DOCSLIB.ORG

Pre Investigation of the Wonderful Stone Constructions of St Petersburg with Special Emphasis of Rapakivi Grani

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pre Investigation of the Wonderful Stone Constructions of St Petersburg with Special Emphasis of Rapakivi Grani Geological Survey of Finland GTK Open File Work Report Energy and Construction Solutions 5.8.2021 Pre investigation of the wonderful stone constructions of St Petersburg with special emphasis of Rapakivi granites and restoration possibilities with original stones Mika Räisänen, Heikki Pirinen, Elena Panova, Vasily Litvinenko and Paavo Härmä Russian Academy of Arts during the beautiful sunrise Funded by the European Union, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Finland Geologian tutkimuskeskus | Geologiska forskningscentralen | Geological Survey of Finland Espoo Kokkola Kuopio Loppi Outokumpu Rovaniemi www.gtk.fi Puh/Tel +358 29 503 0000 Y‐tunnus / FO‐nummer / Business ID: 0244680‐7 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FINLAND DOKUMENTATION PAGE 5.8.2021 Authors Type of Report Mika Räisänen, Heikki Pirinen, Elena GTK Open File Work Report Panova, Vasily Litvinenko and Paavo Härmä Commissioned by CBC 2014‐2020 SOUTH‐EAST FINLAND‐RUSSIA. Funded by the European Union, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Finland. Title of Report Pre investigation of the wonderful stone constructions of St Petersburg with special emphasis of rapakivi granites and restoration possibilities with original stones. Abstract According to UNESCO, St. Petersburg has an outstanding historical universal value. The city has preserved its historic appearance and beauty and its sites have been maintained and respecting not only the cultural landscape but also the smallest details. The aim of the NaStA‐project is to expand and strengthen the operating environment for SMEs by increasing knowledge about the use of natural stones and related business opportunities in the fields of cultural and historical heritage. The main measures of the project include studies on the demand for original natural stone resources in buildings and construction (restoration needs), as well as the availability of suitable material for restorations. This goal is supported by researching and classifying the types of stone used in historic buildings, as well as developing methods to make restoration materials less noticeable and functional with different surface treatments. In this work, we focus on observing the restoration methods and materials used mainly in rapakivi granite buildings and sites to support Russian‐Finnish cooperation. Keywords Natural stone, building stone, World Heritage Site, quarry, restoration, St Petersburg, rapakivi granite, Virolahti, pyterlite rapakivi granite Total pages Language Confidentiality 21 pages English Public Archive code Unit Energy and Construction Solutions 41/2021 Signature Signature Head of Unit Hannu Lahtinen Senior Specialist Mika Räisänen Geologian tutkimuskeskus | Geologiska forskningscentralen | Geological Survey of Finland Table of Contents Documentation Page 1 Background and aims 1 1.1 The historic center of St Petersburg 1 1.2 NaStA‐project 2 1.3 Origin of natural stone resources 2 1.4 Spectacular natural stone logistics and construction 2 1.5 The Alexander Monument as an excellent example of skillful restoration 4 1.6 Sites of pre investigation 4 2 Bridges, river banks and street construction 6 2.1 The quay in front of Russian Academy 6 2.2 Lomonosova bridge over river Fontanka. 8 2.3 Griboyedov channel next to Kazan Cathedral 10 2.4 First winter bridge and Venetian landscape 10 3 Buildings, churches and monuments 12 3.1 The Kazan Cathedral 12 3.2 Cathedral of St Isaac 14 3.3 Foundations and pavements 16 3.4 Monuments and ornaments 18 4 summary 21 Geologian tutkimuskeskus | Geologiska forskningscentralen | Geological Survey of Finland Geologian tutkimuskeskus 1/21 1 BACKGROUND AND AIMS 1.1 The historic center of St Petersburg According to UNESCO, St. Petersburg has an outstanding historical universal value. The city has preserved its historic appearance and beauty and its sites have been maintained and respecting not only the cultural landscape but also the smallest details. This requires large investments as