CONTEXT

The Peninsula Planning Scheme Zones Urban Character and Analysis Movement Framework Natural Environment Historic Environment Services and Infrastructure Development Constraints DRAFT POOLBEG PLANNING SCHEME

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The Poolbeg Peninsula

2.1 The Poolbeg peninsula is located in the eastern 2.3 The majority of land on the peninsula is owned by the Docklands, adjacent to both Bay and the River Liff ey public sector, including Dublin City Council, Author- and east of the River Dodder and Grand Canal Dock, occupy- ity, and the Electricity Supply Board (ESB). The remaining land is ing a historic gateway location to the city. It is currently home in private ownership. to many of the Dublin region’s major power, sewage, storage and port facilities, as well as a number of industrial uses, and 2.4 The peninsula is only 2km from Dublin city centre it has active deep water berthing and docking facilities on with its associated employment opportunities, retail provision 39 its northern edge. The peninsula also contains a number of and community facilities. It provides the opportunity to create areas of open space, including Sean Moore Park and Irishtown a living and working community based on the principles of Nature Park. Its southern shore opens on to and sustainable development. It is close enough to the city centre is bordered by a beach. The former Pigeon House Power Sta- to encourage cycling and walking and can be connected to the tion, Hotel and Dock together with the remains of the old fort centre by extensions to public transport routes. It is also close form a cluster of historic structures in the north eastern part to the well established residential neighbourhoods of Irishtown, of the peninsula. and , and there is potential for develop- ment on the peninsula to provide employment, retail and social 2.2 The peninsula currently has very few residents and facilities for these communities and vice-versa. The River Liff ey no community facilities other than those relating to open provides an opportunity for waterborne transport. There is little space and recreation. Nearby Ringsend, Irishtown and Sandy- biodiversity on the peninsula, but the presence of Irishtown Na- mount are established residential communities with connec- ture Park and the adjacent habitats in Dublin Bay are signifi cant. tions to the peninsula and the city centre and contain schools and some community facilities. 2.5 The presence of existing power generation and waste- water utilities on the peninsula off ers the potential to capitalise on existing infrastructure to service new development. There is potential for heat and energy to be recovered from some of the left: industrial uses and used benefi cially for new development on FIGURE 2.1: LOCATION AND RELATIONSHIP TO THE CITY the peninsula. DRAFT POOLBEG PLANNING SCHEME

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Planning Scheme Zones

2.6 The Poolbeg peninsula is divided into fourteen Zones Zone 2 for the purposes of the Planning Scheme. Zones 1 to 4 are the 2.10 Zone 2 is a narrow area of land 1.2 hectares in extent Development Zones: these are the areas that will be subject to the north of Zone 1 in the western sector of the peninsula, to the most signifi cant change. Zones 5 to 14 are areas of dif- and includes the southern part of the Dublin Port container fering character which will not be subject to the same degree park. Bounded by South Bank Road to the south west, it occu- of change but which are nonetheless very important to the pies a gateway position at the interface between the existing implementation of the Planning Scheme. These Zones and residential neighbourhood of Ringsend to the west, the Dub- 41 areas are illustrated in fi gure 2.2 and are described below. lin Port facility to the north and existing major infrastructure and utilities to the east. It is currently owned by Dublin Port Zone 1 and is in active use as a trailer and container storage area to 2.7 An area located between South Bank Road, Sean serve the Dublin Port Load on Load off (LoLo) shipping facility. Moore Road and Sean Moore Park. It includes the former Irish Glass Bottle (IGB) land and the adjacent Fabrizia land. Zone 3 2.11 Zone 3 is 10.7 hectares, currently under the owner- 2.8 The IGB land comprises 10.1 hectares of land bound- ship of Dublin Port. The majority is open with the western ed by Sean Moore Road along its north western edge and third occupied by concrete production facilities and smaller South Bank Road along its north eastern edge. It occupies a miscellaneous industrial uses. The southern edge is adjacent gateway location to the remainder of the Poolbeg peninsula to Dublin Bay and northern edge is bounded by the major to the east. It is currently owned by a consortium, known as utilities installations located in the centre of the peninsula. BECBAY, of which the Authority has membership of 26 percent. At present the area is in a peripheral location with limited ac- cess to the existing road network. The land has considerable 2.9 Zone 1 also includes the Fabrizia land, a brownfi eld potential off ered by a prominent position overlooking Dublin site of 4.6 hectares in private ownership. The land is closely Bay. related to the IGB land in character and position but is closer to Dublin Bay and further from existing residential areas and from the main road network. DRAFT POOLBEG PLANNING SCHEME

