atte tion t o French shi ps r epari g to est a blish a settlement. Wright ' s expediti on compri ed 2 of icers , 18 rank a n d f ile crew, and 20 convic t s "who have been s e t f or the pur os e of a ist ing i n est abl ishing t he s ettlement", together i th 6 months ' provis ions and suppl i es. The party e t a blished the I n 1801, the first official ly recorded a r chit ectural wo r k associa t ed with Phill ip Isl and was buil t; i t was Grant ' s "Blockhouse" n Churchil l Isl and. The for1 of the bui ldi ng and its exact l oca t ion has puzzl ed researchers as t he term, i tself, is confusing and there is a not able l a ck of i nforma tion. An Amer ican t erm, "Blockhouse" is defined in the "Dictionary of Ar chi t ecture " by Henry Taylor as bei ng - It a fortified struct ure usually of h ewn l ogs". I ts f orm took that of a 10 cab i n where the timber was l aid horizontall , but buildi n -, s of this nature were rare in Austral i a. Also , t he timber on the i s l and does not f av our t he constrQction of a bui lding of dimensions , 24 f e et by 12 fee t, as i t is mainly sto cky , t wist ed s crub . Therefore , i t i s ossi ble t b.~ t the t erm "Blockhouse " was a misappl i cation of milit a r y j ar gon and that t he me t h od of buil i ng took some other f or m. Durin the ea r l y months f ol l owi ng t he l anding a t Port Jackson, i n 1788, bui ldings we r e const ructed of sawn timbers buri ed in the r ound a p r oxi ma tel y 4 fee t apart wi t h i nfill panels of cabbage alm trunk . ( Cabbage pal m was used becau se of i t s abundance , i t was easy to f ell, and i t erew t all and strai ght wi th uniformi t y of gi r th. ) The outsi de of t he wal l was pl astere d wi t h cl ay an d the r oof i ng was of reed or rass t hatchin . The fact t hat the "Bl ockhous e " vms a militar y struct ure and t hat t is me t h od had been developed in a mili t ary colony , ay l ead u s t o bel i ev e t hat the buildin on Churchill I s l a nd was of t his form. When the sup lies of c ab b~. e palm around Fort arkson were exhaus t ed alt ernat i ve con s t ruction me t h ods were s o ~h t and it is possibl e t hat one of t hese was used f or t h e "bl ockhouse ". One form was s l ab wall construction where t he sl.:.bs were obtaine d by spli t ting l engths of tree t r unks wit h wed.es and f i t t ed toget her in on e of two wa ys . The sl abs were sometimes set vertica l ly in the ground to give them st abili ty or set int o grooved t op and bo t tom wall plates . _t ot her time , t he s l abs were lai d horizonta l l y on t op of one another and s t abil ized b groov ed vert i ca l su or tsat t he ends . The openings between t he s l a.bs were of ten f i lled .it h mud . In a considerati on of the various methods of const r ction, the possible use f military jargon by Grant, t h r eference to "the supporters bei ne:: well fixed i n t he earth II , and the t ype of t r ee t hat gr owJS on t he i s l and, t he authors suggest t hat the form of the blockhouse was s l a b construction involving horizon t al memb ers fixed i nto aroov ed vertical su ports, arri ving a t t his only a f ter eliminatin the ot her possibl e methods as being unlike l y • ...... At a t i me 'hen a primitive form of architect ure was bei n established a t ' estern Port, a s t an dar of buildin had been a chieve d a t Port Jack on t hat was quite eta aeri ng . In only a few years, through an e peri mental process of trial and error , the architecture had developed f rom nothing but man ' s ins t i nct t o provide any me t hod of shelter to a most s ophisticated form of cons t ruct ion. Buildings such as the Old Governmen t House , Sydney, (by James Bloodsworth ) and El izabet h Farm, Paramat ta, are t ypical of the architecture of t he time i n their use of simple material s, mi nimum amount s of ornamenta t i on , a skillful control of symmetry and pro ortion. The "Blockhouse" was similarly an example of the disci l ine of a military establi shment . The pl anni ng pr oport ions of 24 : 12 ex ressed t he s t rict control of the designer over a r eas and when one considers a 3 - dimensional view with wal l hei hts of aJproxi mately 8 feet , i t can be seen t hat t he " l ockhouse " i s comparabl e t o t he architecture of Sydney . Both forms of building were obviously concerned with spatial r elationshi s and t he balance of areas and volumes - a qual ity that probably arose fr m the milita ry basis of bo t h est abli shments . It i s remarkabl e t hat during a time of Vibrant archi tect ural a ctivi ty, as was the case whi l e I~ c quar ie was the co l oni al Governor, any f orm of settlement a t Phi lli p I sland was compl etel y overlooked . 'lhi le sealers were l e f t to build t heir sililple huts, Greenway was designin~ t he finest buildings yet seen in Sydn ey. Reta i ning the solid basis of t he English Geor i an manner, Greenwa built with a style t lli~ t was indi vidual , expressive of the i nitiative of t he co l ony, the new envir onment, and the ret ention of l i nks wit h ~ gland. His most successful works included the H de Park Barracks, Sydney, St . James Church , Sydney, and the Li verpool ~ o sp i tal ...... I t was onl the fear of French interest i n t he Australian continent that j olted colonial officials out of tr i r conservatism, reviving t heir attentions t owards t he ,/estern Port area in 1826 . Investigations were be un t o re art on any French activity as well as con s i deri n the sui tabili t y of est abli shing a convict settlement to consolida te English control over the sout hern area of the mainland . Unfort unately f or Phi l l ip Island , the ex editi on I d by ,fr i ght and I, etherall remained onl y a ma tter of several mont hs as t he de feat of France, political confusion and confl ict, l ack of offi cial enthusi asm and the personal whims of Governor Darling ended all ext ent of i nt erest. hus for ma ny years, t he only a ctivity on the island was by seal ers and esca ed convict s wh o provided only primit i ve f orms of architecture. The nature of t he occupanc did lit tle to foster any of t he construct i onal progress t hat c uld have t aken pl ace with government a l devel opment and i nteres t. CHAPTER THREE SEALERS THE SEALER Sea in first be an on a c Ollillle r cial sca le in Austral ia i n 1798 wi t h shi p wo rking from Sy ney a _a due to t he v er y l a r ge number of a l s in the souther n a ters & au d Victori a an TasID nia , t his a r ea be ca e t he centre of sealin activiti es . here w s an ever i ncr asing de and throughout the worl d f or s ea l s i ns beca us e t hey a r e t h e most hard-wea r i ng of a l l f ur nd are of ood appearanc e , an s ea l oil was also a va luable by- 10 uct. World eman d l ed to a mass s l aughter of the her s unti l i t as necessary f or Go vernment act ion to protect t he s ea f rom exti c t ion. There i s 0 l y a small number of sea ls l eft i n t he Ba s Strait to ay compa r ed with t he mi llion s e isting 1 0 ear s ago. I n a primi tive f orm, s ealin _ was Phil lip Isl a nd ' s fir t i ndu s try an d a a r esult, i t s l a bour force i nv o:J-v in the shooting , col lec t inc , ski nning and pr ocessi ng provided t he f ir t a ttemp t at s ettlement 0 . P illi p I s l and by whit es , (e scape convicts proba bly ould hav e set t le a t We t ern ort at s ome s t a e but ther e i s no roof). Gan s of sealers we re lef t on t h e s l an d , wher e t hey we r e i n c lo ~ e r xi mi t y to t he her s , collectin the s ki n s and oil over a. pe 'ioQ of s everal months. hi ", s came to t he I s and at interva s t o c ol l e ct t e resll t s 0 t he work and either r e l a ce the n s or mere y provided a di tiona l tar e s a.n cl food . In many c ses t he sea lers' ere I e t t r an' e on the I sl and by unme cif ul shi p ca tains. The e a ct na t u e of t he a r chit ectur of the eo.l ers i s va gue as n o hips ' log could be found n or do 'istorica l refe ences dea l wi th t e t o ic. Grant' s Log of tne li La -y el on" a d noted t h Gt t an e pe i tion ad f ound t he r emains of seal ing oper tions but t . ere is no mention of huts or t he l i e. For many yea rs, sea ling a ctivities in \)I estern Port r eceived little atten tion, t en in 1826 the Fre eh ve s el "L' s trola be" under Ca t a i n Dumont L'Urville s t a yed there f or a week . It w s during t hi ~tay , th't D' Urvi lle sketche t h e sealers at work sho i ng t eir shelter i n t he back roun , t · i s bei t he f irst evi de ce a s t o t h e a t ure of t he buil in s erected by the [eE.i. l e (It ~a s a l s o proba bl y' t he firs t ' nted view of o.ny part of Vi ctoria when it was ublishe i n ])' Urville ' s bJok, "Voy e autour du Mon de".) The most n ota ble f ea t ure ShOWD, i t e f or m of t s tructure s it was proba bly base d on t he milita r y t e ts of t h e colonia l set tle ents and the ser l ers had merely i mi t a te t hem ( re l a cin t he canva s v:i t h t hat c ). More s ub ta tia l structures s u ch as in the f rm cf t i mber slab const ruc tion 0 "wa ttle and daub " may hive been b yon the bu i l i capabi ities of t h e sea lers or had bee consi d er e t 0 perma ent f or the uncer tain and seasonal ork of ealing . Thes e other for s ma ~ ha ve been used elsewhe r e but as yet no evidence ca n ju t ify he t ou ht . D I Urvi l e I S 8ketch shows a truc t ure i t h a (see p31) 8i Ie rec a gul &r I an 0 a~ rox i ma tel y 12 f eet b 14 f eet. T e s he ter was c o s truct d b s upporting a timb r i c1~e memb er by "A" fr' 111 s ,- t e ch en - t e junc t i on of t e r i e an frame was pr b b ly. b und with t ine or cord . 0 The r ames we re s t eepl y itch e ( a p rox i mat ely 55 ) so as to l. ovi e a c ea r i terI 1 he i ght of 10 fee t and to ve t e nece sar y e f e c tive waterpr oofi ng pr operties. a lings ele t he fixe to t he 'rame in t he form of batt en s a nd a t t ch of r e e s, a r ss, or br anc e s of ti-tree wa s s ecured. or was bui l 'nto one en . D I D v i lle l a t e t ook ome sealer t Port J' ck 0 , af' er t he had b een Ieft s r an e by their h l , where t ey a e a t t en tion t o t he I l a n d d t h a vour bl e re orts of 81, Hable graz ' n g ana. drming l and . he pri mitive na t ule of t he arch itecture of the ea er at Phill i I s l an i8 a r emarkable c o t ra ~t to hat ,as being bui l t i n other a rt 0 t~ e colo y. ydn e vIa £til l t he s ite fo r ma n f' ne bui in a lth ou h in a 1 fil l owi g the v i brant a ctivit fo s t ere by Governor :' c uari e . :Ch e e ttl men t t We s t ern Port had b een dr opped but Bi ge l s r eport di t c om letely halt 11 col onial b· ilding . pi c a l of the e rio i s dward Ha llen f s Sydney Col l e (to a y , ca l led S dn e Gr amma r) - a buildin tha t bad eme nts which d i d n ot "serve t he c ons tructional pur ose" (1) s uch as t h os e of Greenway a t h were merel uced t o br ea u p l a r ge pl a in surface s of s t onewo rk or to ·rovi el aborate decorat i on t o openi ngs . Politic 1 in~ ecuri ty an e creasing enthu s i asm for bu i l ing we r e expre ed in t he a rcn i tectur e of t e t ime wi tits l a ck of ' ef' niti on, c onfused ha in of f orm a nd elabora te deta il. illi I s l and ca n a l s o b e die in a i mila r Ii h t - i n cl' ate 0 wavering ent u s i asLl t o t e p oint of egl ct llCi t e unc ertaint 0 t he fut ure, rilllit i v e hel ters, built f r'om man l s ba.s·c i nstincts with lI.: :L ttle s tru c tural mOw/ Ie e , were a ll tha t c ould be ex e ct - liE rly Au tra ian Arch i tec t I I p . 11.3. 27 CHAP R FOUR INTERLUDE 1828-1 844 INT ERLUTIE 1827 - 1844 The 1820 ' s saw a period producin "poor arcllitectu.ce" and" oor archi tect If, (1) and the decrease Oi' colonial pro ress . The f ollOiling "ecade was t o be ",rked by t he emergence of a new spi r i t , but not to t he eAt nt of affecting Phill i p I s l a d. During all t he development, discovery and settlement , I)hi l liIl I sl and remaine cS a neglected area being left t o t he sealers and escaped convi c. t s . The effect of t he Ofl'ici a l deci s i on to wit hdraw the ~e t t l i ng expedit i on a t Corinella las t o t ake more than 20 years t o over come . In t his time , t he a rch itecture of .ust r ali a as t o change remarkabl under t he influence of col onial rosper±t y and expan s ion. Pert h, Adela i e and el b-urn came i nto being as neVi settlement s and the resul t ant effect was tha t t he colonial a ttitude was $'radually re l aced by the spirit of "a s elf reliant nati on" ( 2 ) . he opulation i ncreased rapidl y - bet ween 1832 and 1b36 , a tota l ot 7, 524 assi ste and una ssisted i mmi r a ts arrived from 3ritain and an import an t number of these bein ski lled bui di n t radesmen. Mort on Herman descr 'be d t he t hirties as "t he _er~o d of t he nice little house , simp l pl anned, wn~rete ntious ly designed and conc i v ed i n quiet , od t aste : t h an intelligent s i mplicit y ba sed on roportion and fine detail" - r.nllandr a , at Ryde, and Hobeck a t r:iller ' s Poi nt are t y ica l. The Bri tish Instit ute of Archi tect s was formed :n ' "34 reflecting t he ne s ocial sibni ficance of t he _rofe ssion; a signi t icanc e t hat W&8 felt i n Australia. ~ vid Lenn x and JOb..11 Ver :r e were t archit ects Vlho emerged s rominent members of a new mov ement expressing ele anee nd simlJlicity . Example s of t heir Hor:c are: - t he Landsdmme Brid e at Prospect Creek, by Le Illl o x ~ and t h e Elizabeth Bay ou~e, 8 dn ey and Camden Par k , Camden by Verge . In Ad elaide, t he firs t bttem t s a t settlement where \., in established as in 1836 , . B. Fi nni ss built t he firs t te 8e out of reeds, and i n t he following year Colonel Li ght Et E.bo L:t l anning a cit - i th a "gr een belt ". The Port Phillip colony also '{as settled in the i 1830 ' s . On June 6th 1835 Jolm Ba t ma obtained the 6C"' , LCC acres oJ.. land that eventually became l.~elbou.rn e and three aa·u later, members of hi s part y had begun t o build a ilE('Q " h t at IndeYlted re&d . n , -'~ust 1st , 1035, 8.. l. 'L.r t~ ~ Le s li "Enter 'rize" (includin l.Tohn Pascoe Fawkner ) ettled a t a s ite near the ~resent Spencer ~treet after er.ding a week 6 t estern "D ort, l)roba b.ly considerin that tie a rea ,~s unsuita b e f or establishing any orm of s t t emen t. Be cause 0 t h e l a c l a e ~u i p ert and the ai . icult of obt a i ing s uitabl e t i n ber, t h e e r l y i nhabitant s 0 Po t Phill i - 0 te f oun i t Hece s ry to i port bui l d i ng ma teri a l s, u s u' l y fr ill - 'm n i. Batlan aV' kner ere am ong the - i rst '1...0 di - t l i s , et Gi ng a er J. t hat wa s to b e l a t er -'ollowe a i l l i ) I s l an due to l a ck of s u i t a bl e nat ural res urces and necessary e ~u ipm ent . ('. il1i am Harbi s on, b e i n t he owner of a timber yard in Bri ton, wa s to ater' shi p weather boa rds do n to the shtnd because t h e timb e r t hat grew a s unsu ita ble f or the pur'pos e 0 externa l c Ia ding f or 10 e s t eads. By 1 3 6 , Me l b ourne 1 .d 13 huts a d 224 eople ; S aney was an est a b l i s he to'WTI. of fine uta e a n d br ick buildin s i th ervices t ha t i n cl u .ed a wa ter supp ly. But t e ds a been e s t a bli ed t a t ere to c a nge t h i s p os ition co pI tely. ereas Sy ney eveloped on t l e line s of ilitary conservr tism , \ e bourne I S i n i t i a l settlement w s ba on co mm er cia l enter pri se . Ph illip Isl a n d had been unaffe cte directl y by t h i s a c tivit but a . con se ~u ence s oon resulte d. It WC:l. S t h opportunity for we ' I th a n d ros erity whi ch .·eI bour 1e 0 fered t a t a ttra c t e d J ohn nfcHaf f ie. he eve t ual e ffec t a the occupat ion of P illip I l a nd by ..c F.... f ie in 1 44 wa s t he est a b i s hment of a n i s ol ted et tlement r esi s tinL t e dyn mic progres s create by g old rush an t he ma ny l uxuri e s a nd tren ds of a r ch i t ectur e. ( 1 ) II . He rman. "Earl y ust ralian rch i t ects " P .118 (2) " " " II II P .1 43 CThLPTER FIVE t:c FFIES An Y drawing of t he McHaffie homestead, possibly by ~~M-~~ti Ron dur in ~ the lU6Q's. 1 hough unf °nished it is probably an accurate portrayal. 1839 - 1866 . . McHAFFI ES William J ames McHa f f ie and his younges t brot her James , t he s ons f t he Scotti sh es t a t e own er Lt. Gen. T_cHaff'i e , set sai l f r om Gal lowa.y i n t he shi p "Palmyr a ". En voyage J ames died, but with t he arrival of 'v. J. McHaffie i n Melbour ne on 23rd No vember 1839 , i nteres t i n Philli ) I sl and began anew. De ciding t ha t Aus tra lia hel d sotind pros pect s , I • J. cHaffie sent t o Canada for another of his brot her s , J hn David . Toget her , on t he a r riva l of J. D. liIcHaffi e , the two brot her s t ook up a s t a tion near 1,1oonee Ioon ee Ponds . , ils t a t t hi s sta tion t he br other s were v isit ed by a bori i nes who ha d been t o Phi l lip I s l and. The TiIcHa ffie ..... agr ed to pay an annual f e of £ 10 for t he grazing licen ce t o Phi llip I sl and . ( Af t er f i ve ea rs the Gov r rl.ID.e nt r ent was t o r ise to £17. 10 . 0 for t he i s l and ' s 24 ,320 a cres . ) J Oi n t l y W. J . and J. D. Mc Haff ~ e ap l i ed for , and wer e r ant ed i n 1842 , a "Licence to Oc cupy" "wast elands of t h e Crown , known as Phill i p Isl and" from Dovming Stree t , London. The f i rst l and sur vey of Phi llip I s l an d i s shovm on a fea t ure ma a c c orn anyin . t he r eport of Ho ddle on the Port Phi l l ip Di strict dat ed May 1s t 1842, indica tes clear ly onl y one s i gn of ccupat i on "a t t he narrowest .par t of the ec.. stern passage i s rarri die ' s Hutll. he i dentity of the o~n e r being unkno~m , and t here a re no vi sible t r a ces of t he hut now di s cernable. he McHaffies t ook over t h e island in. 1 ~ 4 3 at wh ich t ime it i s knovm to have ha d s even s ea lers r esi dent t her e . Presumably t he sea l er a re in ,-,ome way 0 be linked wi t h Parridies qut as it i s t ile onl y builc ing "ent i on d i n r eport bu t t his i s not concl us ive eviden ce f or thi 8 s pecul a t i on . The l'cHaffi e s howev er hH u n ot moved to t~le i sland until the mi ddle of 1 43 . Meanwhile a family spent t hree months in r e s i dence on the i s l an d . A s ort of L U ting amone the servan t s and advic e from E:n ol and i nduced t ... em t o finall s ettle 8. t Gee long . They er ected t en t s and ti. ed a we ll t hat wa s es t a bli ed by previ ous explorers , ~.J. i c h allows four llo osi bl e loea tions - Rh 1 1 , Elizabet h Cove , beer a tion Poi n t, or near Cowes . Althou rh Glidd n r efers t o t hem a.s Mr . and 'Il:l . X, it i s bel ieve d t ha t t h ei r n8. e " s Jr. and r,...r s . Frederick Hi t chins . A licence issued in Sydne in 1847 ~ve the brothers the "authority to conti nue in occupation of the aforesaid lands", the unresolved controversy of the expedience of set tlements i n the Port Phillip Distri ct being mani festly shelved. The ma i n f a ctors of t his c ontroversy wh ich was l ater to affect the Island wer the desirabili.t of t he l and to the explorers and would-be set lers, on t he one hand, and the desire for easy Governmental control, on the other. So it was usual practice to fl s uat ll or occupy l and, only cleCl,ring u) enforced , but u sually mismanaged because of dist ance from gov rnment al centres , legalities, as they occurred , and not al fays \' i thout bloodshed. "At t his time there were about b. thousand "sQuatters" i n t he Port Phil lip District occup i ng runs or pastoral stations . " In another att emp t to retain some sort of Government a l c ontrol , a new class ifica tion of t he Crmw Lands of Port Phil lip, created new difficulties f or t he McHaffies . The l ine of demarcation between the Se ttled District and t e Int ermedi a te Dist rict Has drawn by tne Go ver nment draught sman, t hree miles from t he coast of the ma i nland, regardle s of i s l a nds or convenience. hi s t hen cu t t h e isl and in two , the lin e runni n from near the resent Ventnor to Rhyll, t he r icher area s of Ventnor, Cowes and RAY I I in the north s ection becoming cl b.ssi f i ed Settled Di strict , l eaving t he poorer s uthern .I.,art of tho i sland to the runholder i n r emaining classified Int erDledia t e Distri ct. No t only was t he better sect i on recl a i med by t he Gov ernment bu t also the ma in wells of Rhyll and Cowes , but t he su ply of t i tree s t akes, for fences , huts, dams and clothes props which was, for t he McHaffies , si tuated near Cowes . lot to be defeated b a drau ht sman ' s pencil the . REl.ffies made a further reap l ica tion t o ret ain t he nor t her n ection, t o t he Gov ernment a t S dney , and , a f ter di ffi cu l t y, mvolving communica t i on ~lth Down i n Street , t hey we re reallowed to remai n i n possessi on. Willi am J . :McHaffi e was t hen t o return to Scotland , _fter elling his half' share t o hi s brot her John, who set u) r esidence there . he L cHaffi e ho est ead, demolished soon c.. 