well as good cooperation between the city, the province and the state. The Ministry of Culture, the Government of Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Government work together to preserve and protect the historical sites not only of St. Petersburg city center but of the wider region. This entity also involves choosing the right restoration methods and materials and shares information of the restoration activities. The old St. Petersburg Stock Exchange was built between 1805 and 1810. It is located on the eastern edge of Vasilyevsky island. The stock exchange was designed by the French architect Thomas de Tomon. Restoration is very tense in the St. Petersburg area and the stock exchange is a good example of the large‐scale financial investments required for restorations. Figure 1. Restorations of the St. Petersburg Stock Exchange on the eastern edge of Vasilyevsky Island. Geologian tutkimuskeskus | Geologiska forskningscentralen | Geological Survey of Finland Geologian tutkimuskeskus 2/21 1.2 NaStA‐project The aim of the NaStA‐project is to expand and strengthen the operating environment for SMEs by increasing knowledge about the use of natural stones and related business opportunities in the fields of cultural and historical heritage. The main measures of the project include studies on the demand for original natural stone resources in buildings and construction (restoration needs), as well as the availability of suitable material for restorations. This goal is supported by researching and classifying the types of stone used in historic buildings, as well as developing methods to make restoration materials less noticeable and functional with different surface treatments. 1.3 Origin of natural stone resources We already have a good knowledge of where the building stones of several valuable historic buildings were once excavated (Figure 2). In this project, we will find out more about this by using modern research methods. Once we know where the stones were originally excavated, it may be possible to produce restoration materials from the left‐over stones in the historic quarry, either as properly shaped pieces of stone or as repair mortar. If the stone needed for restoration is not available from the original quarries, we will try to find operating quarries for which a similar stone is available. This procedure respects historical sites and demonstrates to both the general public and professionals that restoration must be carried out in a time‐sustainable manner and in order to preserve the authenticity of the sites. Figure 2. The Pyterlahti quarry at Virolahti had hundreds of people at work. Quarrying stones required careful planning as well as stone quarrying skills. The quarry is now filled with water and smaller pieces of left‐over stones. Left picture by Auguste de Montferrand 1836. 1.4 Spectacular natural stone logistics and construction Loading, transporting, and erecting large brittle stone products require precise plans and versatile methods. The implementation of the whole can even be equated with the construction of pyramids. The successful completion of these massive and unique events in stone construction contributes to the value of St. Petersburg as a historic site (Figures 1‐2). Geologian tutkimuskeskus | Geologiska forskningscentralen | Geological Survey of Finland Geologian tutkimuskeskus 3/21 Figure 3. Loading, transporting and construction of the Alexander column as an example of work‐ and time‐intensive activity (Pictures Auguste de Montferrand 1836). Figure 4. Eastern part of Gulf of Finland Geologian tutkimuskeskus | Geologiska forskningscentralen | Geological Survey of Finland Geologian tutkimuskeskus 4/21 1.5 The Alexander Monument as an excellent example of skillful restoration The Alexander Monument contains the longest single stone monoliths in the world (25.6 m) and is a fine example of how this site has been maintained by restoring cracks in the stone so that traces of the restoration are even difficult to detect. This shows that it is worth investing time and money in restoration in all the old stone structures and buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of St. Petersburg. Material choices and working methods must respect the original buildings in order to preserve the value and authenticity of the object. Figure 5. The Alexander Column at Palace Square was built between 1830 and 1834 and designed by the French architect Auguste de Montferrand. Restorations of the column (right picture) are almost not visible. 