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Zone 4 Strand and Dublin Bay. It lies between the peninsula and 2.12 Zone 4 has an area of 10.1 hectares and consists the communities of Ringsend and Sandymount. The park of several elements. The area around Pigeon House Dock provides facilities for both sports and informal recreation. comprises 2.5 hectares, currently under the ownership of Consisting mostly of a fl at grassed surface, it is crossed by Dublin City Council. Situated on the northern edge of the footpaths which connect existing neighbouring residential Poolbeg peninsula adjacent to the River Liff ey, it is dominated areas to Dublin Bay. Part of the park is used by Clanna Gael by a number of iconic buildings and structures including the Fontenoy GAA club, who have a clubhouse, training facilities former Pigeon House Power Station, Pigeon House Hotel and and two sports pitches. the dock itself. A second area of 5.9 hectares, predominantly of rough grassland, is bordered to the north by Pigeon House Zone 7 43 Road and to the south by the Waste Water Treatment Plant 2.15 A 1.4 hectare area of land which was formerly used as itself and includes the site of the Pigeon House Fort. North a pitch and putt course associated with the former Electricity of Pigeon House Road is located the Waste Water Treatment Supply Board Ringsend power plant, now the Synergen Power Plant overfl ow tanks, and north of these is an area of 1.7 hec- Station. The land is not currently in use and comprises rough tares of reclaimed land owned by Dublin Port. grass and scrub. It is currently in the ownership of the Electric- ity Supply Board and is reserved for their future use. Zone 5 2.13 Zone 5 is a 2.3 hectare triangular piece of land Zone 8 bounded by the R131, Pigeon House Road and South Bank 2.16 Zone 8 includes Irishtown Nature Park and associated Road, where they meet at the Sean Moore Road roundabout. open space. It occupies 8.3 hectares on the southern shore of A short terrace of houses known as the coastguard cottages, the peninsula and is predominantly scrub and rough grass- which are protected structures, is located in the centre of the land. The nature park is currently owned by Dublin City Coun- Zone, on land which is now surrounded by the aforemen- cil and is open to the public, with access provided by informal tioned roads. footpaths. In contrast to the remainder of the peninsula, it has a raised and undulating topography and consequently occu- Zone 6 pies a visually prominent position on the shore. North of the 2.14 Zone 6 includes Sean Moore Park, which occupies Nature Park are the ‘compensatory lands’, designated as part some 10.9 hectares in the south western sector of the penin- of the WWTP planning permission, which provide a habitat for sula adjacent to Beach Road, Sean Moore Road, Sandymount the Brent Geese. This Zone also includes 3.2 hectares of the DRAFT POOLBEG PLANNING SCHEME

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south shore coastal fringe, which includes a public walkway Zone 11 and is owned by Dublin City Council. 2.19 Zone 11 is a transport corridor of 2.5 hectares domi- nated by the R131 East Link Road which connects the East Zone 9 Link Toll Bridge with Sean Moore Road. York Road, becoming 2.17 Zone 9 consists of a 3.7 hectare area of grassland at Pigeon House Road, runs immediately south and parallel to the narrowest part of the peninsula to the east of the Waste the R131 and also connects with Sean Moore Road. This is a Water Treatment Works. It includes the road connection be- key service route providing connections between the exist- tween the northern and southern shores. It is in an important ing major infrastructure and utilities on the peninsula and the position at the junction of various recreational routes, being remainder of the city and wider region. The Zone contains closely linked to Pigeon House Dock, Dublin Bay, Irishtown some exposed remnants of the . To the north 45 Nature Park and the route to the . The majority of of Zone 11 is the River Liff ey and to the south is a row of ter- land in this Zone is currently in the ownership of the Electric- raced residential properties. Land ownership in this area is ity Supply Board, with the exception of the road and land to complex, including land in private ownership and land owned the west of the road, which are currently in the ownership of by a number of public bodies. Dublin City Council. Zone 12 Zone 10 2.20 Zone 12 is a 2.0 hectare area comprising South Bank 2.18 This comprises the far end of the peninsula including Road and two truncated pieces of road between Zones 1, 3 the eastern end of Pigeon House Road and the storage tanks and the Synergen Power Station. It is currently in the owner- and tank farm associated with the Poolbeg Power Station. It ship of Dublin Port and Dublin City Council. comprises approximately 7.3 hectares. Pigeon House Road provides a connection with the at the Zone 13 eastern end of the Great South Wall. The tank farm is currently 2.21 Zone 13 is a 7.5 hectare area directly to the north of within the ownership of the Electricity Supply Board. It is char- Zone 2 and to the east of Zone 5 of the Planning Scheme. It acterised by a concrete bund which is designed to contain forms part of the southern part of the Dublin Port container spillages. park. It is currently owned by Dublin Port and is in active use as a trailer and container storage area to serve the Dublin Port Load on Load off (LoLo) shipping facility. Whitebank Road runs south west to north east through the Zone. DRAFT POOLBEG PLANNING SCHEME