't r being purchase b r;,. Ha- bi s on i n 1 69, had one cnimne , con tructed of bricks l eft behi n b- t he vessel s "Dra.ao~ II and II]'lv ". The house c ompri sed a kitchen , an avi r and a fernery, but \ hilst t here mu st na ve been other oms , the recoras which provi e the s ole authority on the 'c?a.lfie settlement, mention n other . Mr s . McHa :ffie , hose diar cont a ins this authoritat i ve informat i on, was evidently a ',v oman of considerable s o hi s tica tion and cult ure for the t ' es and sit uation. Her life, as t he di a ry i ndi ca tes, i n olved frequent vis i t s to t he theatre , opera, galler ies , ~nd severa l a ccepted invit a t ions t be guest a t Government ouse . The diarl recorded da tes of eclips es as well as t he very pract ical entries of a farmer ' s wife . An entry on hursday December 11t h 1866, reads "A Co l onia l oven is being built-in" . (1) I t is however regrett a ble that Mrs. HcHa f f ie, l i ke mos t l adies wh o hedge a t the complexities of c nstruction, did not set down th details whicb she most surely would have observ ed about ma ter i a ls and stages of ccnstruction, for her accuracy i n observation are highl y creditable . An i mp rtant p~s8a e r ecords t he work and v~ees of Balluel Pic~ersgill , a shearer, i n the euploy of t he cHaf'fies for four jears bef ore general settlement. This c1 ecr 1y indicat es Samuel P ic kers~ill was responsible f r t Ile erection of some hu ts a t t he Eastern }lassace and some aeap WCl.sh i ne lJens . Hhilst i t must be t herefore recognised that t his was no craft sman , t he work was suif'icient " i n the rural seIlse , for these t o relUain some for ty years after erection, wit h presumabl y minimal altera t ions . John continued in occupa t ion until t he a c qui sition l' subdi vi s ional blocks by :purchasers at auct i on in 1869, ,hich was precipitated b the C oser Settlement Ac t. This Ac t \'las anot her stage of the same co ltroversy of expedi en ce in oettlement of the Port Ph ' l l ip District , and the atteillpt t control "squatting". It became manif estl a _Jarent to John D. 'f cHaffie t hat soon t he squa tter would be legally re'Jtricted to the re-emp tive right over 64 0 a cr es, together i th the blocks wh ich he had ')urchased a t auction. At the time of pas in i n t he land for auction, John McHaffie ~~d ~ t oc Led the island with 1 ,000 shee. If one were t o a cce t k~-c contraction of l and area with t h e same amount of stock iQuld have ed to overstocking t he l a nd, so t he a lterna tive of ac~uiri grazing r ight s on land else Ihere, for t he ... ur.,l us stock , was chosen in lieu of s elling or decrea in _ stock numbers . A l icence over 64 ,000 ~ cre s ear orner Inlet Vyb.S hel d by J. D. HcHaf fie for the snbse uent 17 years at t ne annual r ental of £250. · he .clcHa "'fie hOlllesteao, as illust ratea. in the b c cround of a sene ( ) of an unsigned or i i n , had t h e o et r ical a.l. ,eare..!.J.ce 'dL:"Cll or~e wi ht call "rural-resort fl li:.ssici sm • For it combines the stylistic oevia ions f ,1 rurCil cotta es, with the more brass s ten tation resort a r eas dis l a y. As mucll as one dar es der i v e !'roI!l au h evidence , and 'f 01 e can be sure i t is i 'ac t t: c SeLme build' n , t he f olIo Yin state ents are offe 'e , he light tha t they carulot be con s i dere auth or ita tiv e, bu t ~S near to the facts res en e t o the aut lors, because t;he do not c onflict wi t h kno fact 0 th lCHaffi e hol:. e ' t ead. I t s viall a ....!pe ar t o b e of mud-brick , s t one, or ,a.ttle bn daub, as t h e hatchi n on the line -- r int a re tJ ~i c & l 0 t h os e commonly i 'ent ified wi t h represent i n ' t hi s materi a l . r .lle house is we l l set back i n t o the brus led , t.e fro t eleva t ion dewons t rating t h e centrall l oc ted do, wi th a v/ indow symme r icCtlly set in the walls on ei t her 8i e . I t s roof it Calval ized cor uba ted iron w ' ch from L t I' ev iaence i s f wi de c orrugations ( see I t eri als ) . _ ic: buil in - i s _t a.J..er.1 t u b the original hu t , t he house i~ of a sli ghtly l a ter da t e. 0 de cr ibe it f urt her would be fltre c:::. Q· n soft i ce" . B comphrisoll, 1e CO l" e on i dev e l opment in elbou.cne uring the c nt ill orar I e iod is di fficu t to ae 'cr i be . he imrne diate t ought is t hCl t t he 1850 ' s was t h e 'rl od of Bold . Pl a ns for I ~lbourne , pre Cired by Roddl e i n 10 7, lai d out the grid of -resent desi n . I n t he same year t_e 'ir ·t sale of t own a l l tm nts i n ~ e lb our n e t o k llace . Curn ~ri tes of I.:elbourne in 1 3 (3 ) "here an t her e houses of brick, some of one , ana a few 0 ' t wo stori es; others wea t erboard, a ttle an daub r l ates •.•.. b il a s t hEY liked, t o suit t he e i r ement of t h e Ow nt .. . .. b n o s t ret cn of t he i ma i na ion coul t h e imi t s of the tOVnl be sai d t o ex t end be ond t he Cirea e-"c108ed by Wi ll ' am, Lonsdale , Swanst n a n d Fli nders St r e ets. Ihe year 1840 m~rked a n ew perio fo r eve l o~ ent f or Australia n a chitectur as wel l as f or Phi lli J I s l a n . I t 9c:::. t h end of t ~e col onial eri o and the emer ge c e of a. \..ut htul nation . . . • " he . e se of e i n rimar i l _.U::. t i:1lian as be i nnin to ov erri de mere s ocial dist i nct' ons . " 5) (Hennan . 2 8. ) The State 0 -1,' Vi c to i a tas delin ea t d by el ee t; oral b oundari es, \ 001 pr o ucti on wa d _ec_.o:m i ze farmi ng \.GoS in i s i niti a l s t a c... , ht i ll ~ !!tov eme a as i n f l uenced by t he decay of t € fine princi le of desi gn t bdt had ui ed Geor gi a n C1l' chi ee l:i s ( 6 ) (Herman . 21 ) . The c uarrie House , It uU h f' !leI! buil t, ossesse e. Ci c onfuse charac t er i n i t t r ea t ment of the regency s tyle an Gown h us sand t er races were under t he i nfluence of' "R man t i c l.~o v e ent ". Count r buil d in s howev er :remained unaf e ct ed b t he t rends f t he day re 'lecting an a tti tude t hat t he previous l y "erob r onic set -1 men t " were e er gi ng as ne for c es . ~ e l bourne had a a ul a tion of 10 , 00 peopl e and ith i t s i creasing size and· rasp it , opport un iti es f or archi t ect s ~ere vast , t h u~h t hi s as not t he case f or al sect i ons of the corumuni t y . I el b UTIl e ' S growi g }oP lati on could n ot be su l ied wit h t he buil ing t eri als i t requi red . I t i s t nerefore not sur ris i tha t hou~ e s vere merel s ells of s t ructul'e , 0 t en wi t h n o floors or c ' l i ngs and ear+y a lv~ay s wi t h ngl azed \~ i ndovvs . However , elaborate furni t ur e , brought from England wi t h t he i ~l i gran t s e t t l er s , 2rov ided t he e ssen t i al comfort . Cott a es were i mport ed f r om En l and, Lat r obe ' s h ouse of live rooms {ere as 'embled in lVIe b ur ne at a net c os t of ~ 1 ~ 5 . Dur ing t hi s t i me ~E f arm cot t age t ook t he for m i t Luld assume f or a cen tury, 0, f our or s i x rooms a r r anged i a square wi t h a verandah on t hree s i des a d the servi ce t C, i lIlS on t he r c:maini ng si e. Dn t he ma i n el eva tion t her e I'ou_d be a centra l pan ell e door, of t en wi t h a n ela bo .at e J.o c ere In t he N vemb r of 185 , Me lbour e wa s mad e an inue_endent c l ony, an d the subse quent excit ement r e cipita t ed an i cr e1:tse i n bui l ding . A br ' dge over the Ya r ra a nd many ubi i e bui l d i ngs were b gun. The 4t h August 1851 was a miles tone . The discover of g I d br ou h t a huge po ula tion al t _ough i t dri f t ed more to t he ol dfiel ds t han Helbourne ,hich ~as a l ma t de ser t ed , wi t h sonet h i ng l i ke on e ol iceman on of f i ci a l du t y. Howev er t h e g old 'nd oney poured i nto . eObo urne f rom t he fields , t he new r i che gi v i ne '{ to h usi ng . T e r i c o ~ t he one han d ben t t o orna t e an d Lr anCi i ose houses , wh i lst t he enniless , being l ocke out 0 _ l ar). un t i l t he Sel e ct i on Act of 1861 es t abl ished t ents an hu s . The breakdow 0 f t he f i gure 0 t he b'..lil di n . bo o of 1857 sho er e d 170 new bui l di nga per mon t h, but ov er 52 , r ag an d bark hum i es . B 185 , Me l bour ne ha d a r Ol ul at ion of 80, 00. he bui l dinLs of t le own Hall, t he Exhi i tio , St. Franci s , St. J Clllie s , St . Paul' s , t e Publ ic Librar y and Gall er y , to e t her wi th a f e ot el , t he Theat re Ro a l and t he ueen ' s t hea tre were t l e ma j or ubl i c buil dinb comp et ( 7) . 1857 was t he ea k of t he Go l d Rush and t er e was now 11 5,522 Vi C or ians l i ving iu te t. Boyd wr i t es that "one hous e i n s even wer e brick or t ene, whi l s t in 1900 t hi s r a t i o was one hous e i n two" . ( 8 ) ~uch was t he effect of go l d that f acades became bol der and mere or namented t hrough a sophis t ica t ion of the buildi ng illdustry, with the a ccom Jan ing con structi on chan es, such as flashing of chi une s , plannin chanc e s , such as the acc ept ance of a ba t hroom as a spat i a l requi rement . he ma t eri a ls which influenc ed Phillip I sl and to a. V Ci ied extent were beginni ng to arri ve in Me l b ourne a t this t ime . Stone was gleaned f rom Haw t horn in 1850 , t erra cotta t i les and perfora t ed tiles were ava i lable from 1859. ;7 And about t h i s time t he ornament a l stampe d s teel cei l i ll. panel be an t o achieve a mar ket . I'lIa t eria l s avail able in Lelbourne other t han brick, timber and corrugat ed ga lvanized iron , included asbestos she et, a spha l ted f elts and sat urated J?i:1 ers . Leadi ng con tem orary architect s i n Me lbourne are ober t ussel, who built St. J anes , and t he Blacketts. I t unfortuna t el y beems t hat architects associ a tea t hemselves \, ith t he few l a rge public buildin of t his t ime and i t h tlei r ~lgl i sh heritage stulti fyin an n ovel Austral i an esigns . Politica ll , it VIa s t he squatters h o were v ery mrerful , having ma ny fri ends i n hi "h pla ces i n par l i ament Clud t hey had a v ery strong i n tluence over any decis i ons e t e ~m i n in wh ether or not a part 0 t he c Olwtr 1 as suitable f or devel opme nt of one ki nd or another. Na t ura l ly, t he h cHaffie ' s ·id not want Phillip I sl and t hrown open as they would los e much of t heir best grazi ng l and. They were very fri endl with many of the parliament ary off icia ls, and oft en had the Governor down to st a , so when Dr. L. L. Smith began campaigning in 1857, i-ie had a v r y di f ficult t asl a ead of him - in fact, during one s ittin, espite a v er fier and convincing speech by Dr . Smi th, and t he f a ct t ha t s cores of f armers ant e d to be t e, t he mo tion ~ on only sev en v otes out of s i xty. How ever, when i n a bout 1865 , Harbi son, on a fishin t r i p with McBai n M.L. A. , decided t hat Phillip Island \lo ula be a v ery g ood place to have a farm , t h e usually liospita ble McHa ffie's ave t hem a v er y cool recept io l - a bad mi s t ake, s ince IJcBain as l a t er made Mini s ter for Land, 9.no. he r e t urned t o ~....el bourne swea r i n __ t ha t I~c Haff i e waul pay f or hi s uncharita ble behav iour. So he set a bout g i ving some wei ght t o the a l ready mavin snowball by givin Dr. S i th ' s endless battle his fu l l and a ctive s u ~ o r t , and victory was a chi eved wi t hin t a years, a thou h t he f i rst ~a l e as not hel d until earl y 1868 . Whereas t he g ol d s trike of 1 50 I e t o a d _amic economic revolution in t he hi s tor y of Austra l ia (e ecia lly Victori a ) , its effect on Phill i I s l and i s the reverse . Be cause of t he gold , the architectural devel opment .'as severe1 ha pered i n that J ohn McHaffi e cont inued to cont rol hi s i l and i n an i solated med i aeval manner. C'rcumst ances had preve ted t he s)i rit of t he t ime from reachi n ' the i sland . On t e other hand, had not t he l ure f gol d att racted i mm i gr ants , t he force f or closer settlement may n ot hav e occurred . The exc i tement of t h e 1850 ' s .seduced t he a t ten t ion a l and seekers away t o t e f ielas and t Ie romise of for tune . T eref ore , wh ile ,~ Ibour e developed due to di rect i nflux of moni es f rom t he ol d i t eel , Philli · Islanel ~IaS to ros:yer ue t o' ol d r~in out . The riches c omi n i n to Mel b0ur ne brou ht men ho erected buildin s vvhich Ht hey i ma ined vvere enj oyed by :'Ol.! ns and Greek~. " ( 9 ) In reI b O"llrn e , t her e {ere builuint..s such as t he Treasury, the relbour ne Club ; and ~o orak Rouse j in t he COl.illtry tovrns ther e were the ~~gnificently i mposin . banks. Phill ip Island continued on a att ern of rchitecture that ~as t ica ll pioneer - section by section ~s ~dded to an original hut an ccas i onally a c om l ete ~nd independent struc t ur~ ~~ s built. It as only an occasional circumst ance that magnifi cent furniture or do:....estic e uipm nt, whi ch was made avail a.ble in ielbourne throu h t he gold rush, found its way t o Phill i Isla nd. CRAFT' SIX SUBDIVIS I ON CLOSER SETTL~~ffiNT OF PHILLI P I bLAND J ohn McHaffie held his pastoral l icence for more t r.an 25 ears. It was in the early 1860 ' s though t hat the itial movement towards cl oser settlement was i s ti ated . B- the late 1850 ' s , the a l uvial old de osits soon ran out, hn t he unsuccessf I prospectors dri- te back t c the city. Ir onically, the r a i lw s that vere established out of t he , eal t h of the old boom carrie d many of the back. The i eased cost of livin , buildin , and residential l and r ~ult ed i n the working man t urni n his attentions to t he 1 nd and t here was sub equent resBure on t he Government to o)en up n ew areas and break up the l a r ge freehold. It ,~S in t hi light, tha t Phi llip I s l and wa s subdivided and se t tled. I n 1 ~60 , a Han ard re ort ment ioned a mo e for a subdi i s i ona l survey while similar mov es were made on 24th uerteruber and on 31 s t Oc t ober 1861 by Dr. L. L. Smith when l{ .t;I t ition of 500 s i natur s WC:iS pre ent ed. There was a so cbj ction t o such moves . In some cix'cles i t was t h ought t hat the l and was not s'J,i t able for ultivation ( even though the vi de ce 0 McHaf1i pr v ed otherwise ). Other eople e ~ i ved that t he Island should be ret ained for fortificati n ... ur 10ses ( the s trength of this argument is sho n in t he fact t~t portions of l and were reserved f or such). The cclima t i za tion Societ also raised its ob jecti ns to t h e eve as it fel t t hat t he I sland offered 'deal con itions fo ' ts work a though u until t hi s time nothing had been do e i n this directi on . The ob jections were overrule ho ev r and on ue t mber 22nd 1866 , Gear e lIcDonald surv e ed t he I sland. Based on the selec tion of Land under t he amended E: ulations of the 42nd clause of t he a c t of 1 65 (by which t' e ar ea where land may be t aken up was extended to w' thin ~ mi les of a Gold field ) , the s a l e commenced on t he 2 1d v ber 1868. An editio o· t he Argus n e\"Ispaper da t e 3r eve' ber, carried an acco mt 01' tne proc edin a . A co ission was set up to consi er a p lication f r s ec ion (, land a fter about ne half 0 t he sland had been e cla red c" en. An ext ract from t he a rticle ex resse the feeling t e' urds t he sale .•..• "U' to the present time - lit h t e t:; ce", t i on of Mr . McHa.ffie ' s pre-emp tiv r i ht - the Gove run nt ha consistently refused to alienate any portion f hillip Island from the Crown and it is t o be r egretted t t t1ey have departed from t he deterli nation . here is no question that i n a military poin t of view, t he Island occu ies a most import ant position and f or t ha t cause ~lone, w'th a view t o t he future defence of the colony , i t shaul have been retained as national propert y. Besi des, it f ormed the bes t de ot for acclimatizati on purposes ". The l and sal e offered 157 a llotments each of an ~r e a between 10 and 16 acres; t he tota l quant ity of land open being 71 95 acres. A commission established to c onduct ~ r oc eedings, cons isted of Mr . Hodgki nson, As~ i stan t Commissioner of Crow Lands and Surve , and Mr . \imbl e . Be cause of the many applicants, a form of lottery was resolved as being the best system of selection. hose attending were i ssue wi t h a lot ticket which was subseiuently marked wit h the name of t he i ntendin select or an deposited in a box. The t icket s were l a t er drawn out in iscrimi nat ely "and the parties whose names were upon them were called upon to elect i n the order in which t hey \,er drawn. II If t here was any doubt about "dummy " ~~pl i c an t s, t he persons i nvolved wer e examined by t he cO~l i ss ion and i f t h eir answers were not satisfactory , they ere refused the opportunitj to sele ct. As each individual c' e to choo se his portion of l a nd, t hose who were present ,er e asked whe t her there as any ob j ect ion to the applicant taki g ulan 0 Phillip Island ( there were only 2 - one b cause t he applicant , R. B rne, was only 17 ears of age resulting in his applicat i on bein di sal owed; and the other Que t o the f a ct t hat at the time of his applyi ng for an 01 1 tment , ' . S. Murray owned 1400 acres in the \ est ern Port di -trict, but he was later a llowe to take up an a l lotment hich was left a fter a l l the ot her applicants had been satisfied) • The first blocks were made available to: m 1. 1. • Fellst ead ( farmer ) 14. D. Re e d 2. Jam s Mc l wraith 15. E. Ainsi nck j ..J . ..L • \/ilson 16. W. McKenzi e 4. G. hom 17 . J . Houston 5. . McKay 18. G. Beard 6. J. Chambers 19. T. Kanine 7. F. Poole 20. D. Adams J. Cleeland 21. A. Scott .. . J . Wes t 22. R . Mi ller 10. R. Byrne - disa lowed 23. G. Scott 17 yrs. old 24. G. Co x 11. R. Fletc er 25. J. Richardson 12. C. ew ort 26. W. Pearson 13. J . Che cque 27 . W. Murray 28 . C. Craydon 67. S. Hall 29. F. Peatling 68. J. Shar les o. {. Cochrane 69. B. Hill 31 . R. Craydon 70. F. Stephens 32. T. Rennison 71. T. Smith 33. E. Phill ips 72. W. Hunt 34. J. Bar re t 73 . M. O' Connor 35 . C. Verdon 74. R. Dunn 36 . J. Wilson 75. A. Bowman 37. E. No rth 76 . w. Woolley 38. N. Oa t 77 . T. Warr 39. W. Potts 78. W. Smith 40. F. Hollier 79, J . Hann 41- R. Bowman 80. W. Whi te 42. J. Rogers 81. M. Molony 43. G. Mor gan 82 . w. Powe r 44· . J. Taafe 83. J. Broadrick 45. J. McGregor 84. W. Hobson 46. M. Fox 85 . D. Mair s 47. J. 1.'fui tney 86 . S. Mann 48. W. Turnbul l 87. C. Ski nner 49 . G. Po ol 88 . J . Watson 5e. B. Bagster 89 . J. Cam bell 51 . D. Burton 90 . P. Parsons 52. A. Jones 91 . J . Lock 53. M. McDo na l d 92 . J. Murray 54. J . Scott 93 . W. Hut chinson 55. J. Love 94. E. Nunn 56. c. eha man 95 . A. Coo per 57. H. McHugh 96. J. Lett 5b. F. Cleeland 97. H . mi t h 59 . Mal. McDonald 98 . H. Skinner 60 . W. Love 99 . F. Will i ams 61- J. Anderson 100 . H. Skinner 62 . S. Bury 101 • F. Jeflett 63 . J. Wat son 102 . M. Lan 64 . A. Ross 103 . A. Love ~ 65 . R. Byrne 104 . J . McLennan 66 . H. Beauchamp The Argus extract a lso contained t h e following . .. . "In a short time it is rumoured t hat t he r e s t of the I s l and , \tith t he excepti on of some reserves, wil l be sold by auction and t hat the township a llot ment s nea r Mu 'sel Rocks will a l so be di sposed of i n the same manner". This t urne out to be correct. On December 26th 1868, t here was a furt her sale of 1 t ownshi p all ot ments a t Rh 11 with a reas of bet ween 2 r ood s an 1 a cre se ling a t an upset price of £8 per a cre. Again on January 26t h 1869, blocks a t Cowes were a fere d f or sale. The first f our bl oc ks ( each of a r ea 1 r oo d ~ O p.) were bought as f ollows : Block 1 J ohn Wes t f or £4 5 " 2 J. Richardson " ~2 1 " 3 J . Harbi son " £20 II 4 w. Hurst ,, £27 he remain ing 16 l ot s ( 1 r ood each) were sold f or between £8 and £18. The gener al a t tit ude towards the sal e and t he buyers i s expressed i n the last paragr aph of t he Argus Ar ticl e : "Alt hough i t i s t o be regretted f or more reasons t han one , t hat t he Island i s not t o be ret a i ned as na tiona l I r pe r t y , t here is much t o be said - nearl t he who le of t he l and sel ected yest erday has IDldoubt edly fal l en i nt o t he hands of persons who intend t o settle upon and cultivate it. fearl the vho l e of the appli cants were f armers , f a rm l abourers, and hard worki ng men , or persons desi r ous of obt a ini ng perhaps one of the best sites in the whole colony for a seaside residence . " J..: he f oresight of t his s t a t ement i s remarkabl in t hat it describes the archi tectural hi story of Phi l l ip I sland t hrough unt il the present da . Since t h t land sale, the Isl and has pr ovided f or bot h f arms and resor t houses; t he owners have -been hard working far mers and \ealthy entlemen. It is because of t h i s fact t a t I t "lli ) Island expresses a com l et e architectural ae velopment that extends from the very primitive s tructures through to the eXClu i sitely refined mansions and onto its rebent st~ge which, in some parts, resembl es sprawlin suburbia. Each sta€,e of this development has a com Jarable .1 ce in the history 01" AUstralian Architecture. Phil lip Island in the years followi ng the sal e, t ok on the s irit of t he pioneering days of New Sout h Wales . fhe l And owner turned t o the primitiv e buildi ne techni ue ot ,attle and daub . An excellent exam I e remains to this d& t e, and i~ art of a complex of farm dwell ings associat ed ith the old Jenner ' s roperty off Sett lement Road. Thi s odest s t ructure has sup arts 4 " in diameter a t 4 ' 0 11 centres L_ ch are faced wi th watt les on b ot h the internal an d E "t e;rnal faces to 5 ' 0" . The space between wa ttles i s f i l l ed ith mud but the external face is not rendered . Above 5' 0" on t he east and west walls from t he - ex of the roof to where the eaves me et t he nort h and s outh walls there has been a recen t claddin wit h weather boards . The roof is a simple ~able wit h the ridge axis r lumin east-west. The nort h eave ext ends ' 0" from the wall f orcing ne to stoop as one enters. There i s no tuttering on the corrugat ed galvanized i ron ro of, although a chi mne tube of iron ext ends through t he north roof . The window f r ame is com rised of f our pieces of 4" x 1-1 / 2" end nail ed with a rectangu~ar f r ame wit h wa t tles cut from in front and behind. A later window frame with glass has been cut wit h t he ori gi nal. ,The roof syst em i s simply a series of l o"s 0 s i ze varying from 3" diameter t o 5 /1 di ameter l a i d east west . This sim le, square , and modest farill dwel ling was ~ui c k t o assemble and served as a s t art ing point f or s ome of the more notable buil di ngs on the Isl and. Vfuile Phi llip I s and was developing in this manner, the architectura l scene in Melbourne was di fferent , in its s ophi s tica t ion, a lthough s omewhat stilted , i n i t s st ylism. Ita l i an influence had led t o bu i l dings bein heuvily ornamented t ogether wi th t he white pain '~ ed, s tria t ed crispne ss we associ a te with I t a l i anat e archit ecture. Construction had grown in v olume but t here was no spect a cular l L rati on i n style or structure, f ar t oo involved was the style in English classicism. Instead, t her e was a continuing de te rio r~ t ion of archi tect ural s t andards. J oseph Reed , one 01 t he more successful Aust rali an archite c t s, co i ed a di :t' .