1.6 Sites of pre investigation The map in figure 6 shows the location of the main items in this report. We carried out this mapping in a short time in order to get an idea of the most common implementations and materials of the restoration methods. In the next step, we will conduct a more comprehensive survey and review the findings with those active in restoration and those in charge. In the same context, we present the available natural stone resources that can be utilized in restoration. Geologian tutkimuskeskus | Geologiska forskningscentralen | Geological Survey of Finland Geologian tutkimuskeskus 5/21 Figure 6. Location of main sites of this report 1. The quay in front of Russian Academy of Arts 2. Lomonosova bridge 3. Griboyedov channel 4. Birzhevoy Promenade 5. First winter bridge 6. Kazan Cathedral 7. Cathedral of St Isaac 8. Bolshaya Morskaya street 9. Galernaya street 10. Beginning of Nevsky Prospect 11. Old St. Petersburg stock exchange 12. Alexander column Geologian tutkimuskeskus | Geologiska forskningscentralen | Geological Survey of Finland Geologian tutkimuskeskus 6/21
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gemini Numismatic Auctions IX Sunday, January 8Th, 2012 Selections from Gemini IX NY INC’S Best Auction Sale
    Gemini Numismatic Auctions IX Sunday, January 8th, 2012 Selections from Gemini IX NY INC’s Best Auction Sale Left Facing Alexander Antiochus / Philip I Euainetos Judaea Capta Uranius Antoninus Judaea Capta Augustus Quinarius Licinius II Colosseum Michael I Croton Leo V Alone 2X Justinian / Alexandria Horsefly Heckte Jewish War Year 1 Harlan J. Berk LTD B&H Kreindler Harlan J. Berk Herb Kreindler 312-609-0018 631-427-0732 [email protected] For a catalog contact Harlan J. Berk Ltd. www.geminiauction.com Your Treasures are in Good Hands with us First established as a numismatic trading company in 1971, today we have achieved a solid reputation among the leading coin and medal auction houses of Europe. More than 12,000 clients worldwide place their China. Auction 180 trust in us. Our company’s fi rst auction was Hsuan Tung, 1908 – 1911. Dollar n. d. (1911), Tientsin. Pattern with GIORGI. held in 1985, and we can look back on a po- Estimate: € 10,000. Price realized: € 460,000. sitive track record of over 200 auctions sin- ce that time. Four times a year, the Künker auction gallery becomes a major rendez- vous for friends of numismatics. This is where several thousand bidders re- gularly participate in our auctions. • We buy your gold assets at a fair, daily market price • International customer care • Yearly over 20,000 objects in our auctions • Large selection of gold coins • Top quality color printed catalogues Russian Empire. Auction 135 Alexander I., 1801-1825. Gold medal of 48 Ducats, 1814, by tsarina M. Feodorovna for Alexander I.
    [Show full text]
  • Hermitage Essay FINAL
    Citation for published version: Harney, M & Forsyth, M 2014, The State Hermitage Museum and its Architecture. in The Hermitage: A Palace and a Museum. Ertug & Kocabiyik, Germany, pp. 19-23. Publication date: 2014 Document Version Early version, also known as pre-print Link to publication Publisher Rights CC BY-NC-ND University of Bath Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 building, built 1819–1828, defines an enormous concave open area facing the only as a dwelling place for the imperial family, but also as an important the state hermi tage museum Winter Palace with a monumental double arch forming a triumphal ceremonial symbol and memorial to the Russian state. approach from Nevsky Prospekt, St Petersburg’s main thoroughfare. The archway is crowned by a bronze chariot pulled by six horses (in Latin, a Three façades of Rastrelli’s grandiose palace face the Neva, the adjacent and its architecture seiuga ), bearing a winged figure of Glory. Carlo Rossi imagined a gigantic Admiralty and Palace Square respectively. The fourth façade is contiguous to column in the centre of the square and this vision was fulfilled when the the buildings of the Hermitage.