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Zone 14 Urban Character and Analysis 2.22 Zone 14 is a 7.4 hectare area of land. It is bounded to the north by the River Liff ey, to the east by Zone 4 of the Plan- ning Scheme, to the south by Pigeon House Road and to the 2.23 Unlike some other parts of Docklands, the Poolbeg west by the Dublin Port LoLo shipping facility. It encompasses peninsula has a continuing industrial function. This, together a number of existing and active industrial uses and installa- with the severance created by the road network and the tions including fuel oil / diesel storage tanks, concrete produc- peninsular shoreline form, give Poolbeg a character which is tion facilities, a metal recycling plant and the cooling race for separate and distinct from the remainder of the Docklands. the Synergen Power Station. It is currently in the ownership of Dublin Port. 2.24 Much of the peninsula is dominated by industrial and utilities installations, particularly the Poolbeg Power Station, 47 the Waste Water Treatment Works, the Synergen Plant and the Lo-Lo land with its large traveling cranes. They have visual, aural and olfactory impacts beyond their site boundaries.

2.25 The industrial and utilities plants occupy central posi- tions within the peninsula. In consequence, developable land tends to be located peripherally around the central industrial core. The exception to this is Zone 1 and 2, which together form a substantial block of developable land. DRAFT POOLBEG PLANNING SCHEME

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2.26 There is a signifi cant contrast between the penin- central industrial core, particularly along the southern shore, sula’s northern shore, to the River Liff ey, and its southern where Irishtown Nature Park occupies a raised position. shore on to Dublin Bay. The northern shore is generally harder in character, and is dominated by the Port and by infrastruc- 2.30 There are strong visual connections between the ture related to the utilities plants, including the cooling water peninsula and the wider city. Poolbeg ESB power plant’s two outlet channel and wastewater overfl ow tanks. The south- tall striped chimneys have almost iconic status as symbols ern shore has a softer, beach-like character with sand dune of Dublin, being visible by air and sea as well as from many development towards its eastern end, although shoreline rock viewpoints within Greater Dublin and the surrounding coun- armour impedes access to the beach. tryside. Poolbeg also has its own important views of the sur- rounding area, including the views across Dublin Bay towards 49 2.27 Sean Moore Road and Beach Road give access to Dun Laoghaire from Sandymount Strand and Irishtown Na- Poolbeg. Within the peninsula, the road pattern is primarily ture Park, the views across the River Liff ey from Pigeon House industrial and is infl uenced by the east west alignment of the Dock and the broad panorama from Poolbeg Lighthouse. Great South Wall. The large industrial and utilities plants oc- cupy compounds which act as barriers to north-south move- 2.31 The Poolbeg peninsula is bordered by the neigh- ment. The road network available for public use is convoluted; bourhoods of Ringsend, Sandymount and Irishtown. Despite it is also, in general, extremely unattractive and unfriendly to their proximity to the peninsula and to each other, these pedestrians. neighbourhoods each have a separate and unique character derived from their historical development and relationship 2.28 The position of the industrial activities and the unat- with the city. This can be seen in their street patterns, building tractive and indirect road network serve to isolate the cluster types and socio-economic character. of historic features at Pigeon House Dock, including the former power station and hotel, from the Dublin public. 2.32 The Planning Scheme provides the framework for the Poolbeg peninsula to develop its own unique character and 2.29 In terms of open space, Sean Moore Park occupies a urban pattern which will contribute to the overall character of large block of land close to existing and prospective residen- Dublin Docklands and the wider city. tial communities. Its fl at, open character contrasts unfavour- ably with the nearby mature and well-treed Ringsend Park. Elsewhere, open space tends to be located peripheral to the DRAFT POOLBEG PLANNING SCHEME