<- erent historical buil ding s tyle for almost ever y building . For exampl e Got hic Scots and Wesley Churches Italian Renai ssance Public Library Town Hall Romanesque Inde:pendent Church Scottish Barronial Ormond College The Exhibition Bui ldi ng had t he char a cter of St . Pe ter ' s Rome ! Government House by William Wardel l in 1872 was ba sed on Queen Victoria ' s Osbourne House on t he I sle of Vi i ht. But even i n this confusion, building was t h e lead ing i ndustry of t he ti e . More money was injected into llie building i ndust ry than into wheat , wool or shi p i ng at that time. By the end of t he 70 ' s , the number f people in tents and huts i n Melbourne was ne I i ible and t here was a general s t ability and prosperity. The s olidarity developed Via fundamental to the Bo om period which followed in . e10urne . Vfhi lst one cannot ex· ect that same pseudo sophi tica t i on on t he Island , t he effect is felt. The st 1i8m wh ich was paramount i n ublic buildings was to ha ve repercussion on t he Island, alt h ough considerabl dissipated by the t ime the f i n i shed build ing was occupiable. Consi der the forma l i s ti.c, alt hough mo re obvious t o const ruct, square a i al modest hut s . Although I am no advocate of randomness in bui ldin , n o real break i n sim -lic ity of construction ,'oul event uate i n a l ess strictJ..y formal, mo re subtle de ign of t he natlITe of odern l anni ng, which i n America ·~s beginning to be formulated a t t he t ime of contemporary buil din c on Philli I sland. So one i s f orced to concl ude that t hese were specul a t ors, holiday makers, far mers and not designer s which laid the archi tect ural foundation stone on t he I sl and . Boyd suggests five pri n ci pal ty e s of wellin s , of \lhieh t he main earl houses of the purchasers , (alt hough verJ few bothered to bui ld on t h ei r blocks , ex cept t hose i ntendi n s ome f orm of permanen cYJ A His descript ion of t he "PRIMITIVE COT TAGE " with its symme t r ica l eleva tion, v erandah front to t he north i n Vict oria, compri s ed of t wo r ooms with a ce t r a lly l oca ted door, with windows symme trically pl a ced on eit her side of the door resembles t h e hut described a bove . T e ess ent ial difference i s the single room s a ce , but a steeper i t ch than usual , a d less so histica ted de t ailing i de tify t he Phil lip Isl an d examp le as t he "rural -resort II cousi n of Boyd ' s typi cal hut , a l though dated c onsiderably etlrlier . Thi s closer settlemen t was t o a c i eve quite a e~l of industr y , i n t hat cul tivation began gi ving rise to as ociated complexes of transport and suppl i es , shops were establ ished, a brick kiln was soon t o be begun and t he I sland as t o proceed i n a prosperous be i nning after a ll the former atte 'pt s. CHA..PT'R SEVEN .IEST I S STORE A -'17 WEST ' S STORE A " est ' s Stole " has been a'dominant featu.re of 'Fhilli:1:l Island ' s hist ory since t he days 0 . the earliest ::;eGtlers follo ing t he Land ::ial e::! in 1866 . Although t he buildings are not architecturally i mportant, they affect the set tlement of CO~ / es and the emergen ce of this town s the princil,al centre f the social and economic a ctivity on t he island. J OM and Solomon 'lest first came to the i s l and in 1868 when they urchased allotments at the Land 8ale tLe blocks being To .10 ( 85 dcres ) , No .11 ( 1 5 acres ), I . 2C ( 134 a cres) and No .101 (79 a cres ) ( 1 ) he followin ~e8r, the broth rs bou ~ ht Block No. 1 (1 rood 20 p.) at ewes for £45 at a sdle on January 25th. The farmin c. l lotments were used for the cultivation ot" chicory and ':" direct result is t hat the Wests built a chicory kiln on the Cowes site. (r his kil n W5.S constructed of bricks mad e b Robert Anderson and is thought to be the first kiln on the i sl and ( 2 ). ) Realizin , the need for rovisions and the 'otential financial gain , t he brothers, used their extensive ex erience (whi ch included pharmacy, ship-Ji n€. , gold .ros ectin and TIla rket bardeni ng) t o set up a . eneral sto e adjoining t he kiln (Ref. Photo . B). The buildi n I~S constructed of brick ( su plied by Ander son ) with a steepl pitched corru ated i ron roof. Typically char a ct eristic of Victoria was t he double able which is seen extensively in pioneering and rural architecture , as re the 10Her pitched roof of the verandah and the plai n anu Eirnple 12 light doubl e hung windows . The most im ortant fea.ture of t lJ is hotogra h is the s tore room in the b.1c.i{ground . This building shows a roof cladding of timber f iingl es - bein one of :the rare ce,ses of i ts use on t e i sl and. The first ~es t ' s gener al s tore was emolished i n the 1880 ' s and a larger building was erected ( ref. . hoto C 'hich shows a residential building a t the rear). The store .' s built of t imber frame and weatherboards wit h a etee ly itc~d iron roof, a separate and hipped, v erandah roof, a decorated timber valance board, 12 Ii ht double hun .il0OVfS (possibl re-used) , and decorative bar e board. .e resident ial buildine was construc ted of' simi lar m terit:.ls and featured timber railing to the t '10 verandahs, tl e hi pped ro ofs, t he cast iron "lace-v ork", and the ~i - cir cular p~rape t over the verandah. Con8i~eration of the etails results i n some unusua l features. The use of t imber instead of brick is noted as being coincidental with a time 0 ' the ina ctivity of the local brick roduction. The two distinctively different forms of the "store" and t he residential secticn foster many thou hts, as the former ,feB in an Austr a lian colonial cot ta e s tyle while the let ter is in the Ita lianat e manner. This may hove been due to the expression of function, the possible different dates of erection, or the confusing use of two styles. ' l so unusual wa the complete duality of appearcu.ce of the residentiC:i. l section wit h i t s two se ara t e verandahs and two pro j ecting front rooms. The i mpression su '~es ted is the semi- detached form of housing possibl y providing the ina.i vidual living quarters for the brothers. A n oticeable etail i s t he crossed timber railin- used on the verandah as 0.11 identical form was used at "Charman Dene" sug~estin the work of one builder. •,r est ' s store remained i u this form f r many years s it was not until the late 1930 ' s t hat the verandah was demolished and a new front section was added (ref. photo C) . he cent years have seen the deterloration and subse~uent emo l ition of the rear dwellings which had been used ~inl for st ra e . The importance of "West ' s General Store " is its dominance of the commercial act ivity of Phillip Island . In providing the servic es of groc ery, drapery, hardware , butcllery, bakery and post office, the "st re " is in itself the centre of intercourse for t he earl set tlers and it i s si~ificant that the business has continued over the ears a.~ the Island has devel oped economically'. Again t he fl store It has a promi nent posit ion in the town of Cowes as has always been the case, suggest i ng its dominance of the activity and t e develQpment it i nitia ted and encouraged. The rol es t.,,_ t the W,=s t brot hers played in t he rogress 0 the community a re equally im ortant as their ositions led to J ohn bing the treasurer 01' the shire, and Solomon a member of t he shire cotmcil and its president for 8 ears . The ork of the ,'est brothers in the cOlllIIluni t y and t he position of Cowes as the dominating t own on hillip Island suggests so e l i nk. The authors feel t hat t here is a direct relati onship and t hat J ohn and So lomon ,est are worthy of s t ud for their eff ct on the architectural dev elopment of Phillip I s land. Parish Ma . Dept. of Lands. Gl iddon "Phillip Island ~tory " CHAPTER EIGHT "ll1NESHOTIElT " ~/ Harbison ' s farm. complex at "Inneshowen " "INNESHOWEN " In 1 65 :il liam Harbison, a )rominent ~e lbourne busi1l88sm&..n, and owner of a timber ill rchcmdizing firm i n ::::ri hton, visited Flin ers. He und his friend HcBain :~.L. A . whilst on t his :::; ortin trip came across Phillip slund, "Ii h ich they leiter expl ored . Harbison VvctS very i lressed wit h t he pros le cts of settlement on the i sland, La , as WaS later to be seen, so as Me in. As previously s ~ted, McBain ' s elevcttion to !linister for Land was a i~ niI i cant reason for the hasteninc 01' the reI ase of k s . Harb inson's friendly re d ionshi p wi t h Mc Bain, and ....iE o..tJ~reci a t i n of' the i sland. , induced a original ",election of' Block 12 of 1 8 acres adj oinine; the I,lcHaIfi e ' s _loperty on the bay side. Lat er selecti n~ of Block 57 of 16 1 acr es ana Block 54 of 157 acres gave lib b i s on consi era bl e 'OY'k to clear and f arm. It was on Bl oc k 57 tha t he bui lt the' ouse "Inneshowen ", ( which i s Gc.ellic :t'or "I s l and Home" ) . i ch he was t o occu' y f or 40 ears. F r t he homestead, Harbis on shi ~ed t imber fr m his 0 In yar s in Bri ghton, and with ca r pent ers emplo ed a t h':"s !:lrd, he constructed. "Inne howen" i n 1869. In pl an i t is a square, with a n e i ght foot verandah continuin around 1i e rorth, East and South s' des . r'le c orru a ted alva ized iron roof is of a s stem wich present s , i n elevo..t i on, a sin Ie-hi p appear ance on t hree face s , bu a central valley gives a do ble-hip a pearance on the fest elevation. So , t,c ridges, separated by a valley, run in the east- west air etion, but anI one ria e runs i n t ue nort h-south irec t ion. hi s north- sout r i -ge i s on the easter s i de 01 Lihe house. No r idi:;e i s 0 t he western side , to allow t~e i nternal gutt er 0 shed i t s rain wat er t u an ext ernal \,nl)ipe on t he wes elevatio. he vera ndah roof i s a n teHs ion 0 t he lli!:1 i n ro f and i ' of t he sa e itch . 'l' he e'te side of t he house, 1;/hilst ha i n n o v rail ah VI as the ervice section, and has a l ways b een adequa t ly rotec ted by ( com are l i thogra hic rint and mod ern hotograph ). The erandah roof was su orted by 4" x 4 " timber columns eight feet Ion ana a t e i ~ht faa centres . An i trlcC1 te brac keting sy~tem braced both column and r of. 11 \! e f oo t below t he v erano.a fascia r un a 4" :x 1-1/2 t imber btr' er brace ..nori z onta ll a oune!. t he house . Lodern reI acements on the east face c omb ine br'_cin . nd fascia c,eWJ . ) The cross-bra cin i s prov i ded by t Vv o 4 " x 1- 1/2" ieee of timber running frow one foot below t he juncti on of the st r inger on t he column, t o t h e centre of t h e s an oi' he "Gr ' er, one on each s i de of t he column. On every second column the cross bracinb is c ontinued f r om t he 'unction of ~e t 0 braces in t he c entre of t h e str i nger, t u t he junct ion o.r' t he c olumn ana t e fasc ib-. This bra cin tec.t'l.ni que wh ilst being of structural irn ortance, give s a "...)ull ctua t ed s t i tchwork lf ap earanc e alon the verandah r o of, ei 'e ctua l l y "bindi ng " t he roof t t he buildi ng below. The buildinE i s s t u framed w'th a n ext ernal cladaiue:, of 12" New Zealand Karr i ea therboards, wi t h 2" ' 11 corner -,ieces inserted a t the four c ners of t he bu~ l din . rhe weat herboar s ar simpl e-lap t y pe, a iled t"l i ce i nto ea ch stud. Three t imber f amed double hung sash ,In ows unctuate the nort ana s outh va Is one centrall y loc ~ te , wi t h one on each ide, plac ed symme trica ll . .!. !J.ese wi ndows begin 18 " a bov the fl oor an s t and some four fee t i n height. On the east elevati on t ere i s a centra l l y l ocated door with windows syLlIUe rical y pl a ced one on e ither ::.id.e . hese windows do not be in a t the same l evel, bu t o e 12 " hi her abov e t he f loor, t han t hei r count erpar s in , t he north and sout h walls . The s outh verandah has been fil led-in a t a l ater date but t he origi a l windows have not be removed ( t hanks t o the present 0'1' ershi p b descendant s of t he i storian Gliddon). The est wall has four sJ.JIIletricall pl a ced wi ndow begi nni ng four fee t above the 0, and are only t va feet in hei t . here is a hree mouldin ' around all windows bo t h i n er all y a nd eA t rnall . Each elevat ion would hence be symme t rica l , had t e chimne s t a cks been located more accurately . A 1 f )ur tacks ale located' i t hi . t he 'nternal va lle of t he ro of , rou~ l l y ymme trica l l y pl aced. At first a~pe r nc e of the four stacks, ne a t each corner of t his va lley spac , one i ot inmediat el aware of t he dis arit The I on axes , _ II ver, are not niformly ori ent a t ed, or i s t he mi s l ca t ion of tLe i r centre axes s l ithtl t r ansverse with t he r oof ridge e~ , conducive t o soun sJillIDetry. e ca i nb pieces are C uir erent cons truction, the north-eastern stack and the ,e ::.t erll stacks hav e t rian ular ring c ourse dec ora ti n bel o t~.t t op of t he stack, bu t he vari&.t ion i n courses a t wh ich •• .1.0 i s loca ted cC:t.us es i fferi ng proporti ns i n the s t ck• • 0 confuse this further, the sou h-eastern s t a ck has a rectn gular s~r in~ course decora i on crea tea by set tin out t e ,""ccond l ast course a t h e s t a ck ha l f an i ch. hroughout the entire h use 3" x 111 i ne floor ing I Cl. l cdd over timb er s t ump and frame sy s tem of or e on, s me c:aich is onl n w start ing t o become i neffect i ve , although Eo m;.. j r art has &.lreaClY been repl a ced . The i nternal plarmi n, i~ a sequence of f ur ma in rooms openin of a c entra east ,lest corrid r which has the ma in entrance a t t he east. ' he other end of t he corri or l eaa"" t o i::1 furth r four slllaller ervice areas , he reJlla inin 0 i inal doors are panelled t i -r ber with quite refined simpl e brass knobs . '!:'xcellent rble firepl a ces in t he main rooms, are finely carved in a classical fluted decoration . The mai n rooms themselves are last er-on-lathe clad ana remain in gooa coudition to a . 1he 0 i oinal c o~plex of buildincs as a tower c ~r 11 place t o the west of t he h use. Adj oinilig t he s uth-e ~s t corner, with its lon axi s rWlning north-south /;1nd i ts east f a c e a conti.nuance of t he eas - -H all of the house ere t he ori ina l servants ' bui ldi ' s . The separate s t a ff itchen &nd WClf:lhroom were located i n t he south-west f rmin ... bort of court bet ,een t lleillselves, he servants ' q Cir ers Q the house . The to er which i s n w par ly demoli she vas a 12' x 12 ' s4.uare building, r i sinb SaLle 25 ' hi h, but now stands a t some 10 '. It was built enti el - of timb r stud frame and clad exte nall y by eat herboard , but there is n o el&dnin on the i n t er al surface . Harbison buil t it for the vi ew it commands, althou h it seems he was more interested iu views involvin the pro r ess of hi8 workers on hi s lro erty. he main feature of the to ~e r i s t he cross braci tt',o 5" x 2 " members s ome 17 ' i n len th every 6 ' hi h. One by one t e ot her selectors failed to grow heat, because of t he cater- illars ana t he damp co ait i ons. J: € reporter "Vagabond " wrote - "and so for the mos t art the i Bl and has again become IDere y a ~raz i ng area, with ruined and deserted c ottages in ever:! irection." ( 1) ":;;.rbison ' s ot her i tere .... '- .... enabl ed hi m t o stand their losses. ec..n .. hil e he hE-.d taken t he advice of Knight ho WCiS -the first to e:ro chicory on the island on Block 143 in 1870 ' s . Cticory and must ard, a l an wi th razi ng were t he only - roduce to sur vive t he cli mate and t he ests. As others on the i~ and failed eit her Willi am Harbison or Joseph Cleeland l~lQ purchase their selection, gaining lCirger and l ar er lice::, of the isla.nd . By 1880 HCirb i on ha - 4096 acres , ( _ich by t he t ime of the Sal e of hi estat e in 1911 rew to 6C68 d.cres, partly due to h i s own enter rise and p1:1 r tly eeuse he was Shi re President). On J une 12th 1894 Harbison oug t J. D. k cHaffie ' s re-empti ve ri hts for 30/ - an acre, . eluding the s t one house and hut s, which he subse u ent ly re-oved to Block 57 on which the ma in c lll,P l ex of "Inneshovren It .as built . The bie hay shed , ori g inally built by J. D. _.cHaffie l argely VII i th timber and rec1{a e washed up by the sea was i ssembled and rebuilt about t en chains west of t he tOVler . The r.s..fters ~ere cut from s t r aight sapli ngs ( ~I i ch grew i n ab ance on the isltLna. a t that irae ) , t he r oof a nd walls y~ ere of curru a t ed i r n. - uch of t he roofin iron had been Teili O ed from the dome of an Ex~ ibitio ~ b il din~ in a don, and im~o ea secund hand by McHu f fie. l uch of it r etained its curv e of t he aome and had t o be ... crev ed do n in positi.) n. This i ron i s distingui8hable fru the otiler Ilore mundane corrugated gal b.nized i on b ~i er currugations of some six inches . The shed i s some two chains wide ana fou chb.ins long wit h a able roof, an' s t ands s tron today although its v ert icals and corners hL. e t ha. t "tired" look v. 'lich he obt ain ~/hen s i bhtly askew . A 1'e arkabl e door can be found on t he north, whi ch i s o e able t o t he roof. here are two main sections, the lo"er do ors 10 1 X 10 1 each are hun fro jtlrobs on eit her si e of he door frame and 0 en out of t le barn like common 1 do ble oars . Hmwever the 10 X 0 I panel abcve these i s i.ll1b from the l int el and i s o.f>ened by \,inch up into the roof s ace, end.bling an olJe able s ... lb.Ce i:.111 told of 20 ' x 20 I • Another outb lildin , douth of this lar e barn, W!::l.S '"eath rbcb.ra b:tearilli. shea \I i th a timb er stud framed tructure of a Lgon . .ooeien 'hillcleu vvh":'ch once \/e e t ler , ...... E:viu8hce by the ""urlins a close t ogether and 'everal uhinble rCJ,...,&inin, I,ere covered by a c orru a ted ealvanized iron roof a a la.tel' date. TLere were tlree wells on Harbison ' b pro)er ~y, a ll f brick with some ce ent render tu ca~ucity hei h t . Slightl Ii t'b.e 'I, e t of the t o er t ~le house-vlell it; locutable, ::;inki ng "t1 blve to f uurteen feet in de_Jth. At t he b&se this we l l is a proximC:t tely 10 1 X 10 1 ana risef.. in t his squa re for ~en 1 1eet a.nd is of briCK an cement renaer' -to 10 • Ab ove this i: a rueticulously c ons truc ~ed domeci ca v i t h a central circ ul~r hol e (in some res- ects remini:::lcent of the Pantheon o t he b eehi v e tombs ). Althou h difficult t be sure,afew -1' the e a petir t o be A1. derson bricks , but t here i s little the ' reas for thiIlkine so , t han they re of that . .l.8dran ce, only demolition 1::l.n closer analysis ould be aequc..te deter.wina ion. 