    [Show full text]
  • Saint-Petersburg – Moscow 8 Days / 7 Nights
    GOINGRUSSIA GROUPS 2018 SAINT-PETERSBURG – MOSCOW 8 DAYS / 7 NIGHTS www.goingrussia.com | [email protected] | Tel: +7 812 333 09 54 © 1996-2018 GoingRussia. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced without our prior written permission. ITINERARY SAINT-PETERSBURG – MOSCOW 8D/7N DAY 1 / SAINT-PETERSBURG (ARRIVAL) - Return to Saint-Petersburg - Visit to the Moscow metro - Arrival to Saint-Petersburg - Visit to St. Nicolas Naval Church In option: In option (depending on the arrival time): - Return to the hotel Russian and Cossack folk show Guided walking tour along Nevsky Prospect In option: DAY 6 / MOSCOW Visit of Our Lady of Kazan Cathedral Russian dinner with folk animation at the - Breakfast at the hotel - Transfer to the hotel typical wooden restaurant “Isba Podvorie”, - Visit to the Kremlin and its cathedrals with unlimited vodka and wine DAY 2 / SAINT-PETERSBURG - Free time for lunch - Breakfast at the hotel DAY 4 / SAINT-PETERSBURG - MOSCOW - Visit to the Tretyakov Gallery - Panoramic City Tour - Breakfast at the hotel - Walking tour on Zamoskvorechye area - Visit to the Kuznechny food market - Free morning - Visit to the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour - Exterior visit to the house of Peter the Great In option: In option: - Exterior view of the cruiser Aurora - Excursion to Peterhof and visit of the Grand Performance at the Moscow Circus - Visit to the Peter and Paul Fortress and its Palace, its park, cascades and fountains DAY 7 / MOSCOW - SERGIYEV POSAD - IZMAILOVO cathedral, pantheon of Romanov Tsars - Return to St. Petersburg by hydrofoil - Breakfast at the hotel - Free time for lunch - Transfer to railway station - Excursion to Sergiyev Posad and visit to its - Visit to the Hermitage Museum - Departure to Moscow on high-speed train monastery - Visit of St.
    [Show full text]
  • Le Role De L'ingénieur Augustin Betancourt Dans La Vie Et L'oeuvre De L'architecte Auguste De Montferrand
    Q ’H ’E 2009 LE ROLE DE L’INGÉNIEUR AUGUSTIN BETANCOURT DANS LA VIE ET L’OEUVRE DE L’ARCHITECTE AUGUSTE DE MONTFERRAND Valery Chouïski †1 Conservateur du Département d’Architecture du Musée de l’Académie des Beaux-Arts de Saint-Pétersbour Le célèbre ingénieur et l’architecte glorifié par la suite ont été étroitement liés pendant une période de huit ans, de 1816, date de l’arrivée d’Auguste Montferrand à Saint-Pétersbourg, à 1824, l’année du décès d’Augustin Betan- court. L’architecte devait à Betancourt non seulement les commandes de travaux les plus avantageuses, mais sa carrière vertigineuse toute entière. Cet état des choses tenait aux fonctions haut placées de Betancourt, à son autorité professionnelle d’ingénieur et de savant notable, mais aussi à sa proximité des milieux gouvernementaux, de la cour impériale et de l’empereur en per- sonne. En 1816, Betancourt âgé de 58 ans occupait une position solide dans la société russe et y bénéficiait d’une grande notoriété. Il avait le grade de lieutenant-général et était inspecteur du premier établissement supé- rieur technique en Russie, Institut du Corps des ingénieurs des voies de communication (aujourd’hui Université des voies de la communication), créé en 1809-1810 avec sa participation la plus active. Toujours en 1816, il a été nommé président du Comité pour les bâtiments et les travaux hydrauliques créé sur son initiative, l’organisme de construction le plus puissant de son temps, au sein duquel s’élaboraient les projets d’architec- ture et d’urbanisme aussi bien pour la capitale que pour d’autres villes de l’Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Sightseeing Tour Around St. Petersburg
    "Be Abo" company tel.: +7(812)449-77-88 e-mail: [email protected] web.: www.b-abo.ru Sightseeing tour around St. Petersburg Sightseeing tour around St. Petersburg is the great opportunity to get acquainted with one of the best cities in the world. During this excursion you will see all the main and most popular sights and enjoy the beauty of St. Petersburg. Хотите прогуляться по этому маршруту с гидом? “BeAbo” - индивидуальные экскурсии в городах и странах мира. www.b-abo.ru 1 Admiralty Admiralteyskiy Proyezd, 1 Admiralteyskaya, Nevskiy Prospekt, Gostiny Dvor 59.937515,30.308787 0 ч. 20 мин. The Admiralty takes one of the most important places in the military history of the city and country because it is the birthplace of the Russian Navy. It is the complex of buildings where the Main Admiralty of Russian Empire used to be situated. Nowadays it is a monument of the naval history. The Admiralty was built in 1704-1706 by the design of architect I. Korobov. The building is decorated with different sculptures, which images are connected with the marine legends and myths. Many famous sculptors took part in the designing process of the sculptures: S. Pimenov, V. Demut-Malinovskiy, A. Anisimov, F. Shedrin, I. Terebenev and others. Reliefs, which depict the Greek goddess of justice Themis awarding warriors and craftsmen, are located in the pediments of the side porticos. The central arch is adorned with the statues of nymphs, who stand on the high pedestals and carry the globes. Above the arch there are soaring Glories and allegorical bas-relief "Establishment of fleet in Russia".