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Movement Framework

2.33 The Poolbeg peninsula is close to Dublin City Centre Existing Public Transport Network but access is restricted by water on three sides and by the 2.36 Current public transport services to the Poolbeg Grand Canal Dock, the River Dodder and the DART line to the peninsula are limited. The most frequent local bus service west. serves the neighbouring Ringsend and Sandymount area, and for the majority of its route it is not routed along a Quality Bus Corridor (QBC). The principal bus priority corridors are a Existing Road Network distance away on the Pearse Street and the Blackrock QBCs. 51 2.34 The road network around the Poolbeg peninsula The closest DART station is Lansdowne Road Station, which comprises strategic and local roads. The strategic road is approximately 1.5 km (a 20 minute walk) from the Poolbeg network includes the R131 Sean Moore Road and the R131 peninsula. East Link Road from the Sean Moore Roundabout to East Link bridge and caters for high volumes of freight traffi c between the north and south Port lands as well as high volumes of north south through traffi c particularly during the morning and evening peak travel periods. Ringsend Road, Irishtown Road and Bath Street act as major east-west links and are busy traffi c routes connecting the city centre, Ringsend and the Poolbeg peninsula, as well as the southern suburbs.

2.35 Traffi c fl ows on all strategic and local roads around the Poolbeg area are generally higher in the morning than the evening and the heaviest traffi c fl ow is on East Link Road (eastbound), Sean Moore Road (southbound) and Beach Road (northbound, south of the junction with Church Road). Fairly heavy traffi c fl ows also occur on Beach Road (southbound), East Link Road (westbound) and Irishtown Road (westbound). DRAFT POOLBEG PLANNING SCHEME

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Existing Pedestrian / Cyclist Environment Natural Environment 2.37 Pedestrian footways are provided along the majority of roads within Ringsend and Sandymount. However, pe- destrian circulation around the area is limited due to physical 2.39 Despite its industrial character, the peninsula encom- constraints and as a result of high traffi c volumes during peak passes beach and foreshore areas of scrub and rough grass- travel periods. The main pedestrian access to the Poolbeg land and the Irishtown Nature Park, Sandymount Strand, and peninsula is along South Bank Road and Pigeon House Road. Sean Moore Park. Footpaths are provided along Pigeon House Road but they are poorly lit and large industrial buildings act as barriers to 2.40 The peninsula supports migratory birds, notably movements within the area. Brent Geese, which use the amenity grasslands and waste land for roosting and grazing. Parts of the peninsula and ad- 53 2.38 The Dublin Cycle Network comprises suburban jacent parts of Dublin Bay and the River Liff ey are covered by routes, inner city routes, recreational routes and Quality Bus environmental designations. These are illustrated in fi gure 2.9. Corridor/cycle routes. The closest cycle route to Poolbeg pe- ninsula runs southwards from Thorncastle Street to London- bridge Road. Another existing cycle route also runs westwards Special Protection Areas from Ringsend Road to the city centre. 2.41 The Sandymount Strand / Tolka Estuary Special Pro- tection Area (SPA) includes a substantial part of Dublin Bay. The SPA is of international importance for Light-bellied Brent Goose and of national importance for nine other waterfowl species.

2.42 The National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) have published a proposed extension to the boundary of the SPA. This extension redraws the boundary of the SPA to include an area of the peninsula located to the north of Irishtown Nature Park. (This is shown on fi gure 2.9). DRAFT POOLBEG PLANNING SCHEME

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Natural Heritage Areas Protected Species 2.43 A proposed Natural Heritage Area (pNHA) comprises 2.45 A signifi cant number of bird species listed in Annex 1 two mooring dolphin structures located in the River Liff ey of the EU Birds Directive occur within Dublin Bay. north of Pigeon House Dock. These are nesting sites for tern colonies. 2.46 Atlantic Salmon, which are listed in Annex 1 and 5 of the EU Habitats Directive, occur in the River Liff ey.