'ther reasons are, t hat there Vlere several Alderson bricks ilel::irb , but this is C:l. Qe ua tely cLwutered by th6 f~c t th~t t he bricks formin the c i rcular ~erCuI'e 1'ere ..,.lOs t l "Halfman" s t arn. ed, and had a frog . e ot hers . e r' seen t L. be of t he "11ontrose " kiln. HtLrbi son a i ea in ap-rox i mh tel 19 10 ~lld the file for the will WhS con tested i n 19 11 witL legal y roce edi~g8 -oein institut ed. The land anCJ. buildill - C OLI lex wer )UTcha ed i n 19 12 by a LIr. 1.IcHe ndry wh o after owning and occu yin t he pro erty for t wenty ~etirB , sol d it t o t h e Gliddons , whose s ibbline;s now own i t . The onl ma ·or c lb llges a art from maintena nce and the demolitions . e- tioned above , was t he additi on of s ome smal l rooms under tLe sout h v erand.ah. The dat e f or t his is r - liddon, s o Ubt be a,t)Iroximat ely bet wee 191 2 and 1930, from t he lleav -handed detai lin t h i s datine seeLlS reasonable. No r ecords of i t we .ce kept, an its importance i s anI domest i c . A ITT . _obert Gall, one of t ile earliest s et t I ers , uLl\lel' the Closer SettleLlen t Ac , built h i s own house in a !("I'rnie;ht on Block 1 wi th a front a e t o Settlement Road. I t rua not exist now bu e i ' ently is l ast ed some t i me .) It vI'aS I.iI' . Gall howev er who d i6. some 0 f the l a t h e an d ~l&ste ri ng a t "Inne showen II , em bu i l t some fen c es on t he ;ropert y . He ~ls o made some br i c ks, but what use t hey were ~_u to, i s not r e corded in hip di ary, f r om wh ich only the ~uove i nfor ma tion i s r l evant here . Th e r oof, c ov erin n ouse and v erandah , and the clt ·wney dispositi on i s reminiscent of many h omesteads in "ic ari a , and New Suut h ',iales . Be cause t he roof and verandah 1'e of t h e same mE.. t eri a l, t hat of cor ruga t a galvani"ed i ron, ~la ce s t his coun try d telling in the f irst ma i n cat egor of rural build.ines in Aust rali a . A s i mi a r heritage 'was t o eventuat e on Phill i p I sla.n where the subs e uen t develo ment i.a8 t he change i n roofing mti teria l s 0 the a i n block, and VB andah t o slat e an ~ iron es e ctive l , t hus brin in about an eventual sepa a tion of t he verandah and ma i n roof s . lf I t i s s i nifica nt tha t "I llileshowen , bei ng of si i l d. r styl i tic me t al as t he New tiouth WEl. les ear l y tradition. .i3 com9arison with t he "Officers ' Quarters 11 a t Para.mat ta S ne , ~ hich has a v erandah on three sides and built-in a t the ba ck, one sees t; hat "I nne showen" real l had i t s s t yli s ·ic Clo ts i n buil i ngs of t he ear y 1800 ' s . "Roseneath" a t _(;.rCilllE.l. tta bui lt i n the 18 30 ' s hC::l a sin gle r oof fo r -the mai n block ana v erandah. One ca nn ot easily es t ab l i ~ h a -il ~ c t causal s t a t ement betveen hese buil aings and the "ILl. srowen " built at Philli I slana. i n 18 69 . Signi fican t; i -t he tact t hat Harbison had not l.ffered 'r eatly from trlis "al a " s t· Ie . One f i nds far simpler det ailing a t II ~ el:. howe " , 1indow8 of 81m Ie de sign by c JL arison when one considers the cum) ex Fre ch w nQOWS and ela borat e c"l umns at "Eliza beth Farm" bui lt 1794 . he mould i n~s at I I showen " a re simyl e cla ~s ic 1 mould'n s mitred as the turn at the cor er of the windm . 'rhe anelled door seems t o be of t he same :::l yle ClS t he st ck f'our p1:i.nelled do or m~de avai lable in lielbourne in the 1830 ' s . In some resyect "Innesh owen" i s a t rend-set t er , the islan d , i t s marbl e f ire l aces were to be i mita t ed ~ stone such as' a very meek c o tage i n ~e t tl e men t oad . .l he fire l a ces a t "Rhylston," hilst not being of t he same esi , lere of m~rble , and be ing of a l ater date, sli ght l y ore ornate than at "In' eshov{en" . By way of l c:..nning "Innesho en " reser...bl es t he aesi gns c omn on in th colony of 183. "Busby Hou se " i n the Ba of I sla ds by J ohn Verge, an earl c ol oni a l cT cLi tect, indicat es t he COllIDon separation of s t a f f '... i:l. t er s . Howe ver t1 Inneshowen" doe s not hav e t h e sc . i stication of a covered ay bet ween staff quar er s and t ile main house , which "Busby House " boast s . The most iruport ant value of, "Inneshowen " i s t he VerG.il ah det a i l. "Richman Vi 1 1:., " in ::, dney by ort imer Lewi s i n 1849 shows simi lar t imberi ng of t he j uncti on of verandah roof and column . The t r i an ,u.lat ion whi ch ives s tructural efficiency i s a l s o a feat u ed unit a t b oth "Inneshowe n II and "Richmond Vi l a ." So t hi s i not an unc ommon buildin t echni que , a. lthough usual on pre-iran-lace buildings onl y . Alt hough t r i an ulat ion i s used on both e ".' mr l es , the braci n is no t crossed a t ichmond. he pre- iron- lace er a on t he I sland was t o br in :;everb.l designs of this j uncti on t o l i ht . One of t 1e mos t rtisti c a lica tions of thi s f or ul i a t SI S . Cla ir. II .t t . Clair t he s t r i n er beam i a ain a foot below t h e v randah fasc i a . Vert ical SU ) art s are laced a t one foot cent res along this space, and every second panel so f rmed . a cent ral cross bar creating a ' unctuat ed r h t hm of s i x Vt;. Cb. t 4uels and fiv e "H" . lels. he'e 'i nement of t he brac 'n at the col umn into a keyhol e finely ca rve brace cr at es a ne G.. t flo\ f c olumn into veran dah roof. "Il1neshowen" i s t i cal of Philli Island i n i t s s tylis t ic heri t age , i s humb e detaili n . But for Philli Islan · i t i s si nificant of t ne asperity , the tJlist i c t re d set ter' i n many res ect"". So i t i s a t on ce II ollower " a d "leader" i the Archit ecture of liust alia u P i l l i I slan respectiv e CHAPTER N It OOLAMA r" 60 62 If {oOLALAI HlJUSE " Cs. ... t""in Joe... h Cleelc1nd, c...n elllinent :i::elbo1..u'ne c :.. tizen, '.rid host of t' e Al b i a::! :-'otel froI..! 1859 t o 1881 , s~ilea t:e ~~cifio r~ute~ f~r ~i~ Je~rs before sett lilg .ustr6.li cl. e 11 COLle frOl Irelulld to Victori-:.. \dth .is rents , 'iho seLtled at Darebin Creek, in 1840 . In _hilli _sland, Le '-ouLht an investment, ana. rela..cation , no t hint mo e. He ha d co....e to t he i sland on a leasure " l.rne in 1887 dnd st, .. eO. tJ mm a subst antial ort ion. 18 9 he "c!.' runnintl 7 0 shee) dnd 200 ('hetltm ... on ies 0- : is va'" test' 'te ~ beu h t t lrul!. ___ !:.. t.1€; f i lure 0 the r r~ of the Closer et~lement t o co~bat ests anu _ i 'tic trai ts of the islanCl. By 1890 tIle substc...ntial . rit ' of the i sle-na wos S!.:-drea bet',eeL Cleeli:..ud a d _rbi"on ( 0 "Inneshowen" ). Cleelana., the r;::.cei.lorse breeder anQ own r becallle fin~nciall bound , and tirin~ of t he ci ty , alt hough i-II stee~ed in t he city \a s , came t o bui ld the :'r s t ", oolam i House ". An ea.rly aint ing , of 1889 , shaHS t e house t o be at/a or t'our ro orued hut of timber c struction. Li ttl can be 'aid of tl is hut , exce:t it c. rectdJ.le;ul..... r with a &b e rc of. John ClEoelc nO. , Joe h Cleel c:.nd ' C' son, too_\. ov er i . fo.ther ' :::; i ntere..,ts , a.lll built tIe 8eco d U{oolamai Hous " , lC•• \,<.48 an extension of t he fir s t , in t he e,-",rl 1890 ' 8 . · obn 0.180 WaS G!. rc...cehorse breeder, an i n c identall , rOll a elbourne Cu'- wi th h i s horse ool ama.i . tables ~ere bu i l er t he direc t ioL of tIle Cleeland , but t hese are now e ~e l ished ane only t h e footin s remai n . As wit h mos t el tlemen ' s resiQenc es , t he servcl.llt::; I q,uarters ere a a c he t t he rear, near the serv ice r oom . An exami n<.ttion of t he roof struct ur t o e t her \/i t r eductions of the house at vari us s t a e ' i ndicates es of ~ruw t h . fhere were original ly two mai n block , tneir Ion bxes east- west . The nort hern block ,it h the \inao on the east , and the 'square t ower on t he s outh ~t cor er , with a cellar be:r:e& t h is the mast er ort'on of riginal house . _he southern blocL of similar i n t ernal i -hin s and root str ctuI'e, but 'with smaller rooms was • e ervice and serVi:m ts ' block . ;rhe older Cleeland hut • ' 1 t::d these blooks, but vas" idened some time l dter and : reof replaced by an a t tic ro of . a the nort h - west of his ..... in block l ie the shearer. ' q,uarters, and the bl c -s i t h ' s (Juart e2'S, ti t VlIO roomed , 2BC t Cl. ular , -abled Dloc .\: of .'eatherboard. CO.l'ref:> )ondingly on the south-west ~ .... the coa ch house, an o'pen ·ab eo weathelboard buildin I cr t 0 c o<--,-ches . FurtLl r t - t he south, one Can find t h e feotings of t he ti:mber stables . The ori ginal roof on the thrE:e wings has slat l?, dlthouLh nO'N re.f.lla eO. by CO lru a teo. alvani2.e iron. Slat e l'l ing can s t ill be seen t o cover the bay windows . The original r oofin· system v-,Ci.S of timber frumed constru c tion 01 r after <..· ano. Iurlins in t he c onve t i onal Au s t ralian ste but the sout h block has a gable on t he east ern end, hile the ~ estern is hi pede A similar a lte a t ion has occurred i l the roof of the ceutral block. The ori i na.l r cf of t h i s blOC K me t t he nort} and s out h block~ some dL,t' nc e bel ov, t he rid es , but t he lUore rec ent roof i s a e ble which extends over the roof of both n orth and s outh ulocks . Thi s newe r roof resulted in a different scal e for bet! t he tower aHa the t ~ 0 blocks . ( The a t tic win d ows a re I bt er ~dd iti on and incici.ent &ll li ·ht no a ttic rooms. ) _hE rid 'es of t he blocks ema t he ridge CL t t he rear of t he o er are a ll of t he se:.. 11e hei ~ h t arLd rose above t he r idge cf the origi nal roof of t I e cent ral bl ock. The t owe r i s t Lus reauced in significance . Tne v erandah on t he east wall has b een covered ith v ea t Lerboards . Its ori ina l shape, o};leHing to t h e €_" 't , was a skillion slate roof, in much t he same man ner as "tt,e verc:,ndah on the we st of t he central bloc k . Th"' ",est ern verb.udah, sup )o rted on neo classical cast iron columns , is 0\ r oofe i n c orru~ a te galvanized iron. There was once a V6r~ ah on t ne n orth nu we t wall s of t h south block, bu ~ t _is has nm, been conv ert ed , by fillin _ in wili h \ eat her b r d, t G a greenery an s t ore area . It will be necessary t nct e t h e separation of t he v erandah r oof from t he main of , ano. t llli t , a t t hi s se drc.a, t i 11 t here i s no decorative ~etail s alt hougl the veranCiah i s dro ed a foot or so belovi the; main ro of eave. i,hen one cOJIl'pb.res the sim licit y of t h i s v erandah ~ .c tian with the more c Olllp..Lex t imber cornice detb.i ls a t the C01'T Espondine; "unctions on t he east elevat ion, a chCl.rd ct r . €e has t a ken pl'''' ce. The i n t roduut i on of t hese Ita l i anCL te aetails a t t he tm ~e r eav e , the bCiy wind VI eaves and uS a 1 ...11 aecoration above t he nain door g ives t h is east elevation ore f astidi ous aJ.J edr anc e . The detai l i ng , 110\1 ev r , is ~ t.21iforlIJ. . he circular-he E... ue twin sli t windows of the "C • er are neo classical., tr e a i n entrance 'oor ib neo-Got hic i t t an arched heau and 'en comb i ned on t he one eleva tion .. ith Ita lianate cornices illus t rate the confusion of st ylistic heri t a es COJlUIiOn wi t;h r':e bourne works , r arely s blatantly coni·used. The '1indm, de t ails are e ual l vc...ried. Few originals are retained, but (:ire said by the resent owner to have been similar to t hose in the shearers ' quarters . J:lhese are double une. sash 'viitl six panes i n each sash, "ni le the present windows have ·ust one ane mainly. The to.er winQows , al though circular headed, a re still double .::. c.. sash. The a tti --. ~vindows a re, on the other hand, C ::3ement s . Later sash V\ indo ~ 11 t he v erandah of the south block have feur . nes . I~hese a re knO\"ffi to ha v e been built bJ John Cleeldnd . Beci:;l.ube of the ha hazar desi "ning and buil ding of ", oolamai " its planninb: i s not ratified in t ._e same way r.s the more simIle "Iona" on the one hand, or the m re refined "Rhyl s t on ForI " on th othe r. The lan i s best ai scussed i n blocks. The central block was a iina l ly t wo room ' with a vero,Ildah, to the west of these a corri dor runs I.or h-sQu t l and en&bled t he buildi ng of t h e t h i rd and f ourth roums further t o t he vest . In the 189 ' s t hree rooms of tct h tle north ana. s uth win·s were built . A fur t her r oom 11- verandah 'v,as tv be built, on t nE; Ivest 0 t he sout h block ir. 1903. A llCiSSCl. e 01 t he south of t he north block runs into t he central c orridor and c ntinue s on the north of t he out h block. (2) The outhern ortion of t he Cissage i s nml blocked, for use (;I.S a store, and acce ss is obtained t r ugh rooms. The tower was 0 i binally a ttached t o the north block anu is str wtural.ly a -Iart of t his system. A arawi b J . o.I.cFarlane dist i ctl shot s t le early se arc... ion of the t hree blocks. TL.e hort h and south blocks bot h have elc.o.borb..te g ot hicized bo.Tee board v,i t h fini als . he slattea circular roof vellt i s shown abov e the ba lin o . The eL borate barce b oards have been repl aced by t he flat e d ed bOc.rd s , and t he timber balcony on the t L er has been re ved. The urns dra~al by l. ~cFCl.rll::Lne s t ill remain to confuse the uetaili Beneatb th t ower one obtain' access to the cellar hich is s t one ~lle d hich, bJ ap earallces , seems t o be of the Phillii-' I sland granite, a ce ol.'diu to t l'e r o riet ors. The details f the chi.nmeys hove altered at an unknOi'll date . There was no chill1Ile over the small ori ginal block, and only one over the front room of each of t he north and sout, blo ks . he resent chimne s are a uniform rectangular s t ac~s rising tl.. threE:; fee t above t he rid e and ca~ ped by t\O terr~ cot ta lotS . The original sthcks i n t~e e positions were det ailed as f or t he shearers ' l odgin s 'th the sixth la~t ·course set out hhlf an inch, t h e fifth Lst turne Ci at 45 , the fourth l&s t set out a fur ther half i nch and t he Ic...s three continuin _ il ti_8 Sallie rec an~l e 8 fou.t · course:::. below . One can note .ith nos t ~le i a the Lradual di s t ortion ~ the ori i n<....1 " ... ti (y " rreo- athic "itacl.... a i " . In all __ eara:uceb , not se unlike th8 ueta.ils of "Glen Isla" , but - t ile vir Gu e of its I taliallb.te cornices, the addition of a 1. lee rvof ~.ith 2ttics an t he fillill in of verandah8, lters its character t o svLethin,::: cJ...oser t Ne - olonial . tran ~e chcice indeed . £6 CHAPTER I " GLEN ISLA" ill ROB T ERSON " ,...... , ~arly "Glel I sla" "GLElTISLA" & ROB Robert Anderson , a Scottish engineer, bought land on the i slend in 1868 l a t e in the sub ivi s ion sal es. This !is a man of real hCJ.rdworking enter rise , he SCJ.W a future t o be carved out of the i s l and and proceede a wi bh coura e a in e ui ty t o a s o. He brought i h him his brother in-law , a Mr . Benal , who i s {ell remembered on t he i land i b rominent brickl arer . By 1870 Robert derson, Een~l and a car enter, newl a rrived froID New South Wales , n,med Alex ~ c Clardy had erected a double gabled s tu f arne e~th erboard house with a circumambul t or veTa dah. The floor Ian included six roo , a s t ore and a antry . This a t o form tbe basis of "Glen I l;:l l a ". T is eng..Lneer, 'v ho rae original m c i es for Co l s book arcade , as t e an c desi ... ned aTlCl built the di rect ory i n t e Melbourne ~useum . r'i machine has a echanically driven sea an e ither ide of Vii ch-like s stem, the rotation of w ich f l i s cards o. uicatin t ne location a areas °thOn t he .useum. Ii h t he i tentio of the eventual operation of fiG en Isla II as a uest house, Anderson built a t 10 storey t ache block t a t he nortll of "Glen Isla . " T is va.S cvm leteQ by 1887, but as no b used as a gues house , for one of his dau~hters married ana dwelt i n t h is block. eanvhile Robert Allderson had brought his fami l to l i v e on t. E i sland, and together with hi& re a tive Be al had f ound cIa its which they reco ni ed f or their value. The E::l"ter ris ing Anderson established a Hoffman brick kiln on to e isleond, and ....,et about a business wh ich a to revo utionize ~ _0 quite mo polize he busine s ° of bui ldin on the isla d ( ee rickmaking.) He a l 0 esta lished a chicor kil n made fiom is 0 n bricks ala cside his bric ki ln on t he cor er _ -cB:affie drive a d Church Street. In a dition t o these b inesses, and his city en ineeri n works , Anderson dabbled s.l;ecul tory buil ding , building, from his own bricks in o junction with Benal and cLard, two villas in Police n GloQ . Such ~as the extent of rlis influence on the i s l b.nd t t here is seldom to be founa a house 01 er them fifty ~_r hicn oe not have a Robert Anuerson brick near it. ila.r' t~te ents i1.1 later be aue f Benal i::I.l Q ·c...J<::o.rdy CE::1llinf. t heir dominance otO the buil -inL industry . .rne ori.... inal "G en I l a. " ~s built by 1870 i s a u re nlanned house wi th 8i). rooms, lihree either siae of a e.tra.l.l: .LJd.ssa e runnin ec...f:jt est, the entro.1LCE. Col. t thE "estErn the smaller 5.reb.S ofO r:u tr .....nd store. -rhe double b loaf, vvith its rO -e:::t.n v ....lle bo rd runnin , eas - west, _e Ditch d c..t an '-ne:1e at lilie order of fort five debrees • . roo= claddinc is of corru &teQ b.lvhnize i r n. Thus et ilea t he structure becit D tu reBel! ble t.u.e til!J.bere v. ic Revival b' .Lla.in~ COl! 101.1.1" buil t in thE cit· i 1 the 72 1 40 ' s . hi~ is stron~l su ~orted b t he detailin on the st .;l,.r.. d west fdces . he bar e bOt..rQs 1r ve d. curviline::.r rof ile finishL tat both the rid e a.nu v alle beEo.L s \' i th a c ~rve d timbeI flni~l . ~h e roof vents dre t imber sId ted ua.tre-foils , but a cunfUl:3ion in "puris t" s t yle i' evidenced in the fluted cast iron columns and. bC:L1-.blea cast i ron dark. The Cb.use of t h i s confusior has i :J roots in the nature of t he settlement 01 hilli Island. It \Vas rcore ly intended as wo rkin~ v ill age, more often t lhn not ... ettler t JlOueht of i"t db ..... t U1..ITis t res r , but, liki €. tr.. isla.nd thellselve:::, some sort of Ii i ng veLS 0 be md.d e order to make such a venture economically reasonable • . "The basic house I an and desi n c oubl ned the essen idls f designs ai' the 1800 ' s of ~ydney wi t h both t he ornamental non-essenti a l of the i mme dia t el conte~ orary .elbourne, and t he semi str uctur&lly-inte r a t ed decora t ion co on t u bui lding a decCLde or so previoubly in elbourne. " 1) This is explai ed in the planning, and clrcumventing veri:l.nda h rese blin , in i t s essentials , "Inneshowen, " which , turn has its r o ot s in rural desi n of New outh "ales . 0. Victoria of the early 1800 ' s . Granted the ro ortions md t he construction teclmiques have been bet ter f ormalized. _ne semi-struct urally int egra t ed decorCL t i on refers to the ~ot ic revivalis t devi a tions which have their r oot in the at rle of )re- old buildin i n Sydne and Me lbourne s ome t entyfive ears earlier. The column l)unctuatio of short . tin , lar e span, short s an over t he mai n door , l a r e san, lGrt span a cr ss t he elevation are of Vi ctorian era _ oportions . The more f b.s tia i ous cietails f t he finials , U~r e board, quatre-foil s , a cco m~any t he Got hic revival .eriod , whil t t e iron rk a t t he v erandah is current with the l ate 60 ' s in I.!elbourne. T e indov1 frailies 're s i ruple a 0. l:J. cm'ved moul dine s i ruilar 0 "Innesho >, en" finishes the ~. c tia 1 of t he f r aL.J.e CLnd t he \,lea t llerboa rds . The windoll s .re ouble hung sash and are s uu~ etricall laced in the ,i:. 1 s aces either side of t he cen t r al door. The valle , G; door and a sho t s an of t he verandah coincide i n t e eel tIe of' t he west ern eleva tion crea tin t he entrl::l.nce i' )res8ion. Tne do or i8 an ell e , 'i t h fuur panels, t\ 0 of ,ood in t he lower s ecti n, t wo o ~ glass in t he u er s ec lone ~.le re were t va chimney 8 ta cks centrally locat ed on he s outh e eva tion but on t he nort h and south ou t side roof ga Ie . The t\ 0-8 orey section has the Su. width f table a t he sin Ie storey s ection, but a double veranddh on t he orth side of t he buildint c · nsi erE..b y !:Ll ters t he ro onions of the whole structure, although it i s obvious t hat the same odules ere observe . rhis block i "i sert e " into the r i ginE11 "Glen I sld" to the nort hern most ridee . he o iginal chimney stack w<;..s cc- tinue u t hro ' h the to t o ey of the ne er blo C}~ an a.,. ped-r throu h the orth roof its gable . 