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from ORCA, Cardiff University's Institutional Repository
    This is an Open Access document downloaded from ORCA, Cardiff University's institutional repository: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/100547/ This is the author’s version of a work that was submitted to / accepted for publication. Citation for final published version: Pearson, Paul Nicholas 2017. Provenance and identity of a large bronze statue currently in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Journal of the History of Collections 30 (1) , pp. 35-48. 10.1093/jhc/fhx016 file Publishers page: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhc/fhx016 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhc/fhx016> Please note: Changes made as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing, formatting and page numbers may not be reflected in this version. For the definitive version of this publication, please refer to the published source. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite this paper. This version is being made available in accordance with publisher policies. See http://orca.cf.ac.uk/policies.html for usage policies. Copyright and moral rights for publications made available in ORCA are retained by the copyright holders. Manuscripts submitted to Journal of the History of Collections Provenance and identity of a large bronze statue currently in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Journal:For Journal Peer of the History Reviewof Collections Manuscript ID JHC-2016-031.R2 Manuscript Type: Article Date ubmitted by the Author: 07-May-2017 Complete List of Authors: Pearson, Paul* chool of Earth and ,cean ciences Ma/iminus Thra/, Trebonianus 0allus, Metropolitan Museum, Demidoff, -ey.ords: Lateran http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/oup/jhc Page 1 of 37 Manuscripts submitted to Journal of the History of Collections 1 2 3 Provenance and identity of a large bronze statue currently in the Metropolitan 4 5 Museum of Art, New York 6 7 8 Paul N.
    [Show full text]
  • A Man's Story in Fairy Tails City
    25TH OF MARCH 2018, NO. 1 A man’s story in fairy tails city Author’s thoughts From time to time, people intent to connect memories, experiences, smells, thoughts or even feelings they had in specific time within a place they have been. Occasionally, it could be sad or happy emotions, which could conquer our minds over a place, but still, these are the mem- ories and feelings, which resides in us until the end of our lives and we have to learn how to live with those. Once a wise man said: What matters is not the place but with who you are in that place. Over the years, I have come to re- alised that it is a combination of the place, ex- periences, and people that we meet, and unique curved memories into me and the desire to re- visit some areas again. For myself, this city is Saint-Peterburg, the Venice of the North! — Stefanos Georgiou What I was doing there? less, when people are asking me: nificent architecture and the beauty by STEFANOS GEORGIOU Why Saint Petersburg is your most of this city seeded in his mind. That favourite and lovely place? The only justifies the reason that the architects reply I can give: It doesn’t make of the city were most of them Ital- always sense why we love some- ians like Antonio Rinaldi, Giacomo thing...we just love it. There are var- Quarenghi and Carlo Rossi. A Venice ious things and facts, that I can take of the North was also the deam of During my MSc’s degree, I had the my time and talk about, which is why Peter the Great, which he decided unique opportunity to study in four most of the times it is difficult to ex- to locate it in North East of Rus- different countries for the last two press my emotions and thoughts; to sia on Neva river at the begging of years.