Special Area of Conservation 2.47 Kestrels have also been observed hunting on the 2.44 The South Dublin Bay candidate Special Area of peninsula, and many of the buildings present may be suitable Conservation (cSAC) lies south of the River Liff ey and extends for roosting bats. 55 from the South Wall to the west pier at Dun Laoghaire. This area has been designated for its extensive sand and mudfl ats, listed as protected Annex 1 habitats in the EU Habitats Direc- tive. These provide important foraging habitat for birds.

NATURAL AREAS AND PARKS ON THE PENIN SULA 01. Brent Geese Feeding Ground 02. Ringsend Park 03. Sean Moore Park 04. Irishtown Nature Park DRAFT POOLBEG PLANNING SCHEME

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Historic Environment

2.48 The Poolbeg peninsula has a number of historical, House Power Station stands to the east of the harbour and was archaeological and cultural heritage assets. constructed in the early 20th Century. It is no longer in use.

2.49 Ringsend was once a sea and estuary based com- 2.52 In the 19th and 20th Century land reclamation con- munity of fi shermen, and it developed into a thriving and tinued to the south of Great South Wall, and industry became prosperous village as an early staging place for ships unload- the dominant land use. ing in the estuary. 57 2.50 During the 18th century a breakwater running east Recorded Protected Structures and Monuments from Ringsend was constructed to contain the river and this al- 2.53 The peninsula contains a number of structures listed lowed the river channel to be deepened, improving access from on the Record of Protected Structures in the Dublin City Plan. the sea. This became known as the Great South Wall and was These are illustrated in fi gure 2.10. completed in 1786. It signifi cantly changed the character and development of the area. The peninsula itself is located on land 2.54 These are: reclaimed in the 18th Century. • Great South Wall, Pigeon House Road (RPS No. 6930) • Former Pigeon House Hotel, Pigeon House Road 2.51 A small harbour, Pigeon House Dock, is located on the • (RPS No. 6931) northern edge of the peninsula. Named after John Pigeon, a • Remnants of Pigeon House Fort, Pigeon House Road (RPS caretaker at the site in the mid 18th Century, the harbour was No. 6933) used as a mooring place for cross channel boats and the Pigeon • Former Pigeon House Power Station, Pigeon House Road House Hotel was popular with passengers. In the late 18th Cen- (RPS No. 6934) tury the land was occupied by the military, and was developed • Residential properties nos. 70-80 Pigeon House Road (RPS as a fort. The remains of the fort consist of a defensive gateway No. 6935-6954) and a wall of the fort itself. By the late 19th Century the military occupation had ceased and the area was developed by the Dub- 2.55 The Great South Wall is also listed on the Record of lin Corporation (now Dublin City Council). The former Pigeon Monuments and Places. DRAFT POOLBEG PLANNING SCHEME

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Conservation Areas 2.56 There are two conservation areas within the penin- sula at Pigeon House Dock and at the eastern edge of the pe- ninsula towards the Poolbeg Lighthouse. These are illustrated in fi gure 2.10.

Zone of Archaeological Interest 2.57 The Master Plan (2008) identifi es a Zone of Archaeo- logical Interest on the Poolbeg peninsula, which covers the 01. Part of the Great South Wall 02. Remains of the Pigeon House Fort 59 broad location of the Great South Wall, the Pigeon House Dock and the Pigeon House Fort. This Zone of Archaeological Interest is taken from the map of the Record of Monuments and Places (National Monument Service of the Department of the Environment).

03. Pigeon House Hotel ARCHAEOLOGI CAL AND HIS TORIC STRUC TURES ON THE

PENINSULA 04. Pigeon House Power Station DRAFT POOLBEG PLANNING SCHEME

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Services and Infrastructure Development Constraints