'nis block ha the same fe~tures of Tothiky bE.. e board and quatre-f'oil r of ven ). .rhe v erandah ro of is a half a i "' and feat ures t he saUle i nwork. he c lumns ,: ic sup 'art the veran ah b.. .I'e t all an thin by c mpari son i th th se on the ori~ina.l Sil.L Ie store verall ah . he Lcrthern elevati r of the newer block. ::>how an i unovatlon t o t he Islan. ' he 'ndu ~ on t up er s t re "eature a centrCLl double hun sash Ii ldov, 0 e s LJ.e r oportions as t e earlier block, but has sie lights alf its wi th on eit er side . An ironv ark )elruet sl ades it on he ext rual ',all. Be l VI this is a bay-wi -ov i th an Ita lianat e oofin ... stem. The v in ws are t he same'pr ortion8 as t hose above . he sou h wall is bui lt of bric ks fr ill the Ander on "'i ln and an int ricate diamond 'at ernin of bricks i Be aI ' s c tributioll to struct ural decorat ion, so str .... ly voca d b t he Gothic revivc.lists . For ? hilli Island, "Glen Isla" VIa t he mark of t~e breakCl.way, of the rot' fru t ne veralldah, at least , i t , i:) the basi", of subse'luent t j es ill t he dualistic trends on t e iBland. But Rober nderson ' b influer ce was not a end ere. he results of his s "eculato y buildin ith Benal !cC l~rdy can be seen in the t a cott _ es in Polic e oad . The fir t folIo s the 1 erson separ~t ioll of :"r Ci .. t.:l.l vercmdah reuf and the m~in roof. he main roof io Ll coverin' a s uare ltinned hou se . It" c entral pa~sa e €;r... S o.no. be ins in 'anelled oors . The sle re rha~B the first inci ence 02 t he half -anelled " elit;ht ',l inda s on t Le isle<.nd a !lear either siae of the i:. _tral deor'. A llh... r Ie tred hc..s been lai a t the fro t of t.le dour . :rhe erfect fr ntal ynunetr createa b the , lc.d..ced winQ.m, i!unctu~tion e' thE-r siue of the door, lends Anderson ma de his bri cks from the pit of clay he discovered soon after his arriv~l . The cIa was excavated an rebsed into moulds , alon w'th t he additi ves hich l,:..r . Young (a grandson) could not be sure of. These were fired in a smo.ll ki ln made of bricks. This is a vOffman-like kil n with a centra brick chi mney, the bricks ,ere entered and circulated . After f i r i ng I i h t ly the bricks were stacked i n tw lone sheds , with hessian drolls sus ended from t he eaves . Heat ed air f'r III the nearby ki ln is exhausted under the double gabl ed roof of t he drying sheds . A photograph, lent by COlITtesy of nrr . Youn_ , hows Mr . Anderson in front of his brickmaking wo r ks . The brick producea is a l i .htly fired r ed orange , ith no frog . The usua l dimensions are slight ly smaller thbn the standards of t he pres ent , and the t olerances were l ar,-, er, result ing in s l ightly more mortar being pl aced on t he beds . To achieve a balanced appearance perpends were of the same dimensions as the bed . These dimensions varied from. 8- 3/ 4" x 4- 1/ 8 " x 2-1/ 2 " to 9" x 4" X 3 11 with s l ight surface varia tions due to l ar er particles protruding. Anderson also produced some cl ay floor tiles 9" x 9" x 1- 1/ 2 " - 2". Both the bricks and the tiles can be found all over the i s l and i n chicory kilns and houses mainly, although i t is suspect ed that wells and q i te a few foundat ions are of Anderson bricks. Their use was found in Houses - Two in Poli ce Road "Tull och Grew " Foundat i ons of "Charman De n e" Fl oori ng at Churchill Isl and "'I oo l CLmai " "Rhyl s t on Park" Kilns - Anderson chicory kiln brick kiln est ' s chi cory kiln ell a t "Inneshowen" CHAPTER -::1 VEN cLARDY BENAL , BUILDERS McLARDY AND BENAL - Builders Alex 1.1cLardy came to Philli'p Island in 1868 and as responsible f'or much of the subsequent building on hilli Island. This carpenter ,as apprenticed in New South Va les and was t rained in t he tradition of the early Australian vernacular of tha t peri od. Thi one can tell from the sett ing out of the ro of. ~ he i tch as established in plan, t his the r i dge \ ould be supported over the central .assa e then the corner su ports were placed, t he rafters cut and pl aced. This me thod of settin out does not allow the use of pieces of corruaat ed alvanized iron, trL ~ ed from the sheet s, as they a but a t the f or ma tion of the hip,cannot e used in another section of the roof. This pitch i s not unusual before t he issue of a manual in the 1940 ' s b the producers of the sheets for mo re economical roofing systems. An incomple te l ist supplied by his son, Mr. McLardy Zr . a builder, of buildin s Alex McLardy worked on: Anderson ' s house Anderson ' s kiln "Tulloch Grew " 2 villas i n Police Rd . "Bro ad~ater" "Charman Dene" " est's Store" Churchill Island Sorue of ool arnai I.!uch of the "Isle of Vi ht " and "Holl dene " Roof of "lana" in conj unction with Benal on '" elofa" under t he master bui lder Ewan from Melbourne - also did reconstructions of buil dings move d from McHaffie ' s . ... he shed at "Inneshowen " , bui lt with 14 gauge steel, was (I.lly one t hird of the McHaffi e s t ables, and was removed by clardy an others. Some of t he old "Rh Iston Park" was reconstructed some a" s t ance away at about the sallIe time he built a two store! weat herboa rd hoube a t Rhyl1. he location of t his Quse i s close t o t h e new location of the timber "Rhylston House " . This was on1v a single gable with a 1 in 3 pitched steel roof, contra ry to his usual s t Ie of two abI es with ~~ i ntegral box gutter. These gables he required over spans tOG large for a sil1t!:le gable of his usual piteh. Benal, his associo. te, and bro t her-in-Iaw of lIT' . obert Anderson was a brickla,/er of considerable skill. :-is usual bonds are Stretcher anci Flell li sh It wall c nstruction. Known examples of his work: Anderson ' s villas in Police Road Foundat ionA of "C harman Dene" "Broad Jater" "rona " "'relofa " "Tulloch Grew " "Rhylston Park" CHAPTER T':YELVE n TULLOCH GRE " "TULLOCH GRE It "Tulloch Gre , " is a f ur roomed house for Mr . p'l~or t h t he Shire President of 1967. It \las built in 10 bJ .'T . Bena l and lIr . .. cLardy l'ra II br:ichs of' t h e 1 derson C1 icory kiln w!lich were produ ced in the Anderson rick ki Jn. ::,tdining on t le iJ.. terior v.a.lls i'" due to the ashi n_ out of carbon froll tb.e bricks b rain. I he carbon resence is ue not to an ingredient of t h e bricl, bt ecaUbe of their hbvin[ been the comvonent D~r t s of a chic r kiln. This dates the demo ition oi' t h e kiln , bout 19 10. The desigll is t wo rooms opening off t h e centra l .." ,sa e wbich begin... with a yanelled door a t t he fron t verandah and ends in a panelled door (Ao t t he rear . The verandah is a hal h i l) SUll JOrted by :oquare wo oden colUIJl.(l s bich in. turn are sUPlorted by 1 " brick ,Piers to ' 0 " . rhe verandah brackets ~ 1'e t he same u ed a t fi St . Cla ir" , d \ 1.)1... ld therefore da te "St. Cla ir" . Ie roo_ is 6 able , and b r the evermess of the rickwo r h (lll the end y,alls , one a t hers it has a l ays been a ble . Thib it> unusual for r.:cLard 7 and the making of joints of the roof is unlike Hc ardy. The usual ~1 r~ ctice of leanint. rafters against the ridge is common, but ~"' cLardy ke\ nailed from t he s ide of' the rdfter usuall whereas f t hey are to ) and bottom nailed. One can see the di fference when comparin these details Hith the verandah. o althou_h it is adam~nt l stated t hat l~cLa rdy built the r of 't i s the authors ' opinion that he onl built the v randah roof. Oregon 9 " x 2 " raft ers were used . The fr nt elevation is punc t ured b . the usual s etric small windows. The e a re s uare headed double :lun sash as are two rear side windows . 'he head is ma de C1 conc rete. The ceili i s of pressed metal sh eting and wall l 'nings are of l a t he and l aster. A lthou~ the Anderson ' s oricinall own ed the l rnd, n~ . Papwort h is the s ecoud owner of the house . clenzie was t he fir t. It has j u st been sold and mI'. rpVlorth was shiftino house during t he time t h e authors were i nspe ctin and gat hering mat eria l on "Tulloch Grew . " The bri ckwork is i n Benal ' s Stretcher bond with 3/8 11 t o 5/ 8 11 beds . The colour matchi ng is very uniform and considerable care ~as t aken in their ali gnment to t.. ive a very smooth face . The bricks are 9 " x 4 " x 3" 'ri th no fro , t he wall is 9 " s lid brick. The chimney t C:1ck is a plain rectcmgular brick one with no caJping. The roofing lLla terial is corrugated galvi:1.nize d i ron, which was Quite new, but no informati on was ava ilable on any change i n ma t erial. . :::ieveral 6 " x 6 " clay tiles formed a ba ck ,iiorch . Thi s i s s t ylist icall y and structurally re a ted t o "I ona '!, li St . Clair" res ectivel and can be seen t o be part of both progressions on Phillip Island . The simplicity 01' structure and s t y l e on t he one hand and t he com arative .,odernity on the oth r. There i obv iousl y a r l ationship t o be drawn here. • CHAl?T ~ R THIRTEEN CHURCH I LL ISL.iND CHURCHILL I S ND h e archi tectur e 0 Churcl i ll I Ian " has evelo e ' on i mi l a r l i n e as PhilJ.i p I l a d beca u s e i t su fers from the ame r e s trictions of eogr a h ica l i s o a t i on an l i mit ed natura resources . It a s a l so been affected by t h a ctor c s i e . Being a sep" a t e p rcel of I an - of' proxi ma tely 140 a cre s , result e i n the i s l a nd bein g occupi e d by only one owner a t a time . The a rch i tecture i t her efor e the col l ection of buil6.ings erec te urin each occn a ncy; clear, pr ecise, an- s i mpl y define . Clurchil l I slan was t he s i te f or t he "Bloc khou s e", the f i r t p iece of offi c i a l a r c h i tectu e in Victoria b eing Du i l t i n 1801 , 34 y ear s e f ore t 1e e t a bli hmen t of t he lort and s ettlement by Renty. I t wa~ n ot until 1857, t hat t e ext buildin occurre 0 Churchi l l I s l and hen amu el Pic er g ill there . ( John _c Ha f ie I S P' s t ral licence only ill i p I s l a Q , 1 vin C u chi ll I s l ~n d as open i ckersg i l l ~ e s ome l and i n Co l i ns St ree t, ~e ne and i n 1866 he sold it in thr e e, one half a c re bloc a £ 60 &ch - t equita ble Bui l d i n was l a ter erecte on one of t e se bl ocks i th f a c i n s t one f r om the :'hl l i p l sI gr n i t quar r y at Cape Woolamaii. Nothin. em of t e buil ' g ctiv iti e of S uel Pi ck ers ill but here i s a cl a ~ by ~ i s desce ant }a t r s a ui ding of a much l a ter date t han t h e IIblockhou se" (evi ence to substanti a t e t hi c a i m r~ s f a iled to be uncover e d by t h e ork of the a uthors a n 0 h ers ). Alth ugh i t consists of some of t he riche t l and ' istrict, Pi cker sgill reli qui s e his righ t to elect Churchi l l Isla d . The i l a n d ui not c ' n e ha n _0 ver unt i l J ohn 0 ers t o ok out a Crown Gra n t for it i n 1" 66. During og ers ' occupation two huts wer e b ilt, (the s e 'uts still r emai n pr obably b e i ng amo g the old st bu i l ings , Before oin t o Church ill I l a - , Rog ers ~d _ experi enced back roun - 0 e 10 a t ion, pioneerin g , rming , g old prospecti ng , wh ich a r e refle c d i n t e la ni g a ld t e qualit of c o s t r u c t i on of t h e huts. One t e hut bu ' I t a impl e r ectangula r struc t ure 10' x 1 I cnstructed 01' t i mb e me weat he boa r d lining a nd orrugated iron gable 0 with a s eparate v era dah. The eleva t i ona l trea t ment i s s t ric t I s ymme trical and in cordance wit r. true c olon i a l esti arc i tecture with a cent ral oar and a wi n d ow on e i ther s i de . r h e ot her hut i s very simi l a r as f ar a s f orm i s c onsi ered, but in et a il it i s quite diff e r ent . It i s b i g er, being 24 I x 12 \' , & d de s i gne wi th two rooms - > r o om f or s l eepi ng an d a l arger r o om u sed fo r t he l i ving a r ea ( Boy r efer to t h is an s t h e "Pr i mi tive Co t t age " ). There was a ..... t ove a n d firepl a c e a t t he a r e 0 t e livi r o om. As in New bout Wa l es , South Au s tra l i a a ther art s of Victoria , a v eran ah can be 1111 a cross t he fr t ( a v erandah i s al 0 a t the ba c ~ but i t is b elieved t h at t h i s wa s a l a ter &dd i t· on). The f oar co s i s t ed a 9" 9" t erra cotta til es i n t he l iving room and 6 " x 6 " ti es i1 the be oom bei g l a i d i r e c tly on t e gro1ll1 . Ag in, t h e strict symmetr y of colonia bu i ldi ng was enfor c ed · th cent r a l r o t oor t o t he l ivi n room a n win dows e ithe r side. The wi n dows provi · e a mo t unu s ua l f eat ure - t he r am e has a curv ed hea an ha 12 smal l panes fixe d t o t h in mul l ion s . e fo rm las u sed oc casiona lly in Engli s a r c itecture a nd i some ear y Aust rali a n bui l i n gs s ue as t e Barra ck s of t e Campb el l Hou e by Gr e enw y . I t i t e '0 e proba ble t h t Ro e r s had tak en simi l a r w i n ~ o w fra e s t o t h e i l a n d an ba used t he t op half of t h e ou bl e hung ectio for a r i xed pa el. here is a l 0 t h e p os sib ilit y t ha t t h e r ames may have b e en sa vaged f r om a h i p wrecke d on a loc ~l reef as was the t pi cal of ea r l y settlers.) _e 'ta .l the hut a r e l i ned i t h a n unusu 1 t ype of boa r di n g 10 11 x 3/8 11 pine wi th 1-1/2 11 x 3/ " l a t hes fi e over t h e j oi n t . Thi s f orm of lin i n g i s uni ue of b th i s l a n ds . When one consi der s b t h buil i ngs , it i s i kely t at t e two roomed hu t was bu i lt f i r s Wle the n e ed ar o e , e ot .e r hut w· s adde f or a it · on lee ing space . u ual ·eature i s t e f orm of a ddi t ion , s t he ormal r ac t i ce was to build a ski l l ion e d stru cture to t e rea r of t he hut . t Church i l l Isl a d t he use of t wo sep r a te bui d i gs h' d ca u sed t h e v eran a t be u s e as a cau a y ; t.is d oes at cr eate probl ems beca u e of t he ild climat e ~nd t he a v ourable or ient a t i on. It also provide s t h e basis fe r t he desi n o t e m in bu ildi ng where the v er an a is used f or c ircu a t i on b e t wee rooms . The b o ok "Vi c tor i a an i t s e trop olis ; a s t and f ublis ed i n 18 8 n otes t hat Rog ers sta ye a t hurchi 1 Isla - f or 5 ear s, elling t h e proper ty to S uel e in 1 71. e s 'as a 'c otti h s t onemason, h o had c e to elbourne i n 185 . t e r en i g a y e l::J, r a t t he oldfields , he b egan contr a ctin an bu i l ing - a f ew of t he structures e r e cted by him in Me bourne a re t h e Ielbourne os t Offic e (be f ore t eration s were begun i n 1 86 ) , the Cus tom' s Hou se , t he Kew Luna tic A ylum , the Gov ernment Printi f f i ce, t he old Exc hange buil i n s in William Street , an a . numb er of r a i l ways buil i n s . Am ess was e l e cte t t he City Cou c i in 18 64 an wa ~ ~yor of I e b urne for t e per' o 1 69- 70. He a l 0 wa t e f i t r es i ent of t he Bu ilder s ' Assoc i a t i on of Victor i a whi ch be an in t e ea r y 1870 ' s . amuel Ames s i s t y~ i c a l of t h e wea lthy gentl en who s ought to buil on the Ve s t ern P or t i sl 5 . T e ir wealt l ed to t he u s e of f ine ma terial s of t he adoption of f a h iona ble tre s of' bu i in s est a blishi ng t e moveme t of r esor we l ling i n a basica lly rural a rea . It was during t he p eriod of oc cupation of the i s a n d by Amess t hat t he n ow occu pi e h me te d va s built. Ih s tru c re wa s designed and bu i lt a s a c omp l e te bu i in , i dicative of t he wealt of t e owner a n t he resort na t ure b. '" us ual practi c e 'ias f r rog re s ive a i t ions wh en i na n ce Has a va i l b l e 0 tee a e . ( hylston Par k was bu ilt in t h e same i on but i t is more e l a borate.) Th e pl an 0 t he bu i l ' seems t o a ri e from ad ing a wing to th a symme t r ica l pl a n of t he Victorian era or i t may hav e b een purposely anne as s uch . The result, ow ver, i a symme t r ic 1 T O t elevati n wi t h ba y wi n owe d rooms 1 r o j ect i n g or war on eith er s' e 0 " a veran dah. The v~r andah i s u sed for c ommunica t ' on be t we en t h e rooms ' t t h e rront (as t here i s n o i n t e ~ a l lin .ge ) a n d outdoor liv' ng al 0 ab e becau e of t he orientat i on of' t he buil ' i ng . In t rue c ountr tradi i on t h e foca p oin t of t he hous e is t h e kitche d a ll v i s i tor ' a re we com d a t he r ear of the house ( i t i s difficult t o be s ur e a t he r easons for t h i s ). The h ous e i s built in a manner hich one c ould de scribe as "Rural- I t a lia nate ". obin Boyd ' s ske tch of an Ita l i anat bu i i ng, i n his b ook "Australia ' s H me" , i s t ypic I t he t rend a t he time and it i s proba ble t ha t ess ado t ed t he fashi on as ar as shape and for m i s concern ed. A wi n of a bi lli ard r o om a n d a bed r om was ~ ded an t here was a maj or a lte r a i o t o t he ma t e i a ls usually used.' Co:r-rugated i r on a eat her boa r repl a ce 'Lirick, s t one, n d slat e, t heir ad.o tion pr obab y ue t o ~ract 'c ab . co ns ' de r~ ti o n s of ma t erial t ransport rat her 'tl_an financi a ones ( marb e fi epl a ce s and exqui s ite timber elling was u s ed throughout t house ). Cast ron "la ce- wo rk" is t e only r eseJ1lbl b.nce of exter a l d ecora i on. n interesting comparison is Rhy s t an Park whi ch is built i n the true extravagance of' t he It l ianat e manner a few ear s lat er wi t h c ement rendered brickwork, extensive ornamen t, s l a te ro f and cast i ron . T e fin i shing of the bui l ding is I s o pu zzl ing . T e delicate cast iron lace war is i n dir ect c ontrast t o t e v y l a ' fan l i ~ t over th oar, he d oor i tself and t e wi ndo',{s . Again h e 8 i u ousl y curv ed form of t h e ra i l i ngs~ their s parse u se . Inside , t he lining b oar s we re cove.ced w' 1 he ssian ana a ll p' pe e wh i e at er p rts of Gh e r ooms ere exp e siv ely pane Ie . Note ort hy e t ' i s a re t e t ' ber s t um", s being me e l y sawn off tree t r unks a d t he se a r a tion of t e ch i mney from the h ou se b ecause of t he u s e of timb er eat her boa r d s. Al though the b uilding is con s t ruct ed in a way tha t re jecte d t he principl es of Ita i a na te arc i t e cture , an t la t it is proba bl y uni qu e in i s c once t , t he aut ors fe el a t i t does n ot suffe i n nay. I t seems a lo .ica l me thod o bu i l in wi t h s u i t a b le mat e ria l s whil e ret ain i n the 00 of an arch i t e ctural s t.fle . 'r e Ita lia n a t e IUC:tnn er was n ot t he product of rura a c t i vitie s - it was on ly i ts f ashi onab e p opu C:!.r ity t " t S hW it u s e i n c ountry areas. ss probably wi shea to ret a i n t he expre s i on of wealth and prosperi ty as oci a t ed wi t h "Italia ate " v' ile h e utiliz e d t he ma t eria l s t hat we re t h e natur al sy bol of f a rm dv' elli ng • The h omestea d bu i ldi g of t h e cOTJplex on ChlIT ch ill I I a n is typ ical of a n eccentr' city p eculiar t o t h i s part of ,est ern Port . e same mo o i s refl e c ted in t ech T' c ter of el ofa nd e Ham i l ton pr pert y . It may be t hat t h e i l a nas prov' e t he op ort uni t for ma t eri a l i zation of per sonal ·ant C:!.s i es or t ha t le i slan was t h e home of wealt hy ecc en t r ics . CHAPn::R FOURTEEN I1 BROAD . TER", CHARl:AU D E " , " I ONA" , ~ D t .CLAm" JI "BROADWATBR " z "CHARII1AN DENE" , "IONA" AND li ST. CLAIR" "Iona" is a McLardy, Benal building, and illustrates a breakaway t echnique for the Island . The structure is t imber framed , with pressed metal nailed on bot h t he internal and external surfaces . A cement, sand and brick chips roughcast render WC:i8 applie d to this framework. The roof structure and proportions are i n McLardy tradition - hipped , corrugated galvanize iron a Id built in his peculiar s t yle . The ori ginal roof was slate . The front elevation i s r a t her a purist s tyle , i t h the central do or and symmetrically ") l a ced windows. Although thi s basic desi gn i s rat her hackneyed , the indow and door details are of a later style . The window is a l arge central double hung sash with t wo s l i t double hung sash sideli ghts . The panell ed door has half panel sideli ghts and a to light over. The top ligh t a l so has sidelights of t h e same proportion as below . The c urved verandah r oof i s a l s o t he first exam Ie f its kind on the i slbn d , whilst the verandah bra cin is of the earliest ty e of bracing formed from curved members . "Broadwater" and "Gha man Dene" we re built .tor the Henty-\/ilsons (the second generation of t h e Victorian Henty ' s ). "Broadwater" was built in 189 1 on a t own site. "Broa dwater" was d emolished in Ma rch 1967 . Bui l t of brick vith a cement render with a s l a te hip r o of, i ts plan was a six roomed v illa, with a central passage . A curved roofed verandah circumven t ed the i nner block. he c entral d oor had two sets of two French windows symmetrically pl aced either s ide . The erandah has timber c olumn su ports and fea tures a s t ringer b eam 1' 0 " below the verandah f a scia as at "Inneshowen" , " St. Clair" and many other buildings both on t he Island a nd elsewhere i n Me l bourne. The iden tifying bra cin system a t t he c olumn head was the t riangu lation by short members abutin v erticals 1 ' 6 " a long t he stringer. Only two vertica ls are u sed , one eit her side of the column . The two chimrleys had a hea vily moulded cement r ender cap and were placed at t he e x tremities of the roof, t hus balancin~ the eleva t i ons . The v erandah began a foot below t he eave line of t he main hou se . Thi s all owed vents t o be pl aced abov e each wind ow and door in t h i s space. The verandah roof was corrugat ed alvanized iron. Rafters t hroughout t he building ere 9 ". x 2 " oregon. The bricks used for "Broadwater" and t he foundations of "Charman Dene" were i mp orted from Sc otland. "C harman Dene " soon ta.be demoli shed, was built i n 1893 to the south of' "Broadwat er" as an extension oi' the guest house establishment. It i t imb er framed and in planning is identical with "St. Clair". A six roomed villa with central passage. Stylistically it i s t he same as "Broadwater" and "St . Clair," a hi pped main roof with chimneys placed symmetrically a t e ither en d. A curved corrugat ed galvanized iron verandah forms a peri s tyle. The ma in variations a re i n t he va l ance boards and window details . "Broadwater" i s the earlier type with a concentration on angled struts . he later t e i s "Charman Dene , " where a simple moulded brace is used. The intermedi a t e use of both a deep, vertically strutted al&nce board and moulded brace is employed at "st. Clair." ,'hen t his is considered as a successor to "Iona" one can ~ote four stages of development . Firstly a s i m I e curved b ace , t hen angled and vertically strutted valance, then vertically strutt d va lance in c onjun t ion with a moulded brace, t he final ourth develo ment i s the use of t he oulded brace alone . Bay windows a t "St. Clai r ll are s i mple rectangu ar extens i ons unde t he verandah roof. Three top l ighted strip , indows allow light penet ration. r ilis is ma tched on the other side of the main door. The main door has both side lights and top Ii ht s. "RHYLS UN PARK" Durillc the l ate 1870 ' s , Henr Kort on F 11er; a reti1'8d gent leman, buught d lc.rge bl ck of l and ttt Cowes, t 1.is being t he begi!illin s 01 the establi hmen o:t' the vast estate of h Ibt on P&'l'k . He fiI'l:::i t built a four roomed flea.. t~ler b oC::lrcl house co wistine. 