    [Show full text]
  • Advisory Body Evaluation (ICOMOS)
    Icohlos INTERNATIONAL COLNCIL ON JI 0 N ti M E N T S .A S D SITES CONSEIL INTERNATIONAL DES MOUUMENTS ET DES SITES CONSEJO INTERNACIONAL DE \iONUMENTOS 1’ SfTIOS MEXKAYHAPOLIHbIti COBET I-IO BOnPOCAM flAMIITHMKOB M aOCTOflPkiMErlATEJIbHbIX MECT WORLD HERITAGE LIST N" 540 A) IDENTIFICATION Nomination : Historic Centre of Leningrad and surroundings Location : Region of Leningrad State Party : U.S.S.R. Date : 17 October, 1989 B) ICOHOS RECOMMENDATION That this cultural property be included on the World Heritage List on the basis of Criteria I, II, IV and VI. cl JUSTIFICATION The inclusion of Leningrad on the World Heritage List is so obvious that any detailed justification seems superfluous. The taking of the Swedish fortress of Noteborg at the beginning of the War of the North and the establishment in 1703 of the fortresses of Peter-and-Paul and Kronschlot ushered in the greatest urban creation of the 18th century: the construction of the capital of Peter the Great, the symbol of a Russia that became the master of the Baltic after the victory of Poltava (1709) and was free to open to the West. At the cost of the colossal forced labor of Russian soldiers, Swedish and Ottoman prisoners of war, and Finnish and Estonian workers and laborers, the metamorphosis of an inhospitable coastal area into a superb city where palaces, churches and convents, and also two-storey stone houses fit in to the urban designs of the Frenchman Alexandre Leblond, was completed in less than 20 years. In 1724 St. Petersburg, which then outstripped Moscow, counted 75,000 inhabitants.
    [Show full text]
  • The Restoration of Ancient Bronzes Naples and Beyond
    The Restoration of Ancient Bronzes Naples and Beyond Edited by Erik Risser and David Saunders NOTES TO THE USER • Navigate this PDF through the Table of Contents button below • Enlarge any image in this PDF by clicking on it. • Each PDF is paired with a GALLERY PDF. When both files are open and downloaded to your computer, you can view the text simultaneously with large-format images. Navigate between the two PDFs using the Contents buttons or by clicking on figure caption numbers. THE J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM | LOS ANGELES TABLE OF CONTENTS GALLERY CONTENTS 1 – 147 © 2013 J. Paul Getty Trust Published by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles Getty Publications 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 500 Los Angeles, CA 90049–1682 www.getty.edu/publications Beatrice Hohenegger, Editor Catherine Lorenz, Designer Elizabeth Kahn, Production Coordinator ISBN 978-1-60606-154-1 Front image: Apollo Saettante, 100 B.C.–before A.D. 79. Naples, Museo Archeologico Nazionale (detail, figure 4.18) Illustration credits Every effort has been made to contact the owners and photographers of objects reproduced here whose names do not appear in the captions or in the illustration credits. Anyone having further information concerning copyright holders is asked to contact Getty Publications so this information can be included in future printings. This publication may be downloaded and printed either in its entirety or as individual chapters. It may be reproduced, and copies distributed, for noncommercial, educational purposes only. Please properly attribute the material to its respective authors and artists. For any other uses, please refer to the J.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 324 International Conference on Architecture: Heritage, Traditions and Innovations (AHTI 2019) Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ in Saint- Petersburg and the Concept of National Revival in the Late XIX Century Russian Architecture* Boris Kirikov Scientific Research Institute of the Theory and History of Architecture and Urban Planning Branch of the Central Scientific-Research and Project Institute of the Construction Ministry of Russia Saint Petersburg, Russia E-mail: [email protected] Abstract—The Russian Revival style occupied a prominent of Russian Orthodoxy from Byzantium. place in the architecture of the XIX century Russia. The style had gone through several stages in its development. In the The national revival movement originated in Russia in early 1880s followers of the Russian Revival turned their the first decades of the XIX century