2.58 Utilities operations on the Poolbeg peninsula deliver Health and Safety (Seveso II) vital electricity supply and sewage treatment functions for 2.62 A number of sites covered by the Seveso II Directive, Dublin city and the city region and these will remain opera- under the European Communities (Control of Major Accident tional for the foreseeable future. ESB, Bord Gais and Dublin Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances) Regulations (2006) City Council all have major utility and wastewater services and are situated on the Poolbeg peninsula. associated wayleaves crossing the Poolbeg peninsula. 2.63 The existing Seveso II sites are located at the ESB and 2.59 The major utilities infrastructure located on the pe- Synergen Power Stations. The proposed Waste to Energy Plant 61 ninsula include: may potentially have a Seveso II designation applied in the • Synergen Power Station future. The Seveso II sites represent the location of dangerous • Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) substances, Natural Gas, Liquid Petroleum Gas and Diesel. • Poolbeg Power Station 2.64 The Health and Safety Authority (HSA) has overall re- 2.60 A site between the Synergen Power Station and the sponsibility for the administration and enforcement of health WWTP has been identifi ed as a location for a proposed Waste and safety legislation in Ireland. Land use planning advice has to Energy Plant. This plant, if built, will serve the city and city been sought from the HSA under the relevant legislation and region and will process waste from these areas. The plant will the HSA have provided generic land use planning advice in provide a mechanism for converting this waste into energy respect of consequence contours for each Seveso installation, and will contribute to future district heating. within which proposals for development are subject to restric- tions on the type and intensity of uses permitted. The Author- 2.61 As a result of its industrial nature, the peninsula has ity will continue to liaise with the HSA regarding the Seveso II very limited existing telecommunications capacity for voice, establishments on the peninsula. data and multimedia purposes. The existing fresh water, sur- face water and wastewater infrastructure is also limited. 2.65 The location of the Seveso II sites and the appropri- ate consequence contours, or zones of risk, are illustrated in fi gure 2.13. DRAFT POOLBEG PLANNING SCHEME

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2.66 The Poolbeg peninsula is constructed from reclaimed 2.67 Soil conditions across the peninsula are very variable and made ground. Historically, fi ll consisted of seabed dredg- with soft material in the upper layers and high ground water ings and domestic waste. A municipal and domestic landfi ll tables. Rock is not likely to be encountered within 30 metres site was active until 1978 within the western portion of the of the surface. peninsula. This has now been capped. There may also be land contamination associated with present and historic industrial activities.

63 INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES AND UTILITIES ON THE PENINSULA 01. Waste Water Treatment Works 03. Pigeon House Power Station

02. Dublin Port Facilities 04. Waste Water Treatment Works and Irishtown Nature Park DRAFT POOLBEG PLANNING SCHEME

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Flood Risk 2.68 The Poolbeg peninsula has water on three sides and Council to investigate air quality and inform the decision- no part of the area is more than 500 metres from a water making process on the need for an Air Quality Management body. While the northern area is protected from waves by Plan. The DCC and the Environmental Protection Agency will the North and South Bull Walls, the southern area is exposed address this matter. to wave action from the sea. However, whilst adjacent areas at Ringsend and Sandymount are prone to fl ooding from the 2.70 Odour from the Waste Water Treatment Works is sea, the ground level across much of the peninsula is rela- prevalent at times on the peninsula. Dublin City Council is tively high, off ering some level of protection against future undertaking a programme of improvements to reduce odour fl ooding. Existing fl ood defences include quay walls, berms, emissions. In addition, there are localised areas of natural 65 embankments, beaches and other structures and elements. odour from Dublin Bay, for example, through algae deposi- Anticipated rises in sea level due to climate change will raise tion. fl ood risk and it is recommended that future ground fl oor lev- els be designed based on a future tide height of at least 4.0m 2.71 The ambient noise environment is typically urban ODM (above the Irish Ordnance Survey Datum at Malin Head) and is infl uenced by industrial, port and traffi c related noise or as may be required by Dublin City Council or the Offi ce of during the daytime and to a lesser extent at night time. In Public Works. general, the noise from the utilities plants dissipates quite quickly beyond the immediate boundaries and large portions of the peninsula are relatively quiet at night time, particularly Air Quality, Odour and Noise within the south, southwestern and eastern portions. In the 2.69 There are several industrial point source and fugitive longer term, the main noise sources aff ecting the ambient emissions to air on the peninsula. Emissions from traffi c on noise environment will include road traffi c, the utility plants, the surrounding road network also aff ect ambient air qual- south port activities and the future Waste to Energy plant if ity. A study of air quality carried out in the Poolbeg area from built. 2003 to 2007 recorded exceedences of the 24-hour limit value for PM10 and the annual limit value for total NOx for vegeta- tion. In the future, further monitoring may be undertaken in Poolbeg and included as part of the air quality monitoring programme currently undertaken in the city by Dublin City