01' 0. kitchen-dinille, room, t \,O bedrool1ls and d 8i "tine.. room wit h a ba.)' 'wiudow, and everal outbuildineb while a few ye~r lat er he a-ded a se arate di ninL room, a bedroom ano utili y rooms of b ~ tlrroom and l aundry . Fo~le r lived in this house unti l the land boom of t he 18aO ' s, when, uring a eriod of rapialy i ncreasin€:. building an- lena sale a ctivity, the ropert \ ~as t aken ov er b an "el:::i t ate s ndica t e ", of Holgat e , Foley and Gi bson. his action was t pica l of t he a ct ivity of t he time CiS t h "boom" ,.as based on f" nancic...laiu bland i llvestmen ts . \,[111e Rhylston Park was "held " by t he s ndica t e , tney had t e loca l buildi ng firm of McLa rdy and Benal build a vast 2 s t ore s t able block. As yvc:i.s the case V\..L t h ll.(OSt build.in ~ societies and investment grou' s , the Holgate , Fole and Gibson syndi ca te \,ent bankrupt in the early 1890 ' s . Thi s was a t a t ime when backin h"",d been s u ht from foreig COlD. ani es who demanded ie;h rat es , i...tmigration ha d fallen off' dr a stically, and emigra tion was begi nnin , and r ' ces and c ost s we re astronomical . The est a te Wc:i.S then t aken over b a man called Vau bn who bou h t tIe l ana. a t £2 . er a cre. Va u bn ~old mos t of t he buil -in s , t he mo i house bein moved to Rhyll v here it is sup osedly s t i l l s t andi ng . Research failed t o establish its s ite a ' local evidence wa s va gu . ) fhe caretaker ' s c o~ t a e, built ea rli er t han t h e house, relll<::.illed a t Rhylston Park. J.1uu·h l a t er emolished, it is described as bein~ ~ weathelboa r d hut wi th a 1/3 Fitch corrugat ed i ron gable roof, and consistin · of a li ing r oom and a bedroom. FrO lll t he des cri t i on, the hut waf:; proba bly t pi ca l of the early settl er ' s cotta.e . I t was 0.1::;0 Vau 1m ho built t he ext ·t ing omestead co plex whiCh consi sted of t he 0 ner ' s house, a arria e Bh d , ~ se arate external toilet , under round t anks , a \~ater tm er , adair t:i.nd milkin she , an overseer ' s .oul:::ie, sheari1:-4:, shed, stables , Chi cury ki ln and C:t barn ( the first five only remai n ). The ovVlier ' s house domina ted t he co plex as vias t :te u 'ual case ill estat es of t his ..... ize an na tur·e . I t ~as ap roa ched a l ont;. a tre e lined drive, and althoUbh the est a te h&s a ltered, and the l and subdivided, t he s lendour and t he ~rall eur of t he imposi ne bui lding can be s t i 1 experienced. he house was .t!lanned accordillg to t he r inc i les of t he "Victoriun " esi ners, bein aSY1IUfle t rical in Id out wi h Olle front r oom being t hrus t f or ward, a cei.J.t r al hall vay, and a verandah on t '!O s i des . The dining ro om a ened onto the verandah a well as having windows t hrou.h to t he reenhouse'lv i ch i s unusua l i n t ha i t seems t o be 18rt a t he residentia l buildin, The ki t chen ~nd utility rooms we re a t t he rear, The "Victorian" s t yle WdS c on t i nued in t h e f orm of t he buil ding with the a do t i on of' t he I tali anate manner . Although conservative i n natur c lmpared wi t h t he ornat e buildi ng ~ tyle of the early 1890 ' s, t h e house i s similar to the m"",ny t housands erect ed a ecaae or so ea rlier. Built by Benal ana l=cLardy, t he house wald c mst ruct ed of solid 13-1/2 " brick wca.lls with 9" brickv ark used 'nt ernall y . I n t he true It· liEina t e s tyl , t he brick wa s render d with cement b.nd the window ana door he!::ids v{ere bui lt i th seemental arches accen t uat ed wit h heavy plast er mouldi ng . The windows are single l_1:4n ed wit h double hun s i de Ii hts and "hi l e t he front door also hca.s siueli h ts , t hese are ade of s t a ined and. a tterne l ass set in lea d ( ref. ho 0). ·:rhe clu'ved c orruga ted iron ver an ah i s su· ort ed b wooden columns with ty ical elaborate cast -iron "lace ark", The roof was gabled , not precisely I t alianate , but wi th the slate c overing, t he t ot a l effect WaS a cce t a ble . ~he gabl e also . rovided a form and a detail t hat w~s t h basi f or unif rmity of the estate b ildin com lex . he greenhouse and t he s ervice rooms are housed under a ski llioned me t a l roof a t t he rear, visua lly et aching them from t he house as i f an ex re s i an of their funct ion. Interna.lly , the house was a fine exampl e of t he luxury and quality t hs. 1ifE..S sought by the owners of "Itb. I i Eina te " villas . The WEi lls a re r endered and pa ered and CCLrr heavil y moul ded c rnices CLnd picture rails . he ceilinE is 13 1 9 " hi gh f rille of pressed Art l.:e t al anels , )a i nted and gil eci TJ~i t h ea ch room having' di fferent pa t ter n. , rble mantel iece ana f a cings vit h ceram ic t iles on t he hearth are use ~bou t t he fi2e~1C:1ces in ea ch of t he roms . 'eJ/ Tv,o of the unusual iet:Ltures of this house a.re t he elaborate internal door betweell the hall and t he kitchen and the i ncl usion of a greEnhouse . _he anelled door, w it ~ its s t a ' ed gl ass sidelights, i ::; v er simi lar to t he main entry door and when one consider::; t le lower floor level and the separate skillion roof of rear section , it woul d seem thut t hi wa~ a l~ t er adQ itioll ; the origina l ki tchen and servants ' quarters bein~ divor ced from the ma in building . Agai n , t h e reenhou e a )peQrs as ~ ossible addition in t h..::.t t he indows from t he diniuc r oom of the hou se fE. ce into it. AlthoUt: 1 visuall,y a cce ...)t a ble, the f orm is c onfused i n its character ana it i s most unlikely t hat t he house .. as designed uS it al'l,ears toda . The anci lary buildines are quite re lU~ r kabl e as t hey vere desiened as indivi ual buildings being int egral il'th t he total c ow ll ex, a l t h oU€: h not followin the archi ectural fOrIl! of t ne 0 ller ' shouse . T e buildi gs v,ere co s tructed of brlcl- \'ill ich , unlike t e house , ere not rendered and were roofed ith slate. The t rea t me t of t he e&ble detail , t he repetition of roof pitch and t he se men t al arch over t he wi nd01), s, rovide t he architectural link with t he house . But althoue.h t here i s t his subtle unit , t here i s a lso t he logical alid necessary dii'feren tia tiOll of orm and f unction . Lemd subdivis ion ha;:; l ed t o the dest ruction of uch 01' t le qu,-,- lity of Hhylst oH Park. Buil di ngs ha ve been unmercifullj der.(oli shedana trees savagel ' uproot d . here remains onlJ a hint of t he ori ginal o' lendour of t he ma in building , but t here i s enough to c onsider its relation to the archi tecture of t he time. I t i s s o a i ffere t from t he highly decorative boom st le of s tucco, mo uldincs , a r a ets , luxurious orndment , and ~o l ychroma t i c a i nt, as i t i s conservative t o t he point of being almost a s mpa thet ic evival of a previous, simpler s t I e . Again, i f one cc..nsiders t he buildi ng alongsi de t e economic circumstances of t he t i me when a de ressi on was t b-ki lle; place, i t may be t c.,.. t t he buil dint:. Wc:..8 i n kee i ng with t he Il chastened feeling of t he sadder ana ~ iser" ( 1 ) 1b90 ' s, but economic restriction aoes n ot seem probable be c ~ u se of t he vast extent of the ~s t ate . rhe s t Ie 01 bui ~ din~ a l so se ill s trall e {hen one .otcs t he beci lmincs of "Queen Arme II about the t ime of erection . r he use of ex)oseu red brick and the rustic express i on of form i ll t he ancillary buildings reflect s early "Queen Anne" but it is impossible to consider an relation ,,,,hen vie inc.. t he m.ller ' S h ouse. Froltl t nebe as ects it ma be t hat t he house at Rhylston ParL W "'rELOFA II "'relof'a" rovides Philli I sland with ne of i ts mos t remarkable buildings . I t i s an a rchit ectural f'ant asy that is created when almost unlimi ted finance is used to ex)ress tne idios~lcro s i es of a flamboya lt client . I t dominat es t he surroundin s of staia, smaller buildings erected in strict ~cco rda n ce ith t he rinci-les of the respective styles, even t houeh here ~as a common usage . " elofa" a l so eLler es as beilie; tical of the resort a t ure of Phi lli Isl and . " elofa" was built by fur . W. E. Thomps on, t he founder of the C cl ne {ir e Company, in 19 12. Thompson made his first vi tl it t o Philli Isl and i n 1889 wh en he Vv ent t ere for a holidca.y . In 1912 , Thompson had" elofa" built as a retirement residence on sev eral a cres of slo ing land close to the townshi p of Cowes . he house las built to an arch it ect · ~ design , (the name of t he a rchi ect could not be established ) by a loca l builder called McLar dy who was under the su ervision of a master buil der from ~e lb urne called Ewan . All wa l ls , ext ernal ana int ernal , we r e construe ea of 9" solid san sto e wit h plaster a plied t o the i nternal sUl'faces to allovv t he use of wallpaper. A feat ure t hat is probabl unique on the island and very unusual i n buil ding cons t ruct ion i s t he use of rounded corners to i nterna' wall s ; t h i dea possibly bein an indiviuua l trai t ) ecul i ~r t o Thom s on as t here i s no honest tructural reason. The buildin~ i s 3 s t ore7e \ itn servants ' quart ers utilizin~ the roof space and a l aundr , wi ne cellar and st res occu ying the space created beneat h t he main floor by the slope of the land . 'he ce'linb8 of the a in rooms \,ere apJ,Jroxi mately 14 'eet hit;.h o.nd made of preosed m~ t al a els ( simila r panels were u sed about t he ba window ). Polished L..G rblc firepl e::. ces were used i n each aI' the main round floor rooms - between t wo of t hese rooms, Thalli so had. a revolvin fire1l1ace built com l et e \~ i th a ba cking of h5.nd pc.. inted tiles , b.~a in show'nt:'; the ex ent of unusual origi na lity. rhis, t 0 , J~S the Cb.se with the ~t air~ which , ith euch ste ,fonu iJ. series of sm&ll s t orage areas useful but unnecessa.r·y. Alt h01rh elaborate in nature , "Telofa" wo.s planned uite si ply. It COllBisted of a bun alo'o{{ arrangement of rooms on eit er s i de of a centra l hall- ay, t he whole building being sl..U'rounded by a verandah wi1Jh t he serv ce rooms at the rea r . A small staircase is off t he hal l leadiIl€ tc. t he attic ·llich i L used for servant s ' ua.rt ers somewhat crampe due to a 7 ' 6" ceilinl§: hei ht. Ligh is provided by dormer win m.s set in t he hipped roof, built \rit h slat e and terra cotta ridbe ca p i n. A part of the ,1-1anninc tlat i s unusual is t he use of a 7000 gal . wa t er tank des i ~ne to be an inGe ~ral part of t he building. In all, "Telofa " seems t o be a genuine '=1tte pt t c satisfy t he frivolous whims of a wealt h client. The arch itect has incor ora.ted not only IDl:l.ny original ideas but also, it seew.s , part:;,:, of man a rchit ectural styles . Built a t a time hen t he ueen Aline and Californian Bun·alow s tyles fere popul a r, liTe of'a " seeIDe to t ake parts of t he previous trends t o creat e SOlJ ethin f a histurical recer . The h i ·pect roof f rID, encom assin~ ve dldah, a strict elev~ t iona.l symme try are features ex ect ed i n early colonial a.rcl itecture as seen at 'ill...... n ra, R de built i n the 103 ' s . In COIl.( lete con ~ rast t o tris i~ the total effect of t he II roofiness" of ueen Anne, its dormer windows , and terra cotto. finia.18 aud ridee pi ece . To aaa. further confusion, t here is t he use f stone and slate, ~a t er i alb wh ich a.re sso i~tea . Giuly with Italian~te villaS. Considerin t he above, it is quite bvi ous t hat t l.e bUll inb i~ ei ther ch"J. racte::cis ic of t he archi t ec ture 01' t .....e ti e lor is ita lOl:::ical. ae elo 'ment of Phillip I ol c..n ateri..... lb j tIe 00, t E. for tinQ thE: s!ld.l?e 0 ' t Ie builain o.re ver sir. iL.. r t such tructures ab the "lieu HVllse. " _1J.ternCt1ly, lc..vish timber. .:.Jdnelli n c COl tinues t he e:i;. r ~Slon of t e rustic c ....."'rd.cter. Detailb -= b ut the builaing are ho ev r a ue ana it i8 t~le1'efore dil. t icult to s t ud -. The .... uthor8 su 8st the t it is \wrthy of wo r k resedrch i n its relCition to Er:e,lish eAam. ,le S . Phillip Island is rem~rk~ble in that it i s the home for ~ome arcni tectur&lly puzzlin~ buildin s ,hich are confusi ons of style, detail and form , lllaki n analysis and wtud aifficult. Al thuu~h tUe e buildines are out of character with -che rest of the I::z.rcI'i tecture , t hey /;l,re tical of a ty e of perbon who lived n the i81~nd, buil in a~ they rle~~ed , ~n~ bre therefore iilo~uded in this stud . /08 CHAJ.lTER SEVENTEEN CHICKORY ~D CHICKORY KILNS HE CHICKORY INDUSTRY AND CHICKORY KILN The main primary indus t ry f or whi ch Philli I s l and is nationally known i s t he growth and production of ch ick ory. This i s l and suppl ied ninety p er c en t of t he t otal market of the mainland . Chickory is an addit ive for co!'fee, whi ch gives i t a singul ar piquance . The develo ment f rom hand sown and harvested production is basical ly similar to that of turnips, which t h e ~ rovm r oduct resembles. Th ese , like most market gardening, rely on huma n handling for the appro r i ate rotection of the roduct durin harv est. The har v ested chickory is chopped and dried in a k iln or oven . The uni t size was based on the crop s i ze of one year , t he drying time of a week, which i s a ble to b e handled by one man and his family . If a bumper season ere to be experienced it woul d hav e onl y mi nor i n f luen ce on the size of the k iln as built i n that year . The introduction in the earl 1900 ' s of the chick ory spade, whic h allows a more simple and efficient harvest, c oincided with a eak ma~ke t for chickory. Whilst not r esul ting in a ny si nifi cant change in s i ze of the basic kiln , was inst rumental in an increase in kiln building . The f i rst kil n buil t on t he i blan d was f or Mr . J ohn West , who bought Block 1 a t Cowes for £45 on January 26t h 1869 . On this site he e tabli shed a eneral s tore and chickory kiln with associ a t ed outbui l dings . The k i l n was orig i nally a brick kiln 12 ' x 12 ' square in pl a n, its wall s r i s i ng verti cally t o 15 ' capped by a square-pyra midal r oof some 10 ' hig h, t e apex f rmi ng a vent 2 ' h i gh. Thi s kiln formed a s t listic basis f or sub sequent kilns , bein roughly these proportions . Int e r nall y , t he k iln was of t wo l ev e l s, t he lo wer ~v e l was t he oven area , where burning coal s were heaped . Six feet above the ground, a grate supp ort ed t he ch ickory as it dried by the risin of the heated air o f t he coal s . The v apour being rawn u i nto the yramidal sect i on and exhauste through the v ent at t he to. Such was the t andard , ~nd v ery sat isfactor y de sign of the k i ln t hat mod i fications are r are and sli ght. The Andersons of "Glen Isla' owned a brick firing kiln and a ch i ckory k i ln whi ch was t he largest built on Philli p Isl and . Their kiln, dat ed a bout 1890 i s cont emp orary . i th John West ' s . Bo th ere c onst ruc"ted f r om bricks of t he Anaersons Hoffman kiln, a red-orange, clay, lightly f i red bric k ( see· "Briclanakin ") . Although b oth a:r e now emo l ished, t he bricks can be loca ted i n other uildings . The bricks from John !/est ' s kiln can s t i l l be seen at t he back of the present shop, and t he bri cks from Robert Anderson ' s k i l n were used to build "Tulloch Gre\;rll. These dist i nc tive bricks , with n o frog, v.ere laid i n t he s t andard wall bond, ea ch course overlapping t he preceding and subsequent course half a. brick, but in bot h ki l ns 'Iere cement rendered on b ot h internal and external faces. Later kilns such as Jenner ' s in Se t tlement R ad of the 1900' s COinciding with increased production and demand , were of less structrual subst ance . This i s a combination of wall makin~ principles al tho t~h the walls conformed t o t h e standard ki ln design . The base i s a few courses of brick on which is erect ed a frame as for wattl e and daub, the vertical u -r i ghts with horizontal wa ttles nailed to the internal and external faces , t he s ace between t hese fill ed with rubbl e, rammed eart h and mud mixture. Both t he internal and external faces were then mud render ed. Aft er drying due t o t he ki ln, the wal l assumes i t s structural strength. Thi s wall teclllique i s quick and in some res ect s reminiscent of concrete construct i on . The pyramidal roof and vent were constructed of timber with galvanized iron cl addi ng on t he ext ernal side . The coal i s pl a ced on a central burner in this example, which i s a table of bricks 30" from the ground, i ing more efficient rying . More recent kilns , such as t hat on I.Iain Road , built i n the 1930 ' s, are of c oncrete and s li htly short er. This exam'p le i s 8 ' x 8 ' i n pl a n and less dominated b' t he roof. Two apertures are ori ent ated to the east , the door at round level for a ccess t o the coal, and t he shu t e i n the roof for machine handled chi ckory t o enter and f a ll onto t he grate. There is no attempt to control aetailing i n the later examples, t he concrete finish is ex ectedly rough, but ill- f i tting jointing of t i mb er in the roof has no precedent in the ap a rent finesse f the original kilns of brick. There a re several reasons for t his . The early kilns {ere o\-;ned and operated as a elr int;; inuustry v here the Iro\er would take his cro) t o be dried, ( as in England , llrociucers t ok t hei r grain t . t he miller to be ground) . But, as has been sho III -this became i rnprac tical , as there were more bra Jers , with iJlcl'e sed roduction. Eacn ::r rower be an to dr hi s own cro. As t his became economically racticable , so we notice the consequent chan e in size from 12 ' x 1:2 ' to 8 ' X 8 ' in plan , but it Iem&ins square a d of the same order of size . The decrease in I an size result ed in a sli ht decrease inoelevation, although the roof is alv,ays i t ched close to 45 , because of the repeatability of the e lements of the r oof and the required r esultant even upwards a i r mov ement. The materials of c onstruction c han ed but the principle of the design remains unaltered . It is however imJortant to show that whilst the , kiln i t self did not a lter much, and is clearly recognizable as a kiln in t he l andsca e, it is the outbuil di ngs associated with the killl 'Nhich create the real characte r of' t he kiln in relation to the sit e . The West ' s kiln was surrounded on three s i de s by a two s t ore high brick block housin on the round f lo r coal store, bag store and chickory s t ore for chickory about to be dried . n the u~ er floor chickory was ro ped then fed int o t he kiln from one side, and drawn out after drying and raking on the grate, on the ot her side for r~kin and bagging . This was covered by a Akillion roof whi ch met the centrally oca ted k iln a foot below the eave of t he roof or the kiln. A one s tore skill ion roofed verandah supported on two 4 " x 4" timber columns establishe the human s ca le on the street elevation. ~~ilst fulfi llin the urely subsidiary tasks to the kiln, pro ided a measure of protection for the kiln, and in r e turn created well heated work areas . The second stage of kiln buildin had associat ed with i t s i milar outhouses, but of a dissimilar s t y l e . These were skillion roofed, as before, but were of a "barn" ty e timber framed wall and r oof , wi th only a n external claddin€: of c orI'U ated galvani zed iron. There i s no regular Ian for outhouses , b l t t hese are orientation dependent , in that, walls on t he sout h a n d Tes t r arely hav e doors or windows in t hem , and t h e n orth ern or eastern side a re merely a v erandah. These element s, whic h. were of similar function with previous k ilns , (that of wall rotection, s t ora e, and wo r k-space ) had combined ith these functions, uses as an auxiliar tool shed , feed store or barn. One will be aware t hat whilst the kiln ·and associ~ted outbuildines are part of t he farm bu i ldin~ com l ex on most properties , t h ey nevert heless se arated from other buil ings mai nly because of t ire hazard , but secondly because the va ours produc ed are best kept we ll away from other habitable or worK s aces . ThUS , the combi ned effect of Beparation , short-term use and multi u ose use, the outbuildings become a dis hevelled shed , carelessl y onstructed and maintained . With a decline i n the market f or chi ckory so there i s both a decline in kil n building and kiln operation and maint enance . So it is not surprising t o see the ki l n i n ~la in Road s t aIlding naked of i ts outbu ildings and its roof somewhat in need of r epair , but with i t s s olid wall s s tron a a inst the post ers and obscenities t hey now support . 