and existed in various attention to the heritage of Moscow and Yaroslavl architecture versions until the 1910s. Ideologically, the Russian style was of the XVII century. On this historical basis the Cathedral of intended to reflect the validity of a special historical path of the Resurrection of Christ (Church of the Savior on Blood) was Russia. Its genesis is associated with the romantic stylization designed and built at the site of the murder of Emperor that has replaced classicism. The Russian style can be Alexander II. The author of the Cathedral, architect Alfred considered as a product of the Saint-Petersburg architectural Parland, consistently implemented the concept of national school, although in Saint-Petersburg, in contrast to Moscow, revival suggesting continuation of the original style of the XVII it did not have the apt roots.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia – Draft Itinerary
    Russia – Draft Itinerary June 13 Moscow • Transfer from airport to hotel; hotel check-in and free time to get some rest and relax after the flight. • In the evening, enjoy a city tour "Moscow by Night", a general overview of the city and its main areas within the boundaries of the Garden Ring and the Boulevard Ring: Red Square, Kremlin, Kitay Gorod, Tverskaya, Arbat and Zamoskvorechje; includes famous landmarks: Red Square and Kremlin, St. Basil's Church, Cathedral of Christ the Savior, Novodevichiy Convent, Luzhniki, the White House, Moskva River; and a drive to the Sparrow Hills, 6 km south- west of the Kremlin, topped by the Moscow University skyscraper, for a beautiful panoramic view of the city. June 14 Moscow • In the morning, get acquainted with the Red Square and Kremlin areas, where you will see the famous St. Basil's Cathedral, Mausoleum, Historical Museum, and GUM store. • Inside Kremlin the main landmarks are three cathedrals - Assumption, Annunciation and Archangel - date back to the 15-16th centuries, Ivan the Great Bell Tower, Tsar Bell, Tsar Cannon, Hall of Facets and Terem Place, including a visit to the Armory - a stunning collection of wealth and treasures accumulated by the Russian state and church over the centuries. The collection includes royal regalia, Faberge Eggs of precious metals and jewels, the 800-diamond throne of Tsar Alexey, the jewel-studded and sable-trimmed gold Cap of Monomakh worn for coronations for two centuries, the coronation dress of Catherine the Great, the sleigh in which Elizabeth rode from St. Petersburg to Moscow for her coronation pulled by 23 horses at a time.
    [Show full text]
  • Takeaway Architecture
    Vadim Bass takeaway architecture owadays one often meets i have a firebird in my soul and It takes an effort to imagine these names peculiar individuals; i miss the monarch in a row with idealists like Ropet, Gornos� in the majority of cases Attempts to build Russian national identity taev, Sherwood or Pomerantsev4. Inciden� «Nthey are young poets out of the materials ready at hand resemble tally, Konstantin Ton’s design for the �rst who almost always pronounce the word spiced cocktail, whose ingredients are Ortho� ‘national’ Orthodox church was drawn in ‘German’ with an air of superiority», wrote doxy, autocracy and nationality, in various 1830 when grand Russian complexes were Georg Lichtenberg, an Enlightenment wit at measures. Initially, architects tended to being built on a large scale – they were to the end of the 18th century. His observation produce �blancmange with jelly», a mixture be the face of Pushkin’s ancien regime Sankt sounded quite innocent at the time. And yet of French and Nizhny Novgorod motifs. No Petersburg. there is no need to elaborate on how those wonder: the locality was as well known to ‘airs’ evolved in the following centuries. The them as �the borderlands of China». At the The said Lichtenberg wrote, �I went to Eng� national idea has disgraced itself as no oth� end of the 18th century in romantic fantasies land to learn to write in German». To the er. Today, having put the wooden compasses about the Middle Ages, say by Vasily Bazhe� contemporary reader, used to ‘alienation’ aside, the politically correct circles prefer to nov1 or Matvej Kazakov2, ‘Russian’ stood and ‘empathy’, it is an utterly inconse� talk about �ethnic speci������������city» and �iden� for ‘Gothic’ in general.
    [Show full text]