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Home , Vascular disease

What Is Peripheral Vascular Disease?

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) refers to (PAD) is a type of organic PVD. It’s caused by diseases of blood vessels outside the heart and fatty buildups () in the inner walls . It’s often a narrowing of vessels that carry of ; these deposits block normal blood flow. blood to the legs, arms, stomach or kidneys. There are two types of these circulation disorders: Normal • Functional peripheral vascular diseases don’t have an organic cause. That means they don’t Vessel Lumen involve defects in blood vessels’ structure. (The blood vessels aren’t physically damaged in some way.) These diseases often have Tunica Adventitia symptoms related to spasm that may come Tunica Media and go. Raynaud’s disease is an example. In Tunica Intima () Raynaud’s disease, restricted circulation can Atherosclerosis be triggered by cold temperatures, emotional Decreased Vessel stress, working with vibrating machinery Lumen or smoking.

• Organic peripheral vascular diseases are Fibrous Cap caused by structural changes in the blood Lipid Core vessels. Examples could include and tissue damage. Peripheral disease

Is peripheral artery disease dangerous? Yes. PAD is a condition similar to coronary artery kidneys, stomach, arms, legs and feet. Left disease and carotid artery disease. (Coronary untreated, PAD can lead to gangrene and artery disease is the name for fatty buildups in amputation of limbs. People with PAD often have the arteries that supply the heart muscle with fatty buildups in the arteries of the heart and blood and nourishment. Carotid artery disease is brain, but PAD may be their first sign. Most the name for fatty buildups in the neck artery that people with PAD have a higher risk of death from brings blood to the brain.) stroke and heart attack. If a blood clot forms and In PAD, fatty deposits build up in the inner lining blocks a narrowed artery to the heart, a heart of artery walls. These blockages restrict blood attack results. If the clot blocks an artery to the circulation, mainly in arteries leading to the brain, a stroke results.

What are the symptoms? In its early stages, common symptoms of poor Symptoms of poor circulation include leg circulation are cramping, fatigue, heaviness, sudden high , or blood pressure pain or discomfort in the legs and buttocks during that is hard or impossible to control with activity. This usually subsides when the activity medications. Severe blockage of the kidney stops. It’s called “intermittent claudication”. arteries may result in loss of kidney function or failure. What Is Peripheral Vascular Disease? (continued) How is PAD diagnosed? Diagnosing PAD begins with a medical history • Doppler and duplex ultrasound imaging and physical exam. In the exam, your doctor can • magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) do a simple test called the ABI (ankle brachial index). After that, other tests may be done. • CT angiogram They include: • regular (catheter-based) angiogram

How is PAD treated? Most people with PAD can be treated with lifestyle Lifestyle modifications (including an exercise changes, or both. Lifestyle changes to program) usually improve symptoms or keep lower your risk include: them from getting worse. In a minority of patients, • Stop smoking. (Smokers are 2 to 25 times more lifestyle changes alone aren’t sufficient. Then likely to get PAD and experience symptoms of angioplasty or may be needed. PAD 10 years earlier than nonsmokers.) Angioplasty is a non-surgical procedure that • Control diabetes. widens narrowed or blocked arteries. A thin tube called a catheter with a deflated balloon on its • Control blood pressure. tip is passed into the narrowed artery segment. • Be physically active (including a supervised Then the balloon is inflated. This pushes open the exercise program). narrowed segment. Then the balloon is deflated • Eat a low-saturated-, low- diet and the catheter is withdrawn. PAD may require drug treatment, including: Often a stent — a wire mesh tube — is placed in - Medicines (cilostazol and pentoxifylline) to the narrowed artery with a catheter. There the help improve walking distance stent expands and locks open. It stays in that spot, keeping the diseased artery open. - Antiplatelet agents to keep the platelets from sticking together and triggering a blood clot If a long part of an artery is narrowed, surgery may be needed. A from another part of the - Cholesterol-lowering agents (statins) body or a synthetic blood vessel is attached above and below the blocked area to detour blood around the blocked spot.

How can I learn more? 1. Talk to your doctor, nurse or other health-care 3. For information on stroke, call professionals. If you have heart disease or 1-888-4-STROKE (1-888-478-7653) have had a stroke, members of your family also or visit StrokeAssociation.org. may be at higher risk. It’s very important for We have many other fact sheets and them to make changes now to lower their risk. educational booklets to help you make 2. Call 1-800-AHA-USA1 (1-800-242-8721) healthier choices to reduce your risk, manage or visit americanheart.org to learn more disease or care for a loved one. about heart disease. Knowledge is power, so Learn and Live!

Do you have questions or comments for your doctor? Take a few minutes to write your own questions for the next time you see your healthcare provider. For example: Should I be checked for PVD?

Your contribution to the American Heart Association supports research that helps make publications like this possible. The statistics in this sheet were up to date at publication. For the latest statistics, see the Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics Update at americanheart.org/statistics. ©2007, American Heart Association 10/07LS1466