'UU!~!JdfJ JIIU/' 0'1 1-'1' '~'1~ I I c; CHAPTER EIGHTEEN BUILDING TERIALS BUI LDING lIATERI ALS AND ME HODS Th e i n fluence on t ea ch ite cture of Ph i l lip Isla nd . Architecture i s ov erle b t he ma t er i a~~ t lm a r e av a ila b l e to the build r s - where loca l r s ourc e are unsui t a bl e f'or vari ous c Ollstru c t i on .meth ods , othe f or ms a bui i n are a opted t a t make us of a ny ot er ap ropria t e ma t ria l or "fore i gn" m.a t er i a s a re i !J orted t o allov pref er red build i n s t y l es . At Ph i l l i p I l an d , t he factors af'f e c i n t h e arch" t e c t ure wer : a l a ck f suit " b l e building timber, an abunda" c e of t i -tr ee , deposi s of bui l i lg s t o e and s me oc ets of br "ckm k i ng cI a , an when c on i aer in t ese ini'luen c e b a. long with t he ef ect f eo ra ical i sol a tion , an unu sual and po i ly uni que development of arch ite cture ca be a r ecia ted . The ear l ies t white s ttler s known were seale s a n d t hei r shel t ers were p imi t ive as was mo s t i oneer i n g arch ite cture . Th e seal r s bui lt by a bit or by imi t a ti g t he s t uc t ures t ha t t hey h&.d s een a n d ex·" eri nced a t the est a blished colon i es , u s i ng t e ma teria ls t hat ere imme di a e ly a ccessi ble. he a rch ite c UT e of t he "Bl c kh u e " was the ne t s t ep i n bu ildi ng construc tion . \/het h er i t ¥as a log ca b i n or a slub ~all bui l d"ng , i t sti l prov i de s t h e f i r s t degr e of s op i s t ication i n a r c hitecture. Bo h t he buildi ng 0 t he sealers an t he "Blockhau e" a r e s tra i ne a t e .pt s a t a a t i ng t he a va il b e ma e i a l s to unsui tabl e methoa of bu i l ding . The a bundance of ti-t ree an t he na u ra exist ence 0 , c l a y ax mud provided Phi l l i p lsI nd lith i ts firs t l og i ca l bu ildi n g me t h o - "Vattl e and Daub ". Ti - tree , b e cause o its form of g ro ~ t h, was apro r i a t e or t h i s s t r u ctura l m h od . U right s of ti- t r ee trunks , 4 - 5 i ches in d i amet er e r e set i n t o t h e ground a t a bout 4 f e e c e tres and s t i c k s, 1 - 1-1/ inches i n i am t e r, ere let- in , n a iled , or b oun t o e i ther side of the uprights a t 4 - 6 inch c entre . T e spac e ormen \10. iiI ed. with " aub " - a i ti Qee of clay and br ave Ie soi l . Wi t h so e J.Ul:; , a e1 er \as a pl ied i n ternal y a.ll e ter ne. givin a smoot h, cri s appear"nce. lce set, a surp il:;:iin€;l st 0 g b.no. durabl e \~a 1 was tl achieved . ( A II m ttle and daub hut buil t b ,y .~ . J e m er on the v{o oas pIoperty ear Co es, about the t urn he cer u ry , is s ti 1 stan'in g . are "modern" hu tB we e built 0 a PI' erty neCLr Rhyl l abl_ut 4 ye&rs ago.) Tne hut s were r oofed with t hat ch or c orru CLted i ron and the floo was ~ c ked cay. A bect'on of t h e McHaffi e omes ead was lmilt of If 't'attle an daub" as were 'parts of t h e Mc I lwrai th h ouse, s till s t:;ct.l... uing after mal e t han 90 year s ( a lthough addi tions h r-i ve prot ect ed t he ori eoinal) . tl a ttle and da ub" ~as not restrict ed t o huts and houses; i t was use to buil d h' l s or t he rying of chi ckory, VI en briCks were una va i lable or an unne c essary ext ravagant expense for t he chickory farmer. The walls ere t h icke , being 1 inches t hrou h , bnd m re heavily rend red. It WaS not unt il t he early a r t of t h is c entury t hat lI ~ a tt le and daub" s t ructu).""es c eased to be built. h is me thod had bec me a pri ncipal building style on Ph illip Island whi le at other col onial s e ttlemen t:;s , it was often me r ely a ~tag e of a r chitectural e x eriment . he first rec or 0 b icks bei g m de a nd used in , est er P o t was i n 182 6 when a n ex edition sent t o estab ish a s ett l ement erected b u ildin~ s out of ha n d-made a d s un- ried b r i ks near Corinella . ( T e e )e ition ha d r evi u s l y s et up its camp nea r Rhyll but t h i s sit was c onsidered unsuitable b CaJt a i n ~ right , head of t he party - t he e Atent . b'Lil i n a t t h l s camp i vagu but i t i s though t that it ,as restricted t o t ent s a n d t:;em orary shelte r s ). By this date , brickmaking and brickbui ldi n ha reached a hi ghly developed stage i n Sydney. Br i c ay rs a nd brickmakers were among t he first c onvicts a t Port J a c kson and brick presses ere i n c luaed i n the a ccomlJanying s tores . lie v i de belts of g ad clay near the sett:; eme t were q1; ' ckl uti ize d as ca n be seen by the build i ng at e Ol d Gover ent House by J a e s Bloodswort h ( a liast er E i ck l ayer) in 1788 . It w s proba b e t hCl.t s i mila r vents took p l a ce a t t h e -estern Port s ettlement . A brick r e covered from t he s ettlement shows t hat t he ~r o duc t made was 0 . a s i ze a l most the same as br'cks used in y dney - 8- 3/4" x 4-1/ 8" x 2-1/2". Some of the early set l e I'S ap arent y t ook advantae,e of the brick s left at Co r i nella, ca r r ying t hem ov er to t he i s l a. tl by boa t s and erecti ng t h e ne cessary buildin s . The truth of t b ~s i s di ifi cu t to est a blish a s t he only source s hav e been the loca l i dentiti es who " seeme d t o recall " suc h ac i i t y. Research faile to dis cover a ny buildi s thought t o be built f rom such mat eri a ls. I t was 1869 before the use of bricks was offi i ally n oteo on Philli p I s l and . B ick were produc e d ver;! S00n after t he sub-divi s i on land sales when George ;1al ton pione ere t he pro j ect. Il'1al ton ha " s electe a b ock of 8 a cres nea r hyll a nd a ter a rivi g i n 1669, he et about s i nking a well. I t ~as here t hat he d i s c overed a de osi t of clay sui table for akine b ricks s o he bui lt a kiln - t he f i rst ricks f'or the kiln bein hem moul ded and dri ed i n t he sun for 2 - 3 days . e bricks roduc e f or t e kiln were probably "sands ocks " - one of' t he me t ods of bri ck maki ng u s ed by etirly s ettlers t o ive a ro uct t ha. t ~as compara ively rue ano uni f orm. By t i s method, t h e c lay \las pl a c e i n a sand- du ted wooden moul d , dry in_' them i the sun , t hen removi ng the fo 'me d bric f rom the moul d t o be burnt i n the kiln . ~a t on ve t on t er ct many buil dings around Rh 1 1 wit h the b ricks and hl orta r t t he made . A featur of these buildi ngs was the ubst a ntia l chi mneys, a few of whic h t i l l rema in. r ick making cl ay was also foun ear Cowes . ob rt An erson bou ht bl ock 71 on Settlement Road a t t he 1868 l and sal s - an a rea t hat was a ter known 9.S t e "cltt hol e ". Anderson discovered t h i s clay when d i g i ng a vIa ter ho e and set about pro ucing b i cks whi ch we e li ~ht l burnt wi th an orange-red colour and measured 9 '" 4" x 3" Ni t h no f r o ind' ca t i ng t hat t hey were hand mao e and not t he 'roduct of a press . An er on built his kiln on t h e corner a f McHaffi ' s Drive and Church Street, Cowes , a n ith the bric ks he roduced he built s everal cottages , art of h i s home , and a ch icory kiln. The c icor i l ras l ater demoli s ed f or the f i r s t P ost Offi ce t o be bu ilt n the sit e. _h bricks ere re-used i n tha t structure a d in a house, "Tulloch Grew", n ow owne by Mr . Pa wortl, at a t i me when it wa chea er t o recover buil d i g a t r i a l s of t h i s na t ure t han to i mport t hem be cause bricks wen longer bei ~ lIla e local ly. The Papworth h ouse as bu i l t ith a 9" sol i d wall and las re der ed i lt e r nall y; wat er pe et sti ng t hrough t h e t wa~ l has abs bed t he carb n i mpr egnat ed by smoke ill the bricks f r cr::J. t e k i n and as a r esult, stain have a geared on the i n ternal face . ( he ouse i s ooon to be emo lishe6. but t here are moves t o ha e t he structux'e shi teo an preserv e f or i s i s ta i ca value .) ~ he use of bricb .or k on Phill i p I s l and i s va r ied i t vas use or its aest h etic quali i es i n a f ew case s whi l e i n othe r s i t was merely c onsi ered a s tru c t ura l ma terial and pl ast er ed oVer wi th ement . The eXELmyles occur a times t hat are c oi nciden t al with the s t les t hat were c harac t eristic e l s ewhere . During the early er'od a Austr lian arch itect ure y in New South Wales and as ania - "the t ext ure of brick was valued for its own sakel! (1) a d t he warmt h of colour and r ou -hness ",.. a s u til i ze to the ul est e tent i n buil d i ng by c ntrastin t e surf aces - wi t h crisply ~uint ed t imber trim, s t one detail to pen ings and corners, and grey shingles . At St. Nat t hew ' s, i ndsor , Gree way used t he rich t exture of orange bri cks as the only a rm of aecor a t ion. Render 'ng was 0 ly use for a t erproof ing. From the 1850 ' s, brick lost its ~ppeal - 0 ular t aste for de c or a t ion and orname t grew to ove r-powerin . ro orti ons as it was the cowm on bel ief t hat e aborat e eta il an d pat tern ~as a symbol of wealth ana p ro~ per i ty. As t his styl e 0 buil din was adopte aon Phillip 1 8 1 ~nd, s o was the prac tice 0 re dering bri c kwork i n i mi tat ion of s t o e lork, as a t the Rhylst on Park Est a te homestead , and p olyc romat i c a t ternin of bric' lork, as at part of Gl en Isla (the home of Robert Anderl::lon). Only the fill ctional s tructure such as c!li cor k i lns and outbuildings remained untouche . he air '""'hed a t Rhyl ston ( nory a cotta~e) haS a uali t y t hat is more pleabin than that of the res i ntic:. l s tru cture, while the k ilns ossessed a risp ea rthines.a and .... oliai ty t hat is simi lar t o the mood of Aalto ' s work. The Papljlorth howse vas bl i l t a t a later eriod hen the' esth etic properties of buildin~ mbterial s ~ ere ap rec iated - a period thbo t BaH the be'ilJ1ines of ueer Anne. Even t hou.h bricks rovide an important part of Phillip I sland ' s builaing h i s or , it is not a ble t hat t here a re fev" brick buildin...,s c Ol.O.par d with the total umber of tru ctures on the i s l nil - the reason being due to economic s, geo ra )hy, mater ial IDb.nuf8.c t ure and l and u sa e . Bein basically a farmin~ c OJmnunity in t he early y a rs of settlemen t , the extent of bui l d i n~ was restrict e d to only a few houses and out buildin s , therefore t here was no v as emand for c OmLlerc ial brickmakin " and it was onl t' os who wanted to who made bricks. Ev en if here was such a bu i nes , t he finances f tne se ttlers, most of wh om had been l abo ers, a l l owe f r l it I e more t han "wattle and daub" huts as the money a v a ilable u s a ll wa spent on farmi ng r a ther than the hou se ( t hi i s still t e case i n r ural cowmunities ) . If bricks were required an d loca l supplies were insuf'f'icient, the e pensive t ransportation of the n cessar mat eria ls from the es abli shed kilns and the diff icult of . nd ing cau sed builders t o seek ot er ma ter i als . Timber, for exalUple was easi e r to ha.ndle , and tra ns ort therefore be"n a cheaper and ofteli more ,racticable roposition . Often bricks were im orted n o ever where finance 'as available and t he need was present, e • . B: ffman bricks were used for the con truction of under ground well s a t In i showen a t he l ocal r oduct was unsuita ble for the t ask in t hat it las too soft and - ermeable . The nat ure of builo.in[s on Phillip I s l and also aff e cte d h e u se of br i c k . Alt houeh being based on rural a c tivit , some of the buyers a t t he 186b l and sal es were gent l emen of wea lth who s ough t allotment f or s easi de h l ' aay hau e s. inc e t h e s e early bui l d i n s , the propo t i on of r e a r t dw l l i ng s has been s teadily i ncreasing and t heir for m of structure i s usua l ly of a simple a n i nexpensive char act e r; b ick, the r e f ore , was qui t e unsui t abl e i n, lllost cases . (It i s thi s t end that i s at present causi ng a con trove r sy a bout the " shant t own" a p earance of part s of the i s l a n d . ) In t his Ii h t br ick i s quit e un suita ble . here fo e , one finds other ma t eri a s b e ing u s e d on hil lip s l a nd . St one, fo r i nst ance , was a mat eri Ei l that was a casional ly u s e d but a ain c i r cums t anc es re s tric t ed t h i s. Research only uncov ered t ,IQ buildi nes t hat were bu ilt of s tone - II elof a II and t h e Hamilt on h ouse. Bo t h of t hese were bu i l t a a sandst n e , had t he sa e buil der s , ~n d e r e e rected wit h in 10 years of ea c h other (this i not a ble whe n one c onsi ders t he size ano. uality of t he bu ildi ns ) . It may seem sur r i s i ng a t f irst t ha while Phil l i p IsI 'nd exported br ani te b l ocks to Melbourne t pr ovide the fac i n f or t h e Equitabl e Buildin~ , Collin s Stre et ( now demoli s hed ), n o granite was use for bu il - i ng on t e i s l a nd its elf. This i s , h owever, expl a ined by t h e fact t h a t t h e on ly c ommercia l deposit of t he s t one was s itua t ea a t Ca e Woola ma i wh i ch was r a ctica lly ' na c c e s s ible a n d wit l out suita ble ha nd ing e uipment , quar r i g f er t he i s l a n a on e as not an economi c pro -" osi tion. The Cape has a e leven foot tide a n d , so , it was found that a shi p could b e sai l e d i n a t high tid e and t hen allowed t o s e t t le on t he bea ch as the t iae went ou t. Rails were run ou t f r om t h e qu a rr t o t he b each a n d t he granite bloc ks we re easil l oade while t he shi p was on i t s s ide. tl'he op e rat i ons we r e b egun i n 18 9 1 b Cha mb ers a Cl u tlen of Me lbourne o r the quita bl e Buil d i ng and t he ke tch "KermCl.nd i e ll was use t o t ans or t t he s t one . Howev er, t he pro j e ct was unfort una tely ~ b an d o ed aft er t h e shi capsize during a storm when t h e load shi f ted and sev eral I i es we re l ost. The danger s in coll ecting the ~ ran i te were c onsid ered exc e ssive and s o a lthough ha ving a 'Su pp l y of quality buildile!, s t on e, an i ndustr was n ot to b e establ ished . The stone neede for build in f oundat io s was c ol lected on l,YT by ent Llu s i astic builders or i my orted f rom ot he sour ces . The mo t extensi e ly u se bu" lding mater i a l on Phillip Isl and as timber. The first settl e f ound a n abun ance of ti-tree an used i t ddely for "wattl e a n daub" hu s even t ho h i t was unsu i a bl f I' other bu i l"ing me t hods . There was a smal l quant i ty f "s trin yba rk" on t h e i s l a nd but t he e qu i pment neces a r f or mill ing was n ot a va ilable a na it was used mainly for ence s . T e need f or cheap , ,-, i m}? l e and effect"v b u "l din- s 1 d t o t h e i mp orting of timber. It '!a t t le ana. daub" was of"ten inef f i c i ent a nd r e qu ired c ontinual mai t enance, s t one was out of t h e question, and bri ck makin i nvolved time , money, an skill. Timber pr ov i ed almost an idea l ma te ial - it sui t ed the nee ds of the farmers, fina cially a s ve I l as func t i ona l ly, it was s impl e to handle ana tran s ort , i t c uld be use d i n a simple manner a n d needin onl ba i c skill of bui ldi g, i provided qual i ty where needed , and i t was flexi ble. The mos t si nifi cant use of t imber i s at I lllli sh ow e ~. v ill iam Harbison, the l and o\mer, a l s o owne a timber yard i n Ba oad, Briehto and t heIe f ore had a fine electi on a t his command. He shi pped t imber including Ne 1 Zeal a nd ka r r i v eather b o rds and Norwegi a pi ne f looring t o the i s l a n d fo r h i s 10m.est ead . The timber t hat E18 i mported t o t he i s l anu ranged from gene 'a s t andd. d quali t t "mber f or frami ng, to dress d timber f or l inings , mo uldings , panelling, floorin , s t airs a d t he like - t he t pe of t i mber used de ended on t he u s e ana t e finan c ial p os i t i on 0 t h e user . The homest ead on Churchi ll I l and has exquisi te pan ell i ng whi l e hut s at the rear, bui lt b a les s prosper o"u.s OCC U " a n t, are crudely lined wi t h v ery t h i n ~ i n e . The patt ern of i orting mat eri a l was n ot c onfi ned to t i mber . All the proauc t s necessar y to esta blish h ome s a nd arms were als o brought to the i s l an when loca s u ppl i e s were unsui a ble or n on -exi stelt - marbl e i replaces, l ass and cast i ron l a ce-work are e xam les e The methods of roofin c onstruction on Ph i llip Island hav e also been af ected b i n fluence s of local environment , g e ogr aphi ca l 1->0 ition and a vailable r e source . The shelters and hut s built by t he sealer s a n d early s ett lers were r oofed with t hat ch made of reeds , gras, or ti-tree branche as these Vlere tle only mat erial tha t coul b e c oll e cteQ easily and quic l y , an t hat we e t echnica lly i n keeping with the pri mitiv e bu i l di n s . Bar roof in, as was often u s ed during t he ea rly mont hs of P ort J a s on, was not adopted on Phill ip I sland, due t o the l a c k of sui t a ble trees . It i s not known whet her corrugated i ron or shingles was t h e r oofin materi a l to follow t hat c hin . I nformation c oncerning t e k cHaffie buildings i s vague . Vhat is knovffi , though , is t hat 'IcHaf 'i e i mport ed corrugated i r on rom the London Exhibition in Engl a nd, to be use on one of Il i s buildi n s. This i ron was later used t o r of a shed a t I nni s howen . Also a t Innishowen is anot her sIled which as ori inal y r oofed \o{i th shin les but t l e e h a.ve been covere - wi th iron. If t he seque ce of event s i n ~ ydney is any i n ic ~ ti n , shingles did precede corrugated iron, but the da- ger f 'n3'lfi:.. e and t ile oft ell i ffi cien wa ter....J ro0 fin§; properties cau sea b t he split ·t ing a d war ing 0 '" t imber l ed to t he eady a do t ion of corrugate iron when it was avai lable. Li ke mos t c oun tr ~ a rea s, i ron w~s u s e xt ensivel y on Phillip Island ( t his i s sti ll he ca se 1j/i t h t he . introducti n of me t a l decking ). 11'0 Wetb use wi t h walls of " attl e n daub ", timber, br · k, and i ro . Slate di d no t IDCj,ke any notable difference to this ~s i + as more ex ensive and t herefore used sparin ly e The s l e 1'0 f s tha t we r e not d are on elofa, hylston Park, t he Ham ilt on house, and "oo l amc..i House ( repl a ce b i ron ) - a ll t he r esi dences of ,ea lthy peopl e . At Rhylston Par , t he s l a t e wa used i n t r ue Itali anate man leI' I' i t h a lv1:1n i ed i ron r i ge ca i n hile a t Te lofa , t erra cotta as used for t hese detail s . Al t ' oueh there a re some buildings, ere cted ov r t he l ast 40 year s, t hat have tiled roofs , rebea r ch has failed t o uncover any earlier bui l di ngs ba ing t i es . An obvi ous answer i s t hat t rey were not ma de on the i s l &.n ; anot her \0 ould be the problems o · ransportatio a t he t i l es f r om t he maker s to t .ue i sl~ d; t he i ea t ha t- t he were not as ef~ i ci en t as iron -oe n ot s em logical when c an iaering t he use of s l a te. I t ~s onl' wl en t he bun a l a , s t yl e \oJ popular ana t here was a r ise in t he opul ·- t io of t he t o s, t a. t t e demand for r oofing ma teria l s i ncrea sed and t iles ere do c O..:J.J.Lle rcial pro osit i o 1 vvo rth the trouble to trans ort t t he i s l 1:1n . Philli ) Island rov i des a uni que set of c . I'cumsta ces \ihen one eX<:l.w i nes t n6 t ic 0 building ma teri 1:11s and ethods . he 1J.c:.. t ural r esources av' ilabl e to earlJ set leI'S i n i i ~ lly Jas restricti e as to t h e illethods of bui l di nl=s . S_ ilarly t he geog d. h i ca isola tion of Philli I sland has resul ted i n many robl ems of ma terial transportation ana cOl,Jllunica. i o· f i ea a·l t re S. T e fac t t hat Ph · Ii Islanu eveloped as a rural-reso t COIJ.i.....Ull i ty h<=..s a lso affected t he rocess of buil in_ a.s t here 1;.c..S 1J . i e vari a tion in finalJ.cial resour ce~ and capabilities, wnic' lea u Va 'i eus ~ua li ies of ti t er i ~lb _. nd finibhes . he drcLi tectlu E 0 Philli1- Isldn involved 1 ucn more than merely folloHiu t he trel1d~ f bu · lu .nL ill 1-_ustrali a . /ffZ CHAPTER HTI TE T EVALU I O EVALUATION A study of t he architecture of Phillip Island and Churchill Island involves nore t han merely looking a t its buildin s . rhe comp lex problems of geogra hical , eolo ical , economic and social clS ects are t i cal of the considerations that one ust a llow for. It is the relationship of these elements thdt )roduced t he unique character 01 the subseCJ.uent Clrchitecture. The islands occupy a ~l~ce in history th~t i. comparable to the discover and develof ent of Australia wi-th its isolation 1'1"00 the civilized world and the eAciting new environment. Circwnstances, however, created forras of archi tect ure that althou h possessin . th basis of colonial traditions, -roved remarkably characteristic of Philli I sland ' s isolation and spirit of freedom . This essay has studied the actual buildines as v;ell as probinl;: the reasons for settling the land , the mot ivation for buildint;, the effect of the l and on the building form, the relationshi of the buildin~ to the mainland and the corresponding t rends of architect , t he peo e who erected the buildin s , and the effect of the architecture on the total environmen~ . Geographically, the roblem of Phill ip Island and Churchil 181ano is remarkable . The i s l ands are situated i n estern Po t in the southern area of the mainland, therefore bein iufluential upon t he a ctiviti es in the surrounding wa t ers. The strate ic i m~or tance of the islands i s a feat ure that led t o governmental interest and development at an early stage, but this was overlooked when the fear of foreign interest subsided. The posit ion of t he islands i n rel a t i on to the s eal herds was a not able influence f their occupation as it was through the W6.ters of the sealin industry that the fir st set tlement by whites was recorded as we l l as the fir s t industry. 1he form of the i slands also pIa s a role i n t he developmental trends of each. Phillip Island , being ap roximately 40 sq. miles i n area, was a size that encoura ed t he vast past oral land package of ~: cHaffie yet was ada table to closer settlement by farmers . Churchill Island, on the other hand t was only 140 a cres i n area, therefore f os t ering complete ownership b one person and restricted use . It was the geographical position of the i s l anu t hat a l so saw t he emergence of tourism as an important activit , t herefore leading to the creation of special architectural forms of resort villas, guest houses and estates for retired gentlemen. Related to i ts geogra ny is the cli matic aspect. Being an island in t he southern waters of Australia, temperature, rainfall and winds have had an effect on the buildings of the islands. The temperatures gave mild winters and warm s~umners, rainfall was moderate and the un leasant prevailin~ winds were fro~ the south and west resulting in buildings that required shading on t he north side during summer and north- east orientation. A remarkable !'eature of the islands I arcJritecture is the planning arrangement of verandahs being used for communication between rooms . Also arising from such consideration is the development of town;:) on the nort hern and eastern shores of Phillip Island aud the occupation of Churchill Island. The architectural development i s also related to the t opographical nature of the island. The undulat ing hills and flat pl ains are suitable for both crops and animals, t herefore attracting farmers ana raziers and resulti ub i n the typically r ral a rchitecture of homesteads, ancillary sheds and outbuildings. The most significant influence on building is the extent and character of the naturally existing materials. Granite de osits were found, as were clays suitable for brickmaking and there was an abundance of ti-tree; but there was mOl'e involved whe n considering the use of such ma t eria.ls . Stone ml:l.y be resent 'bu t its site was Cape Woo l amai which laces immediate restriction on the use of masonry because of difficult in transportation, the lack of handling equipment, and availability of skilled labour. There were no gr anite buildings erected on the island as a result of these problems and the only masonry structures used sandstone, but only where modern methods of collection and working a llowed . he deposit of brick cla y a t Cowes and Rhyll resulted in the local pr duction and use of bricks but agai n it was alternatbre i nfluences tha t restrict ed t he use - economics is the basic concern of all industry alon with vital requirement of demand. The end t o brick production led to a redominantly timber architecture . The natura l abundance of ti-tree played a maj or role in the development of building on the islands. The sealers used the material in t heir primi t ive shelters and it was ideal for "wattle and daub" construction while on the other hand, it ~~s most unsuitable for millin and consequently it was necessary to impDrt the re~uired timber t o erect the basic timber framed structure that many settlers and farmers referred . The lack of some building material s has also affected the architecture of the isl ands. Timber suitable for framing, wall cladding, and shi ngles was carce and the result was a delay of its use until effective c ommunication led t o the importation of the suitable materials. Bricks were al a imported when loca l sU Jplies were inadequate or unsuitable but the demand was small and expenses were high and therefore bric~ was not exten~ively used . Corrugated ir n as used widel because of its cheapness and efficiency and it was a worthy investment for the farmers and land owners. Slate on the other hand was expensive and nee ed skilled tradesmen and was t herefore used only rarely on the homes of wealthy settlers. Tiles were ccasionally used , mainl because "Queen Anne" did not achi eve the po ularity ex erienced i n Melbourne and the i mportation involved was considered expensive when the efficiency and handlin requirements were compared with iron. A<-.; ain, being a farming cowmunit , the traditiona l iron roof was preferred and tiles do n ot lend themsel ves to use on the colonial homestead. fhe attraction of Philli1 Isl~nd as a resort led t o the use of expensive ma terials such as marble and stained glass in buildin~s as the cost was met by t he wealthier residents seeking quality and sui table standar s o f luxury . Of major impor tance in this architectural study are the occupants ai' Phillip and Churchill Islands . The uncertain settlement f sealers res lted in primitive and temporary buildin s while on Churchill Island, the "blockhouse" was intended as a permanent structure - the effect was t wo completely difterent ty es of building during the ea rly years of settlement . The earl occupation by Jolm McHaffie led to further isolation of the island in t hat it was under his camp ete control . For 20 years t he form of architecture wa.s dominated by t he personal whims of a n indi vidual and it ,as not until 1868 that buil ding began to follow t he pattern of develo ment that had been established many ears earlier in other areas . Wattle and daub, weather boards, corrugated iron, shingles etc. were used where the requirements and financial restrictions dictated the need and as the 0 ulation was basically made up of farmers and labourers , the" rimitive cottage" was the common form . The f'e w wea. lthier l and owners buil t in the true colonial homest ead manner while occasionally the fashions and trends of suburban buildin~ were adopted. Bein a resort, Philli p Island also stimulated architecture that was personal and varied. It ranged from the eccentricity of "Telofa" to t he old disused buses, presently in use, in such a complexity tha t tota l analysis is impossible. The geographical and social isolation encom'a ed almost c om lete freedom of design and creation. rul aspect t hat is most im ortant in considering t he architecture of' Phillip and Churchill Islands is the l~ck a profe~slonal activity. Mos t bui ldinbS , including the Illore substantial residences, were designed and constructed Ylithout the i nfluence of an architect. This was the case in many communities but the diff'icult of communication had a more marked effect on Phillip Islan . (Of the buildings studied only "Telofa" was found t o be designed by an a rchitect.) he process of building was based on the car pentry ex eri ence of the own er, the occasional employment of the local builders, the available finance and a limited knowledge of geometry. The architecture is therefore oft n raw and irre ular but it still ossesses a naive quality typical of all early Australian rural architecture . The fashionabl~erry go round of suburban building was not devoutly followed on the island as a level of conservatism i s distinct ively evident. Building s t yles 'aere we ll est abli shed in [elbourne before they ere adopted on the isl ands often to the extent of 10 years or more . The cause of these phenomena is the difficulty in communication of i deas as a visit to r,~elbourne was a rare event for t he inhabitants. ·...... By the early aecades of' the t wentieth century, t he be i nnin s of "suburbia " were bein establishea. on Fhilli ,Island. rhere were subdi visions, l and sales, and II spec ." building on a vast scale . Tne modern marvels of communica ion had resulted in the i Lillledia te imitation of t he fashions and trends 01 l.Ielbourne , the i ncrease in persons c o JOuting between the mai nland and t he islands, and the availability or' the chea ma t erials of mass ~roduction . It is in such an environment t hat the inaividual architectural cheracter of tne I31a11Q is lost and it i s here tn~t our studv ends . ·...... "Deus iserati huic terra." ·...... /77 APPENDIX APPENDIX TITs . McHaffie I s Diary 1864 u. Au . 9 ]Cen cuttin wattles for the hut Fri. Sept . 2 !vlr. McHaffie went for stakes to the Mussel Rocks . Tue. Aug. 15 Drove to Lon Point for a pole for the dray. 1866 Cattle on the island 1866 - 1 bull, 10 cows and t heir calves, 4 bullocks, 5 bullock ca lves, 7 workers , 37 i n all. Mon. Mar. 1 ~ We all went crayfishing to t he end of the fence . .Ton. June 18 Lovely bright day went into tom t o have Davies ' picture taken . Did some shopping. Opera "Oberon If in t he evenin , . Thu. J une 2 1 Baby born a t half past ei ht in the morning. Thu. Dec. 11 Colonial oven is bein built in. 1867 fuon. Feb. 25 Di ped shee for ticks at Easter Passage . 1869 Thu. Jan. 14 Child belonging t o the Free Selectors died. 1870. Sun . Jan. 30 Drove to Cowe s , opened t he Church. 1872 Thu. De c. 5 Mr . & 1trc. Amess called. Tue. Dec. 17 Bl owing a 5a1e. Ro ofs flying. 1872 Tue. Jan. 2 Mrs . Cleeland - a son. Thu. Aug . 12 Drove to Cowes to the Shire Council election. Showers and bitterly cold. APPENDI X Extracts from R. Gall ' s Dia r y 1869 Fri. IIar. 12 Left Brighton 5 a . m. Sat . Mar . 13 Passed through He a ds. Sun. Far •.14 Arrived le~ tern Pt. Bay. r.1o n . Mar. 15 Landed and came to Chisel Rock. Tue. Mar. 16 Gain a bout. We d • l[ar • 17 Do. Do. Thu . Mar. 18 '~sp arrived a t 11 a .m. Landed all the Goods. 1/2 day. Fri. ~~r . 19 Cartin t imber. 1 Sat. ,Iar. 20 Erectin the tent. Sun . Mar. 21 Mon. mar. 22 Fixing G. Stones. Wed. June 30 Started wo rking a t Harbi s on ' s. Tue . July 20 At home l aying floor . Sun. July 25 Killed a wall aby, owed peas and beans . Wed . Aug. 4 At home painting. Wed. Sep . 15 At home burning bricks ( sent by Anderson) . 1870 ~ ed. J an. 25 Splitting for Mr . Harbi son. Tue . July 5 Sa t. July 9 At home boring posts. Thu. July 14 - Sat. July 16 1lrorticing posts. Mon. July 18 - We d. July 20 Tarrino osts. Thu. July 21 - Sat. July 23 Adzing rails . There was also some accounting done for his own house: 1869 Fri. July 9 To building parlour chimney £2 . 10. 0 Tue. Aug . 3 To buildi ng kitchen chimney £3 . O. 0 To l a t hing , pl asterin parlour 9 1 yds. To l athing , pl ast erinb kitchen 109 yds. To lathing , plast ering bedroom 81 yds. 28 1 yds @ 1/- per yd . 14. 1. 0 £ 19. 11. 0 APPENDIX Hansard: 1861 . Se pt . 24. Dr. U. Smit h ave notice t hat he would ask t he Ho n. The ommissioner for Lands and Survey whe t her the tenant of Philli Isl and had cultiva ted it, and e xporte t he products , in opposite to the tenure of his lease . Oct . Whether it is a fact t hat a lf~ . Rogers, residing on Churchill Island , and wh o a l so p ossesses Sandstone Island, is cult ivating extensively on Phil l i p Island, a nd has, contra ry to t h e a c t, cultiva ted Church i l l and Sandstone Islands, and has exported t herefrom a l arge amount of produce and sent it to the Me lbourne market to compete with farmers? APPErDIX - cIlwr&:i.. t h I s of "Reat- Rill " Originally f'ro Sco·tlanu ...: cIlwraith took a farm at .. "elton in 1856 but dr ught caused tbe family to :t1ove t o Philli J Island in 1868 . J ames Scott a n d cIlwraith chose ad join ing blocks 1 11 and 1 12 , vvo r kea in c onjunction unti l I'cIlwra i th bought out Scott. ~ IcIlwr a i th built the homestead wit h the help of Bo b Baine , a carpenter wh o resi ed on -the Isl and a t Cowes. This cOlli",!ris ed a l i v i ng room, t h r ee bedrooms 8.D.d the kitchen which still remains, and f orms t h e central .part of the existing structure . The materials of c onstruct ion were wattle and dau b . This par tnership a l f:lo built stables and additional slee Jiu . a rea on the block. the " _rgLlS" NOTES 1. DTTRODUCTION. 1 Bmrde'l 2 Bass r Log 3 Bowden 4 Log of the nLad l~ elson 5 Bonwyk 6 Eowden 7 Em/den 8 Uetheral, Despatch to Darling Dec . 27th 1826. 9 Bonwyk 10 Labilliere Vo l 2 2. BLOCRHOU SE . 1 Henry Ta lor 2 Grant ' s Log of the "Lady Nelson" 3 Ref . Gliddon 3. i Grant' s Log of the "Lady nelson" 2 D' Urvilles "Vo;)rage autour du ,"onde" 3 orton Herman 4. m T."RLUTIE 1828- 44. 1 I orton Herman 2 t ort on Herman J • cHAFFIES . 1 s . McHaffies diary 2 See Photograph p~1 3 I1 Recoll ection of Squatting" Curr 4 "Victori a" Stoney London 5 Il'orton Herman 6 ~ ~ orton He rman 7 Boyd 8 Boyd 9 Herman 6 . 5'UBDIVISION . 1 _rgus 3rd n ov. 1868 . 2 Argus 3rd Fov. 1868 . 3 rgus 26th Dec 1868 . 4 Boyd 7. 1 ap 2 8. " 'SHOITEN " 1 Boyd 2 V abond- Local ews:maI'er 3 Diary of Ro ert Gall I." Gliddon See Plan 10. IIGLEN ISLA" 1 Balmfor . 11. LCL...4.RDY 1 12. "TULLOCH G'. II Ref ~ r Papworth- Shire President 13. CHUB.CHILL ISLAND. 1 Ref Boyd etc ~~-===~~=-=-- 15. nRHYLSTON PARKII 1 Ref r Betts 2 Ref ]:lI'S Bell 3 "ltef Boyd 163. "TELOFA" 1 Ref rs Thompson ERRA'll and page 4, line 21 For derson" read f1..r Youn~ page 8 , line 8 For ' r Gltdnon" read n r Gliddon.'l P8.6e 9, line 3 For "r derson"read " ~r Young" I>aee 15 line 14 For ltEr!:laneuln read "EmanuelII page 26 line 24 For ltcontrast toll read "contrast Iith" 2age 32 line 23 and 28 F r ITParrodies hut" read "Parrish's hut ll page 32 line 33 For "mu tiny" read 'mutiny f page 44 line 12 For "been cut with" read "been let into" page 45 lin 24 Between "permanency , "anO. "His" insert ,rresembles the style called 'Primitive Cottage'." pa.e;es 110 to 113 For "chic__oryll r ad "chicory" :page 120 line 18 :"'or IIBa Road n read "Bay Stree'~" pae;e 131 line 2 For "Dr U mith"read "Dr Y . 'mit.h' page 136 line 12 Fates 10 "Glen Isla" insert Tf2. Ref llr Young, grandson of r Robert Anderson" . Dl r< E:CTDRY TO BlJllDl~&S. . 1I~TAIl;0 Df 0flllBM~Nr --- fl SHERM"N'S pOINT PHILLIP ISLAN COUNTY Of Jl(l 0 o MORNINCTON 10!l 110 SCAl[ or CH AINS III , J )rrJl II 'rf.J ·I · /~~ , " 'I.;, Z(,lJ J J' I....t Nt> "'(''1 111111..1) IIN/)£II S OLD/LA SErn.£"ICNT ACT SItOWfIi THUS ¥ Z(,~ 112 II], © C'"-> "_U1 -Us. o ""~ J J ~: b liS 117 A R(M~. :\ H. 1)""fI ~, .•" ",'J . (,7 0 . 4- (IU" 0 2 IfJ ••.• ~ J~.., /';(11 iJ$O ~...~ 1:110 131 15 135 '? 1~5 If Lon' .. , U /41 . J 1J ,,:'\ 155 T. J'trl.fl U"~~nl 112 0 16 ~ '~--''' I~ I~l r_1 thflrr~~)~ () .IS A I "\" RO('KS '" ; / ~tI,.", o 0 , j) .'I((rll'o" .1 .lUll!'./( 80 () ' ;" 78 U It; .~ ~------ ~~ I; j(JlY",' 17 75 101 102 ./ l'l,..d,o"d ,r. .\'10.'" .{ N,sL ( .\'1' '''7'(''' 80 . 0 () 7:1 J "ji' 77 U '7" / 10~ <06 <05 GI .J 10, .I (If,dun,, I< (;olldll J rl{'nbelt.t 1'. H.dlur 6'0 0 '{j " ,'10 0" 78 0 16 :---+~~- - [' 108 61 .Iii J.r ' iulld 74 () "h I . ~ 79 . J . .: 1 IN; e· ,~• ~r~T!J:Ft~l~~~~~:::~~~~:k~~~=l...: . ,II,''''';':' . --~,..",... "" 119 : 51 5(, 124 j f~t;r:}:.rJII / Id/JI r (' '-{('dlll/{) .J f.ud""d 1(,1 . J II!WSlt /(, /1 12 /«10'0'" /bl 0 ~;; .J.~ h ',., ./ A/fUn" I I 122 f2j I' 'is'' :.1(" :-'1:1 ~r ~ ( I.' J'orlh ''It'' .9.9 i5' " 125 /) . Jjl/rlo" JR~"''!t:!''1 15Ii I r. J:.1 I II I t'; 50 ,~LI{ Grw-lUZI/, II. ,: '"7 161 I , 5 ." ""5'"'-, -'1' 11 ;n N lAK[ s~~~· :~o: A' . Jlilto .I . flyrll ' .\ 114 J "8'11 ~~ 114 J '';''' .., . "W ' , 'I, It" 7 ,. ) s s DR AWN AND REPR O• OU CED AT THE DEPARH~r:NT Of lAJmS A~~J SURVEY ~~ CLBOUR NE i956 PRICE 21· •• PHILLIP isLAND P.R. ./ 1)~Jfrba l't l#' o 11 w. B(I"lJr~\u..r~ '" 128 Z1 lllii n to 14 -~ ,./ J R Gnl,dll~, " { ~/ J1 - ' f J' 128 I 15 B < , 11 {It I'f .J };Jr,,,,., .,' J ,' ~< .!, Poll ~,32 ~ W~:11."1' .17 \~ 31 J 114 J 6 IN , J 8 BAY 1 "\lU 11 31 , It' .1 8.,,.11"'\1." I.JI " .,1~,,, ,;.11 124 124 ' J t1 ~ttS 44 ~ ,~. J • • JOlt' . • , w, H ( f ,!!' ,,! ~,\. 0 a /,+.111 ~t. o . ' . .. . '. \~\' " ~': , ; :?>~ ,; B"I7)'. ... \r. ~ "uu, ....~l" .:.-. , "". ', .. j/ : IX. J 8 PoINT GRANT ,IlW .~J.- /r') c::,? THE NOBBV 1...... _ ~-;v S[AL ROC,KS B A s s BY AUTHORITy · GOVERNMENT PFfINTER MELBOURNE . Minerva Access is the Institutional Repository of The University of Melbourne Author/s: Evans, Maurice; Evans, Neil; Cargill, Rosalie Title: An architectural history of Phillip Island: research essay for history of Australian architecture and to commemorate the centenary of open settlement on Phillip Island and Churchill Island from 1868 to 1968 Date: 1967-08 Citation: Evans, M., Evans, N. & Cargill, R. (1967). An architectural history of Phillip Island: research essay for history of Australian architecture and to commemorate the centenary of open settlement on Phillip Island and Churchill Island from 1868 to 1968, Other Degree thesis, Dept. of Architecture, University of Melbourne. Publication Status: Unpublished Persistent Link: http://hdl.handle.net/11343/39088 File Description: An architectural history of Phillip Island: research essay for history of Australian architecture and to commemorate the centenary of open settlement on Phillip Island and Churchill Island from 1868 to 1968 Terms and Conditions: Terms and Conditions: Copyright in works deposited in Minerva Access is retained by the copyright owner. The work may not be altered without permission from the copyright owner. Readers may only download, print and save electronic copies of whole works for their ownEngland ) . A ain, the establishment of a set tlement so remote from governi ng authority W6.S rat her r isky for col oni al officials. lI .L he v er-- presence of independent t; entlemen commanding cap i t al was obnoxious as t hey mi h t u.::. t urall - find some faul t wit h admini stration of affai rs and s o cause trouble t o aut h ority." (9) The reluct anc e of o f i cia s i s seen in t he deni a l of t he applica tion for l and b John Bat man , a s et t l er at Kingst on, Van Diemen ' s Land , and J. If . Gellibr ana, a soli citor of Hobart, on 11 t h January 1827. Batman and Gellibrand reques t ed "a grant of land at t hat place ( ' lestern Port ) )roportional t o the property which e intend to embark a)proximately £5,000 )". It must be roted that Gellibrand was a r adical reformer of the 11eri d ~llQ had led a revolt a 1ainst t he paternal rule of the Gc ex'nor in S